ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–

ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ืึทืœ "ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืžืขื˜ื”ื™ืกืฅยป

ืื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 10 ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื– (ืงืขืจื ืขืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ), ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึทืขืžืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ (ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ), ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืึธืึธื˜ืœืึธืึทื“ืขืจืก (ื•-ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืืื–"ื• ื•), ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžื•ื•ืึทืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืืœ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“. ืื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืึทื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจื–. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืกืกืขืกืก ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืจืึทื ืฅ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ึท ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื™ืกื™ืคื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึทืกืกืขืกืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื.

ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื–.

ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืš

ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœื™ืกื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืึทื’ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืกืึทื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืคืขืจืœื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืกืขืจืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืึธืคื˜ ืงื•ืง ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืžื•ืžื›ืข.

ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–
ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜.

ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืคึผืœื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืขืงื˜ื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทืกืึทืœืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจืก ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื–. ืื•ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื˜ืึทื’ ื“ืขื‘ื•ื’ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜.

ืขืก ืึธืคื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ึทืขืš-ืกืึทืœื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึทืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœืœืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืกืึทื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืคึผืœื™ื™ืก.

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื™ื– ืึทื– Google ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจื•ื. ืื“ืขืจ ื ืืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื ืฉืืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืืจืขืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืก ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 5 ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจื ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืœื™ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’, ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ - ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก. ืžืืœ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืคืึทืœืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™. ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืคึผืึธืงื™ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึทืค - ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ืขืจื– (ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜). ืขืก ืึธืคื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ืจ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ื“ืขื ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ (ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึท). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืึทื‘ืœื™ืข, 70% ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก. ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืขืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืึทืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื™ื ืขืคื™ืœื“ื– ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก.

ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–

ืžื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืึทื“ืึธืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืก. ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื•ืžื›ืข. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืœื ืขืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“.

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืึทื–ืœื“ื™ืง. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ:

  • ื–ืื’ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ;
  • ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜;
  • ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ ืœื™ื‘?

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืจื™ื–ืขืžื‘ืึทืœื– ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 12 ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ HR, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคึผืจืึธื•ื’ืจืึทืžืขืจื–, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืžืขืจ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืืื–"ื• ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึทืงืจืึทืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข. ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืกืœืึธื•ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•-ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ื’ืขืœืขื ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ืžืคึผ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ.

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ: ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจื“, ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ืืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืืจืงืขื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื™ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ื“ืึทื“ื™ื™ืฅ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขื ืึทืœืึทืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท ืžื•ืžื›ืข, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืก ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคึฟืขืœื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืœื™ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืกื˜ืจืึทื’ืึทืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื– ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜.

ืื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืจืขืกืคืึทืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ืคืึทืœ. ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื ืก ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื“ื–ืฉืึธื‘ืก ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืึทื– ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื’ืจืึทืžืขืจื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ. ืกื•ืคึผืขืจืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจื–, ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืจืึธื•ื˜ืขืจืก, ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื ืึธื“ืข ืงืึทืžื‘ืึทื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ - ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืœื™ ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื˜ืึธืจื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื“, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื™ื™ึทืŸ. ืึทื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก, ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ (ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื™ืกื™ืคื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ), ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“. ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’, ืขืก ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธื ื•ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึทืงืจืึทืกื™, ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืขื”, ืกืึธืฃ ืงืึทืžื™ืฉ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื‘ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืจื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืœืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืืก ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ืคึผืœื•ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืึทื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืกืกืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื•ื™ืš ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื–. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ื ื” ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืจื•ืฉื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก.

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ื˜ืึทืกืงืก

ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืกืึทื ื“ืขืจืกื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื“, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ.

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื–ืึทืš: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ึท ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜.

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืึธื•ืœืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืกื™ื’ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ.

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืค, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผื•ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•.

ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1

ื™. ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ:

const char * str;

char const * str;

const * char str;

char * const str;

const char const * str;

ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืกืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง?

ื•ื•. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืกืขื’ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“?

int main ()
{
       fprintf(0,"hellon");
       fork();
       return(0);
}

III. ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืึท ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’. ืฆืขืŸ ืึทื ืฅ ืจืึทื ื“ืึทืžืœื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืงืจืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจืึทืฉืงืข ืื™ื– 1 ืขื / s. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืžื•ืจืึทืฉืงืข ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื•ืจืึทืฉืงืข, ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ?

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืคื™ืจ. ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื ืก. ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืคืขืก ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืข ืจ ื”ื ื‘ ืื™ ืš ืื™ ืŸ ื—ืจืคื” , ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœ ืŸ ื“ืข ื ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ . ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ืœ ืžื•ืžื›ืข, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ื  ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืก ื–ืขืŸ.

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ #2

ื”ืึทืจื“ื•ื•ืึทืจืข ื™ืฉื•ื–.

  • ื•ื•ื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ARM ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ x86. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง?
  • ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜? ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื‘ืขืจืจื™ื™ึทืกืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก?
  • ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ i2c ื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก?
  • ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ i2c ื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜?
  • ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ RS-232 ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก: ืจืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืงืก? ื“ืึธ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ืขืก ื˜ื•ืจื ืก ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ึท 9600, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ !!!
  • ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืจืื’ืข: ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก?
  • ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก? ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ึทืขืจืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ึทืขืจืก? (ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคึผืœืึทืŸ).
  • ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื?
  • ืจืก-485 ื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก. ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืฉื•ืจื”. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ-ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื–. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืึทื ืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜?
  • ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ?
  • ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืžืึทืงืข?
  • ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืงื˜ืึธ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก.

ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•:

1. ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืฅ ืฆื• uint32_t ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. (ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–, ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืขืก)
2.

int32_t a = -200;
uint32_t b = 200;
return *(uint32_t) * (&a)) > b;

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ? (ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ)

3. ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื˜ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ int32_t.

4. ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื™ื ืงืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก.

ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืึทื ืงืขื˜ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืขืœื :).

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ #3

  1. ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ืงืึธื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืขืจืจืึธืจืก.
  2. ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ls ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข "-ืœ".
  3. ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง?
  4. ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ RS-232 ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜? ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืก-485 ืื•ืŸ ืจืก-232? ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืก-232 ืื•ืŸ ืจืก-485 ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’?
  5. ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ืกื‘ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ (ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืก ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’)?
  6. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ.

ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื’ืจืึทืžืขืจื– (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš), ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ HR. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ื™ืงื™ืึทืœืึทืกืœื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืงืก; ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื”.

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืึท ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึทื˜ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžื•ืžื›ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื, ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืก. ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจืžืข.

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’, ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื“ ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจ.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื ืึทื“ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืจืึทื ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึทืžืึทืกื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื™ื ืงืึทืžื–. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก 'ืก ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜? ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืกื™ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ื™ื ื’ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืึทืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. . ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืืคืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืœื– ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜. ื™ืึธ, HR, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื’ืจืึทืžืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืกื˜ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืึท ืกืงืจืขืขื ืฉืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืึทื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ - ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ HR ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ื“ืึธืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืกื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื ืึทื“ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื˜ ื‘ืึธืกืกืขืก.

ืคื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ื–

ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–! ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืขื“. ื–ืืœ ืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ N ื’ืขืœื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ N * 1,2 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ N * 1,5. ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ึท ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’.
ืžื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจื™ื™ึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืึท ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึทื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืงืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื ื˜. ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–!

ืคึผ / ืก ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก HR ื”ืื˜ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜, ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ - ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜: ืื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืขืก (ืคึผืœื•ืก), ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื’ื•ื“ื™ื–.

ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–

ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ื–

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’