ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท. ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืงืึทื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืขืก, ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืึท ื›ื™ื™ืคืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ - ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ IP ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืœื™ืžืึทื˜ืœืึทืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื.

ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืฆื• ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข

ื“ ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืข ืคืจืฐื• ืŸ ืฆ ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืง ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืข ืจ ืื™ื‘ืข ืจ ื ืฐืฒื˜ ืข ื–ืฒื ืข ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ืจ ื”ืขืœืค ื˜ ืคื• ืŸ 1862 ื˜ ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ . ืื™ืŸ XNUMX, ื“ื™ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข ืึทื‘ืึทื˜ Giovanni Caselli ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก - ืึท ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ. ืื‘ืขืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืึท "ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืงืก ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš Giovanni Caselli

ืงืึทืกืขืœืœื™ ืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื˜ืฉืขืžื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ "ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื“" ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜, ืจื™ื“ืจืึทื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื™ืึธืœ (ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึทืžืคึผืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื ื’ืึธืœื“ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืกืงืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 0,5 ืžื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ืขืžืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืกืึธื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืึทื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกื™ืึทื ื”ืขืงืกืึทืกื™ืึทื ืึธืคืขืจืึทื˜ืข. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“.

ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื›ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืงืึธืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข-ืกื˜ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 1 ื™ืึธืจ: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืคืจื™ืœ 17, 1866, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ื™ ืขืคึฟืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื–, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขื’ืจืึทืคืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืžืึทื ื˜ืึทืœื“. ืื ื”ืฒ ื‘ 1868 .

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1902 ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกืขืœ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืœืขื˜ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 17 ืžืขืจืฅ 1908: ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืจ. .

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ

ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 10-15 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ืกื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ (ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืืœื™ืฆื™ื™ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทืคืก, ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ), ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง.

ื ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื˜ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1909: ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื– Georges Rin ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืจืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืึท "ืกืขื ืกืึธืจ" ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžืึธืกืึทื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืœืขื ื™ื•ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกืขืœื–, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 8 ร— 8 "ืคึผื™ืงืกืขืœืก," ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื‘ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’.

ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ John Baird ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ "ืคืื˜ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ. ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข (ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืึทื– Baird ืงื™ืžืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 2000-ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ืึทื™ืง ืฆืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ, ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ื“ื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื“.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
John Baird, ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข

ื‘ืึทื™ืจื“ ืก ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืง ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื ื™ืคึผืงืึธื•ื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1884. ื ื ื™ืคึผืงืึธื•ื• ื“ื™ืกืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืึธื•ืคึผื™ื™ืง ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืงืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ื ื™ืคึผืงืึธื•ื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ

ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืง. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืขืก, ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกืขืœ, ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืœื™ืฉ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืงืฉืœื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื”-ื“ื•ืจืš-ืฉื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื‘ืึทืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขื ืกื˜ ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท magnifying ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ

ื‘ืึทื™ืจื“'ืก ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึท ื ื™ืคึผืงืึธื•ื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืžื™ื˜ 30 ื”ืึธืœืขืก (ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 30 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช) ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 5 ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ-ืื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 2 ืืงื˜ืื‘ืขืจ 1925: ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘-ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืœืึธืงื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ.

ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืึท ืงื•ืจื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจืžื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึธืœื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื™ืจื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืกืงืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื‘ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ 20-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืขื“ื•ื•ืึทืจื“ ื˜ืึทื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• "ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข."

ืื™ืŸ 1927, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื™ืจื“ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื‘ืจืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทืกืงืึธื• (ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 705 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ) ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1928, ื“ื™ Baird Television Development Company Ltd, ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื“ื™ื™ืœ (ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง). ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 30-ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ Baird ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข: ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1929 ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ 6 ื™ืืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื–.

ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข - ืึท ื›ืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืชืงื•ืคื”

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื–ืžื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœึพืจืขืจ. ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจึพืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืขืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืกืง, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 1919 ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ึพืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง. ืคื•ื ืง ื˜ ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืฆืฒื˜ , ืื™ ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืข ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืื•ืžืกืง ืข ืืคืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืก (ื ืืฐืขืžื‘ืข ืจ 1919 ), ื“ืข ืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ื ื˜ ืคื• ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฐืข ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืจืขื“ ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืข ืจ ื›ืืค ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืฉื˜ื ื˜ ื›ืžืข ื˜ ื ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ . ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง (ืื™ืฆื˜ CBS Corporation), ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื ื“ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจื™ืข ืงืืจืคืืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื–ืžื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืึทืคึฟืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ

ืื™ืŸ 1923, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืกืึทื™ืง ืคืึธื˜ืึธืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื•ืœ-ืคืœืขื“ื–ืฉื“ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1928, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื“ื•ื“ ืกืึทืจื ืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ืฆืข ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข (ืจืงืึท). ืกืึทืจื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืžืึทืกื™ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ืืœืก ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ RCA ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืœืึทื‘ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ 1929, ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื–ืžื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืึท ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื•ื•ืึทืงื•ื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืจืขืจ (ืงื™ื ืขืกืงืึธืคึผืข), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1931 ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจื™ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ "ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข" (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืงืึธืŸ - "ื‘ื™ืœื“" ืื•ืŸ ืกืงืึธืคึผืขืึธ - " ืงื•ืง"). ื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืงื•ื•ื ื’ืœืื– ืงืึธืœื‘ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜-ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืกื›ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ

ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฆื™ืœ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ 6 ร— 19 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืกืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ (ืžื™ืงืึท), ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผื™ืง (ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ) ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืคื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 1 ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืš, ืงืึธื•ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืกื™ื•ื. , ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข - ื”ืึทืจื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท positive ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข

ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืึทื ื™ืคืึธื•ืœื“ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“: ืคื•ืŸ 300 ร— 400 ื‘ื™ืœื“ืฆืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืฆื• 1000 ร— 1000 ื‘ื™ืœื“ืฆืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืกืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ (ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื•ืœ ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ื™ึท, ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ 10 ืœื•ืงืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜) ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืกื˜ืึธื ืข ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืฉืึทืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกืžืึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืจืขืจ, ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ ืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก, ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืœืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’.

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ "ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’" ืฆื• "ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ"

ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื–, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื™ื– ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื ืขื. ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’-ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ืกืึทืœื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ "ื•ื•ืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ" V-2 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš: ื“ื™ ืจืึทืงืึทืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื“ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื˜ื™ื™ืงืึธืฃ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืœืขืžืขื˜ืจื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื™ืขืจื– ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืคึผืจืขืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท V-2 ื‘ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ืกืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ Peenemรผnde ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ

ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืกืึทืœ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืงืงื˜ื•ื• ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื (Closed Circuit Television). ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ Peenemรผnde ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 2,5 ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจืก, ืึธืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.

ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’: ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืคึผืœื™ื™ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืจื’ืข. ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจื™ืึทืกื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืกืกืขืกืกืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš IMS ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 45% ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 12 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 22 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 95%. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืึทืœ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืึธืœืข, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืคืขืงื˜ืึทื“. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜.

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 1956, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืคึผืขืงืก ื•ื•ืจ 1000, ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ื•ื•ืขืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืึทืจืžื™ื™, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท, ื•ื•ื• ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 7 ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ 1920 ืก ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืคึผืขืจืžืึทื ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืฆื• USA ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1932.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ื•ื•ืขืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืคึผืขืงืก ื•ื•ืจ 1000

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ 12 ื™ืืจ, ืคึผืึธื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธื•ื• ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง, ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ื’ืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืœืžืึธ-ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืึธื•ืกืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1944 ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืึทืžืคึผืขืงืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืžืคึผืขืงืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืึทื“ืึทืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืžืึทืกื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ - ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1947-1953, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืคึผืึธื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง.

ืื™ืŸ 1951 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทืจืœืขืก ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืœืกื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืึทืจืึธื•ื• ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ Ampex VR 1000B ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–-ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืงืขืค. ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื’ื”ืขืจืฅ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืกื›ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–-ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Apex VR 1000 ืกืขืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 5 ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 50 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืกื•ืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืฆื•ื ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš: ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจื•ื•ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 3000$, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ึพืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืก.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก. ืฆื• ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืงืขื ื™ื’ืœืขืš ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 2 ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืคืึทืœื’ืึทืจ ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜) , ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกืžืึทื ื˜ืึทืœื“.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืžืœื›ึผื” ืขืœื™ื–ืึทื‘ืขื˜ื” ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืก ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก, ื“ื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื” ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ื”ื•ืžื™ื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ึผื” ืกื™ืจื™ืงื™ื˜

ื“ื™ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื’, ืคึผืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ึทืžืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ. ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื•ืœืืŸ (ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง), ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1968, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืงืืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ 1,4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื“ืืœืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 2 ื™ืืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื˜ืจืืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื™ื ืคืจืืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 8 ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืงืืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืกื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข 24/7 ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข.

ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ VHS ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ Shizuo Takano, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ JVC.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
Shizuo Takano, ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ VHS ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜

ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื™ืžื•ื˜ืึทืœ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืค ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทืคึผืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงื•ืœืึทืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ 6 ยฐ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึธืกืกื˜ืึทืœืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ . ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืค ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผื•ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 62 ืžื, ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1500 ืจืคึผื. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึทืงืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ื˜ืจืึทืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข, ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืจื™ืก. ื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทื ืกื™ื ืง ืคึผืึทืœืกื™ื– ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ VHS ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜, ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธืกื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ื™ Betamax ืื•ืŸ U-matic ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท U-ืฉื™ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืกืขื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ VHS ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืž - ื’ืึทื– ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ืกื›ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹M-ืจื™ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืึท VHS ืงืึทืกืขื˜

ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืึธืจืงืก, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืกื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืขืค, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืจ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ื‘ืจืขื’. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื’ืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืฉืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื, ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืึธืœืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืขื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœืึทืš.

ื“ื™ M-ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคึฟืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืึทืกืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธื•ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืงืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท positive ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–. ืœืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื, VHS ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ืกืœื™ื™ื“ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ "ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”," ืžืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš.

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš: ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืงื“ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื• Willard Boyle ืื•ืŸ George Smith, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ AT&T Bell Labs ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืขืžื™ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืคื™ืกื™ืกื™ืกืฅ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืกืขืจืงืึทืฅ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1970, Boyle ืื•ืŸ Smith ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขื  ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืขืึทืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก (CCD arrays).

ืื™ืŸ 1973 ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทื™ืจื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืงื“ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹100 ร— 100 ื‘ื™ืœื“ืฆืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1975, ืกื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกืึทืกืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“ืึทืง ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฅ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 23 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 8 ืžื ืงืึทืกืขื˜ ืœืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืžืืœ ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, 16 ื ื™ืงืึทืœ-ืงืึทื“ืžื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 3,6 ืงื’.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
Steve Sasson ืื•ืŸ Kodak ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜-ืื•ืŸ-ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš Sony Corporation ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื ืึทืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš Kazuo Iwama, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ Sony Corporation ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืึทืžืึทื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืงื“ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืก, ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1980 ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขื  ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืงืงื“ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜, ื“ื™ XC-1. ื ืึธืš ืงืึทื–ื•ืึธ ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1982, ืึท ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืงื“ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฅ ืžืึธื•ื ื˜ืขื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
Kazuo Iwama, ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Sony Corporation ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 70 ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜

ื ื•, ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1996 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืจืžืข Axis Communications ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขื  ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ "ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–" NetEye 200.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
Axis Neteye 200 - ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ IP ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜

ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, NetEye 200 ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื ืขืจืคึผืึทืจืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืžืฉ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืึทื ืฅ: ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืจืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ (352 ร— 288 ืึธื“ืขืจ 0,1 ืžืคึผ) ืฆื• 1 ืจืึทื ืคึผืขืจ 17 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 4 ืกื™ืฃ (704 ร— 576, 0,4 ืžืคึผ), ื“ืขืจืฆื•. , ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกื™ืงื•ื•ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ JPEG ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืงืœืขืจื™ื˜ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ETRAX RISC ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ืŸ 10Base-T ืขื˜ื”ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคึผืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ืึท ืจืึทื•ื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกื™ ื ืขืฅ ืงืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ Java ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ.

ืžืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– - ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืก

ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ NTP ื”ืื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจืขื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืกืขืžื‘ืึทืœ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ 60 ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธืœืขืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืžืฉ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืคืึธื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜.

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืึธืจืึทื˜ื™ื–. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึทืจืขื ืกื™ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’) ืื™ื– ืœืึทื›ืึธื“ื™ืž, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก. ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืจื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึธื•ื ื˜ืขืจืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืกื™ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ื™ื ื˜ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœื•ื™ืึทืœื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืฆื• ืกืึธืกื™ืึธ-ื“ืขืžืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก (ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื ืฅ, ื‘ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ืึท ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–, ื•ื›ื•').

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืจืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทืžื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืœืึธืง ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืคืึทืกื™ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 'ืก ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ืœืขืกืก ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึธืง), ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทื ื’ืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื. ื“ืึธ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™-ื“ื™ืžืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืžืึธื“ืขืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืึธื• ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื ืึทืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ.

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, Western Digital ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจ ืฆื• ืขื“ื–ืฉ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ "ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ". ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืžืึธื•ื ื™ืึทืก ื™ืงืึธื•ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื•ื™ืžืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜.

ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทื’ืฉื™ืคึผ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ WD ืœื™ืœืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืฆื• 18 ื˜ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ XNUMX/XNUMX ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืึธืจืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ Western Digital ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืึธืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข.

  • HelioSeal ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข

ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ WD ืœื™ืœืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 8 ืฆื• 18 ื˜ื‘ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ HelioSeal ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข. ื“ื™ ื›ืึทื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืžืขื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทืจืขืคื™ืขื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื. ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื– ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทื ืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ CMR ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ (ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข). ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ืึทืคึผื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• WD ืœื™ืœืึท ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 75% ืžืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจืึทืงืก, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 58% ืžืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ HDDs ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื ื“ืœ. ื ืึธืš ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืกืข, WD Purple ืื™ื– ืงื•ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 5 ยฐ C.

  • AllFrame AI ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ื™ื‘ืขืจืจื™ื™ึทืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืกืขื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ATA ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขื  ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžื•ื•ืึทืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ "ืœื™ืœืึท" ืกืขืจื™ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื–. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื›ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืžืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืฉ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ / ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–, ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืงืขืœื™ื”ืึธืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืคึผื˜ ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืึทืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ AllFrame AI ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืกืึธื˜ืฉืจืึธื ืึธื•ืก ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื–: WD Purple ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืกื™ื™ืžืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 64 ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ. ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ.

  • ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจืขืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืคืึทืจืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ RAID ืžืขื ื’ืข ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืงืกื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงืขืจืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจืขืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ืฉืึทื˜ื“ืึทื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืึทื•ื˜ ื™ืงืกื™ื“ 7 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก: ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ RAID ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœืœืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื•ืกื˜ืคึผืึธื•ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง.

  • Western Digital Device Analytics ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื

ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜-ืคืจื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทืœืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• Western Digital Device Analytics (WDDA) ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคึผืขืงืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื ื– ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง, ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื’ื ืึธืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜. ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ืงืขืœื™ื”ืึธืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ.

Western Digital ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš WD ืœื™ืœืึท ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก. ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื“ ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื• ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืงืงื˜ื•ื• ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกื“ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ื™ WD Purple ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ ืกืขืจื™ืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: WD Purple QD102 ืื•ืŸ WD Purple SC QD312 Extreme Endurance. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ืขื“ ืคื™ืจ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 32 ืฆื• 256 ื’ื™ื’ืื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžืขืจ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื–, WD Purple ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ:

  • ื ืขืฅ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ (ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ) ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื“ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ (ืคื•ืŸ -25 ยฐC ืฆื• +85 ยฐC) ืœืึธื–ืŸ WD ืœื™ืœืึท ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืคึผื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื ืึธื™ื;
  • ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื ื“ืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 5000 ื’ืึทื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 500 ื’ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืžื™ื“ื–ืฉื“;
  • ืึท ื’ืขืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ / ื™ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื™ืงืึทืœื– ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืึธื“ืข ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื›ืขื“ ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื;
  • ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ;
  • ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ UHS Speed โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹Class 3 ืื•ืŸ Video Speed โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹Class 30 (ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืจื“ืก 128 ื’ื™ื’ืื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ) ืžืื›ื˜ WD ืœื™ืœืึท ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคึผืึทื ืึธืจืึทืžื™ืง ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก.

ื“ื™ WD Purple SC QD312 Extreme Endurance ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก: 64, 128 ืื•ืŸ 256 ื’ื™ื’ืื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ื™ WD Purple QD102, ื“ื™ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ ืึท ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืžืึทืกืข: ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– 3000 ืคึผ / E ืกื™ื™ืงืึทืœื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ื• ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ 24/7.

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’