ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ IoT ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื™

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื– ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ.

ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ื ืขืฅ, ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ...

ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืก. ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืขืžืคึผื™ืจื™ืงืึทืœืœื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืกืึทืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ IoT ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื™

ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืขืฅ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื–.

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–

ื’ืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืืœ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง-ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืจืึธื ื™ื ืงืึทืžื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ IoT ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื™ื™ืœื–. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืœื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืกื™ื“ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืœื™ืžืึทืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ IoT ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข.

ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืกืืจื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ื ืงืื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืกืขื ืกืืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืื˜ืŸ. ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทืœืขืงืฅ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ืงืึทืœืึธืจื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ IQRF ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืกืœ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ IoT ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ IP ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ MQTT.

ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืึทื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืฆื™ืœ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื™ืคืขืง ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ืงืึทืจื“ืก. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืœื•ืขื˜ืึธืึธื˜ื” ืœืึธื• ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื“ ื“ื™ื™ืึทืงืกื™ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืจ.

Wireless networks

ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืกืคึผืจืขื“ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืจื™ื™ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ SigFox ืึธื“ืขืจ 3G/4G/5G ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก, IoT ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืœื™ืก ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึผืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, LoRaWAN. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืขืฅ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืก.

ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก:

  • ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืฅ ื˜ืึทืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืคึผืœื•ื™ื™ื ื’ IoT ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก;
  • ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืคื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜;
  • ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ.

ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก:

  • ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ;
  • ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ.

ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึทื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ืขืฅ:

  • ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก (ืœืžืฉืœ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก);
  • ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ.

ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ืขืฅ:

  • ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืœื™ืก ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืžืึทื›ื˜.

ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ืžืงืœืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืกืึทืžืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜.

ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึทืžืึธื•ืฅ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืžืขืจ ื™ืคื™ืฉืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜.

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’