ืืขืื ืืืืืขืจ! ืงืืืกื ืืื ืื ื ืืึทืข ืงืืจืก ืืจืืคึผืข ืึธื ืืืืื ืืึธืจืื
ืืื ืื ืคืจืืขืจืืืงืข ืืืืึธืจืืึทื ืืืจ ืืขืจืฆืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฆื ื ืืฆื pam_cracklib
ืฆื ืืึทืื ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื ืืืืฃ ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืืขืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจื pam_pwquality
ืจืืคึผืืืืกื cracklib
ืืื pam
ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืึธืืืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจืื ื ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื. ืืึธืืืืข pam_pwquality
ืืืื ืืขืฉืืืฆื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืกืขื ืืึธืก, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืคืืืข ืื ืืขืจืข ืึทืก. ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืืข ืืืื ืขืก ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึทืืึทืกืื ืฆื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืึทื ื ืืฆืขืจืก ืึธื ื ืขืืขื ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืื ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืืก.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึทื ื ืฆืืึทื, ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืฆืืืึทื ื ืฆื ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข, ืืึธืืืขืจืงืึทืกืข, ื ืืืขืจื ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืข ืกืืืืึธืืก. ืื ืืงืขืจืืืง ืึผืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื ืืึธืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืฆืขื ืืึธืจ. ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืืกืงืืกืืข ืืืขืื ืฆื ืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืคืืจ ืึธืืขืจ ื ืืฉื. ืืขืจ ืืืืคื ืืจืืืืขื ื ืงืขืื ืืืืคืฉืืขืื ืืืขืืืข ืงืืืคืืืฆืืจืืข ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืฉืจืืืื ืืจืืค ืคืืกืืืึธืจืืก ืืืืฃ ืฉืืืงืืขื ืคืืคืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ.
ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืืืืืง ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืฆืื ืก ืืขืจืืคื ืืื ืงืฉืื ืคืึธืจืกืขืก ืืืืขืจื ืฆื ืืืืฉื ืืืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื ืืขืืขืจ X ืืขื. ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืขืืืขืืข ืฉืืืืืื ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืขืืืืื ืึทื ืืึธืก ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจืึทืืขื ืึทื ืฆื ืืืืขืจืงืืึทื.
ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืขืืข ืคืื โโืื ืืืกืงืืกืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฉืจืืื ืคืืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื, ืืืึธืก ืฉืืืฆื ืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจื ืคืื ื ืคืื ืืืื ืื ื. ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืกืงืืืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื. ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืงื ืืืขื ืจืขืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืฆื ืจืืืืืง ืฉืืขืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื ืืื ืืื ืคืืจื ืื ืืืืขืจืืืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง.
ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง ืกืขืืืื ืืก
ืื ืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืขื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืืื ืึท ืงืืจืฅ ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืืขืจ. ืคืืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืืขื ืขื ืขื ืืขื ืฆื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืื ืื ืืึธืืืืข cracklib
. ืืขืจ ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืืื ืขืก ืืจืื ืืขืจ ืฆื ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืืืื ืคึผืึทืืึทืกืื ืคืื ืื ืืขืืึทื ืกืืกืืขื.
- ืืืคืึธืง - ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืชืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืืึทืข ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืึทืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื. (ืคืขืืืงืืึทื 5)
- ืืื ืืขื - ืืื ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขื ื. (ืคืขืืืงืืึทื 9)
- ืืงืจืขืืื - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืืืชืืืช (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ> 0), ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืืืชืืืช (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ < 0). ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 1.
- ืืงืจืขืืื - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืึธืืืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืืืชืืืช (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ> 0), ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึธืืืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืืืชืืืช (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ < 0). ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 1.
- ืืงืจืขืืื - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืืืืฉืึทืฅ (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ> 0), ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืืฉืึทืฅ (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ < 0). ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 1.
- ืึธืงืจืขืืื - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืื ืืขืจืข ืกืืืืึธืืก (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ> 0), ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืกืืืืึธืืก (ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ < 0). ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 1.
- minclass - ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืืืกื ืคืืจืืื ืื. ืงืืืกื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืื ืืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก (ืืืืืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืคืึทื ืืืชืืืช, ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ ืคืึทื ืืืชืืืช, ื ืืืขืจื, ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืชืืืช). ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 0.
- maxrepeat - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึธื ืึท ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืื ืืื ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธื. ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 0.
- maxclassrepeat - ืื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืืืืืืข ืืืชืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืงืืึทืก. ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 0.
- ืืขืงืึธืืฉืขืง - ืืฉืขืงืก ืฆื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืึผืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ 'ืก GECOS ืกืืจืื ืืก. (ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข, ื"ื ืคืึทืงืืืฉ ื ืึธืืขื, ืึธืจื, ืืื"ื ื) ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืื 0 (ืึทืืืขืง).
- ืืืงืืคึผืึทื - ืืึธืืืจ ืืืื ืฆื ืงืจืึทืงืืื ืืืงืฉืึทื ืขืจืื.
- badwords - ืกืคืขืืก ืืคืืขืฉืืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืืืึทืืึทื ืืื ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื (ืคึฟืืจืืข ื ืึธืืขื, ืื ืืืึธืจื "ืคึผืึทืจืึธื" ืืื"ื ื).
ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืจืืฃ ืคืื ืืึธืื ื ืกืึธืื ืืก ืืึธืื ืข, ืขืก ืืื ืึธืืงืื, ืขืก ืืื ื ืึธืจืืึทื. ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืจืขืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืกืขืงืฉืึทื ื.
ืฉืคึผืจืืืืืึธืจื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื
ืืืืืขืจ ืืืจ ืึธื ืืืืื ืฆื ืจืขืืึทืืืจื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืืขืงืขืก, ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืืืข ืคืืจ ืฆื ืฉืจืืึทืื ืึท ืืงืขืจืืืง ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง ืืื ืฉืืืึทืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืจ ืืืขืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืฉืืืขืจืืงืืื ืึผืืืื:
- ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ื ืคืื 15 ืืืชืืืช.
- ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื.
- ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืงืืืกื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืฆื ืคืืจ ืืื ืืื ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธื.
- ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืื ืึทื ืืืึทืืื ืืืชืืืช ืคืื ืืขืืขืจ ืงืืึทืก.
- ืื ื ืืึทืข ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืื ืืึธืื 5 ื ืืึทืข ืืืชืืืช ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืืื ืื ืึทืื.
- ืืขืื GECOS ืืฉืขืง.
- ืคืึทืจืืืขืจื ืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ "ืคึผืึทืจืึธื, ืคืึธืจื, ืืืึธืจื, ืคึผืืืึธืจืืืก"
ืืืฆื ืึทื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืืขืืืืื ืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืจืขืืึทืืืจื ืื ืืขืงืข /etc/security/pwquality.conf
ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื. ืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืืื ื.
# Make sure 5 characters in new password are new compared to old password
difok = 5
# Set the minimum length acceptable for new passwords
minlen = 15
# Require at least 2 digits
dcredit = -2
# Require at least 2 upper case letters
ucredit = -2
# Require at least 2 lower case letters
lcredit = -2
# Require at least 2 special characters (non-alphanumeric)
ocredit = -2
# Require a character from every class (upper, lower, digit, other)
minclass = 4
# Only allow each character to be repeated twice, avoid things like LLL
maxrepeat = 2
# Only allow a class to be repeated 4 times
maxclassrepeat = 4
# Check user information (Real name, etc) to ensure it is not used in password
gecoscheck = 1
# Leave default dictionary path
dictpath =
# Forbid the following words in passwords
badwords = password pass word putorius
ืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืึธืื ืืืืขืจืงื, ืขืืืขืืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืืขื ืขื ืืืขืจืืง. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ minclass
ืืื ืืืขืจืืง ืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืฆื ืืคึผืืืช ืฆืืืื ืืืชืืืช ืคืื ืื ืงืืึทืก ื ืืฆื ืคืขืืืขืจ [u,l,d,o]credit
. ืืื ืืืขืจ ืจืฉืืื ืคืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืง, ืืืืึทื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืืืึทืืึทื ืจืืคึผืืืื ื ืงืืื ืงืืึทืก 4 ืืื (ืึทืืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืจืฉืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฉืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืืืชืืืช). ืืื ืืึธืื ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืืืืื ืฆื ืืึทืืืืึทืื ืืื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืฆื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจ ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง.
ืึทืืึธื ืืืจ ืืึธื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืง, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืฆืืืื ืืขื ื ืืฆืขืจืก ืฆื ืืืืฉื ืืืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืืืขืจืื ืื ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืงืืึธืฅ ืืื.
ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืื ืข ืืึทื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืึธืื ืืืืขืจืงื ืืื ืึทื ืื ืคืขืืืขืจ [u,l,d,o]credit
ืึทื ืืืึทืืื ืึท ื ืขืืึทืืืื ื ืืืขืจ. ืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืึทื ื ืืืขืจื ืืจืขืกืขืจ ืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืึทื ืฆื 0 ืืืขื ืืขืื ืงืจืขืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืืื ืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื. ืืืื ืื ืคืขืื ืึผืืื ืึท ื ืขืืึทืืืื ื ืืืขืจ, ืขืก ืืืื ืึทื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืงืืืึทื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื.
ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืึธืื ื?
ืืื ืจืืฃ ืืื ืืึธืื ื ืืืืึทื ืืึธืก ืงืึทื ืืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืฆืื ืืื ืึทืงืืขืจืึทืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื. ืืืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืืขืจื ืืื ืืจืขืกืขืจ ืืื 0, ืืืจ ืืืืื ืึท ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื "ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืงืจืขืืืฅ" ืืืืึทื ืฆื "X" ืฆื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขื ื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืื ืึทืืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก (u,l,d,o)credit
ืฉืืขืื ืฆื 1 ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขื ื ืืื ืืขืืืขื 6, ืืขืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืึทืจืคึฟื 6 ืืืชืืืช ืฆื ืืึทืคืจืืืืงื ืื ืืขื ื ืคืึธืืขืจืื ื ืืืืึทื ืืขืืขืจ ืืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข, ืืึธืืืขืจืงืึทืกืข, ืฆืืคึฟืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืข ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืืืขื ืืขืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืงืจืขืืื.
ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื dcredit
ืืื 2, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืขืึธืจืขืืืฉ ื ืืฆื ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืึธืก ืืื 9 ืืืชืืืช ืืึทื ื ืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื 2 ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืืขืจื, ืืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขื ื ืงืขื ืฉืืื ืืืื 10.
ืงืืง ืืื ืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื. ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขื ื ืฆื 13, ืฉืืขืื ืืงืจืขืืื ืฆื 2 ืืื ืึทืืฅ ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืฆื 0.
$ pwscore
Thisistwelve
Password quality check failed:
The password is shorter than 13 characters
$ pwscore
Th1sistwelve
18
ืืืึทื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืฉืขืง ืืื ื ืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืืืึทื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืื 13 ืืืชืืืช ืืึทื ื. ืืขืจ ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืขื ืืจืืื "ืืื" ืฆื ืื ื ืืืขืจ "1" ืืื ืืืงืืืขื ืฆืืืื ืงืจืขืืืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ื ืืืขืจื, ืืืึธืก ืืขืืืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืืึทื ืฆื 13.
ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืขืกืืื ื
ืคึผืขืงื libpwquality
ืืื ืื ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ืึทืืืื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื. ืขืก ืืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืจืึทื pwscore
, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืฆื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื. ืืืจ ืืขืืืืื ื ืขืก ืืืืื ืฆื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืืึธืื ื.
ื ืืฆื pwscore
ืืืืขื ื ืคืื
ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืืขืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืฆื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ minlen
ืืื ืื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืืขืงืข. ืืื ืึทืืืขืืืื, ืึท ืืขืืฉืื ืคืื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืื 50 ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืึท "ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื", ืืื ืึท ืืขืืฉืื ืืขืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืึท "ืฉืืึทืจืง ืคึผืึทืจืึธื". ืงืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืึธืก ืคึผืึทืกืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืืฉืขืงืก (ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืขื ืืืขืจืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื cracklib
) ืืืื ืืืืืกืืึทื ื ืืืขืจืืขืจืืื ืื ืคืืื, ืืื ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืื ืึท ืืขืืฉืื ืืขืืขืจ 50 ืืื ืื ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื minlen
ืืคืืื ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื brute force
ืื ืคืืื.
ืกืึธืฃ
Customize pwquality
- ืขืก ืืื ืืจืื ื ืืื ืคึผืฉืื ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืึทื ืืืื ืืึทื ืก ืคืื ื ืืฆื cracklib
ืืื ืืืจืขืงื ืืขืงืข ืขืืืืื ื pam
. ืืื ืืขื ืคืืจืขืจ, ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืงืึทืืืขืจื ืึทืืฅ ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืคึผืึทืืึทืกืื ืืืืฃ Red Hat 7, CentOS 7 ืืื ืืคืืื Ubuntu ืกืืกืืขืืขื. ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืืืื ืืขืจืขืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืึทืืจืืฃ ืคืื ืืึธืื ื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืจืึทืจืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืึทื, ืึทืืื ืื ืืขืืข ืืื ืึธืคื ืคืืจืืืืื ืืืงืืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืืืก ืืึธืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืคึผืืึธื ืืขืจื ืขืก ืคืจืืขืจ.
ืงืืืืื:
ื ืืฆืืง ืืื ืงืก:
ืืงืืจ: www.habr.com