ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0

ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืึธืจื“ื– KiCad 6.0.0 ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ C ++ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ wxWidgets ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ GPLv3 ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ.

KiCad ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืึธืจื“ื–, 3 ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ Gerber ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก, ืกื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืกืขืจืงืึทืฅ, ืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืึธืจื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ, ืคืึธืึธื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 3 ื“ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืงื‘ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื–, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 15% ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืฉืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ KiCad.

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’:

  • ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืงื•ืง. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ KiCad ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืกื›ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืจืขื˜ (ืคึผืงื‘) ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ืงื™ื™ืก, ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ.
    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0
  • ื“ื™ ืกื›ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทื“ื™ืžื– ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืงื‘ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืงืœืืกืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื›ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื‘ืึทืจืก, ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–. ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื‘ื•ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ.
    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0
  • ื“ื™ PCB ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜. ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ืึทื™ืžืขื“ ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืคื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ื“ื™ื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืžื–. ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืขืกืขืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืขืงืจืึทืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืขืก, ืคึผืึทื“ืก, ื•ื•ื™ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืงืก. ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฅ ืงืœืืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื ืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ึทืขืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฆืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืคืœื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ.
    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0

    ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืึทื•ื ื“ื™ื“ ื˜ืจืึทืกืขืก, ื›ืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื–ืึธื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืึทืก. ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืจืึทื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืœืขื ื’.

    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0

  • ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ 3 ื“ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื›ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืงื‘ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœืก.
    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0
  • ื ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ึทืขืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ.
    ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ CAD KiCad 6.0
  • ื ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืึธื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ (ืคึฟืึธื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ). ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื–.
  • ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืฅ ืกื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื“. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ E-ืกืขืจื™ืข ืจืขืกื™ืกื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึทืœืงื•ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ. ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ GerbView ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขืจ.
  • ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ CADSTAR ืื•ืŸ Altium Designer ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื–. ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ EAGLE ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜. ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ Gerber, STEP ืื•ืŸ DXF ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.
  • ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืกื›ืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ.
  • ื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจืึทื˜ืขื“ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’.
  • ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ "ืคึผืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ".
  • ื "ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜-ื‘ื™ื™-ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜" ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžืึธื“ืข ืื™ื– ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ึท ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
  • ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืžื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ื˜ืฉืคึผืึทื“ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
  • ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืึธืก, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ.

ืžืงื•ืจ: opennet.ru

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’