ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

ืื™ืŸ 2019, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 100 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื“ ืึท ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืง. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, 11ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืื’.

"ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทืกืึทื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ... ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืฅ, ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก (ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ืงืก), ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืคืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ื™ื™ืคึผืึทืกื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช."
โ€” ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืจืขื™ืขื•ื•

ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 42 ืงื’ + 8 ืงื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ (ืžืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ).
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 50 ืงื’.
ืงื™ื™ื˜ - 20 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ.
ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ - 200 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ / ื”.

ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ( 11ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ , 1893 , ืงืืœืคื™ื ื - 15ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1941 , ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ ) - ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจื•ืงืŸ-ืคืืง ืจืืงืขื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืžืื˜ืืจ.

ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 1920ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“. ืื™ืŸ 1919 ืขืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืคึผืึทืง ืจืึทืงืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคึผืึทื•ืขืจื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ืข ืจ ืคืจืื™ืขืงื˜ ืŸ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืง ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจ ืŸ ื“ืข ื ืจืื˜ ืคื• ืŸ ืคืืœืงืกืงืืžื™ืกืืจ ืŸ ืื• ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืืจ ื˜ ืื™ ืŸ ืงืืžื™ื˜ืข ื˜ ืคื ืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ . ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1925, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข, ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืึท positive ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืึท ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 1928. (ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข)

1919

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืึธืจื’ (ืœืึธื’ืึทื•ื•) ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ (LOGAV. F. R-4476, ืึธืคึผ. 6, ื“. 3809.) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืžืึทืจืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืงืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก:

"ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’
ืงืจืขืกื˜ื™ืึทื ืกืง. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทื ืฅ
ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ 14/XII 1919
ื™ื ืงืึทืžื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืž' 19644."

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ:

"ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜
ืคืืจ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜.
ื•.ืก.ื .ืงืก.
19 ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ั 1919 ะณ.
ืื™ืŸ. ื ื•ืžืณ 3648ืด.

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ 10 ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1921, ื›ืึทื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืงืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ KDI ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ (ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื•ื• ื˜ืขืงืข. ).

ืึทื–ื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืคึผืึทืง ืขืจืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1919 ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ.

ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜.

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืก ืงืึธืžื™ืกืึทืจืก ืืœื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืขืก. ื˜ืขืžืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ "ืฆื™ืœ" ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: "ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทืกืึทื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ... ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก (ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืœ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ืงืก) ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืคึผืึทืกื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื˜"), ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ , ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืก ืงืึธืžื™ืกืึทืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื“ ืจื™ื“ืขืจืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืึทื“ืจืขืก - ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ KDI. ื ืืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื’ืขื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ืืคื ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ืœืขื ื™ืฉ: ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืœืง-ืงืืžื™ืกืืจืจืื˜ ืคืืจ 1919 ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 19644 (ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ) ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆ ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ , ืฐ ื™ ืื•ื™ ืš ื“ ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช , ืคื• ืŸ ื ื ืš ื“ืจ ืฒ ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ , ื“ืขืจื‘ ืฒ ( 19640 , 19643 , 19645 ) , ืืคื ื™ื , ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืข ืคื• ืŸ ืคืืœืงืกืงืืžื™ืกืืจ ืŸ ืจืื˜ , ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืข ืจ 1919 , ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื ื˜ ืงืฒ ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ .

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืึทืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ืก ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1919 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืก ืงืึธืžืžื™ืกืกืึทืจืก - ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืœื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข - ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ืžืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ KDI ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืก ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ. [ืžืึธืงืขืจ]

1921

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1921, ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ KDI ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ "ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืจืขื›ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืึทืคึผ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจื™ืกื™ื“ืึทื“ ืขืก.

ื“ื™ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืข.ืขืŸ. ืกืžื™ืจื ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงืกืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก KDU ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ืขื“ (ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ positive, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื .ื. ืจื™ื ื™ืŸ), ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ. [ืžืึธืงืขืจ]

1925

ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1925, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข, ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ KDI. ืืžืช , ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ , ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื ื™ื™ืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ; ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืขืžื‘ืœื™ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 1919-1921. ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื ืืš ื ืคืื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื .ื’. ื‘ืืจืื˜ืื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขื 31 ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 1928 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืคืื˜ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืืจืŸ ืคืื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’". [ืžืึธืงืขืจ]

ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืž 4818

ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•
ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•
ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

1928

"ื‘ื™ื™ ืงืึทื‘ืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 23 ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1928, ืื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื• ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืงื™ืึทืคึผืึทื ืกื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 10 ืกืงื ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืฆื• ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. โ€
โ€” ืื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

CBRIZ (ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’) - ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ 9 ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 1929 ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ - ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ.

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ื™ืืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ืก ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืœื™ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืก ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1919 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 1928, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื’ื ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก, ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก, ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ื’ืึทืกืึทื–. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ: ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืคึผืึทืง) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืœื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื•ื“ื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืึทืกืคื™ืงืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืึทื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืกืคึผืœืึธื•ืกื™ื•ื•.

ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื• ืก ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ. [ืžืึธืงืขืจ]

ื ืดื ืจื™ื ื™ืŸ. ืจืึทืงืึทืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื–.

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•.

ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜

ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืคื™ื’. 1 ืื•ืŸ 2 - "ืคึผืึทืง" ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทื ื’ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก, Fig. 3 ืื•ืŸ 4 - ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืคืึทืจืžืก ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื–. ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื .ื. ืจื™ื ื™ื ืึท

ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ

ื”ื‘ืจืื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ืื˜ืขืœื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

JetCat 180 NX ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืึธื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ.

ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธืก 350 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืึทืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงืึทื˜ื™ ืคืึทืจื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ?. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ โ€” crowdsourced ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืคืึธืึธืœืก. ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 4 ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ - ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืœืึทืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ 6 ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท 80 ืงื’ ืงืึทืจืงืึทืก.

ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืคึผืึทืงืง ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื–: ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืขื•ื•

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ Habracorporativa.

ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ื”ืขืกื™ืก: ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืจืึท ืงื”ืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 500-1000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ 3, ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืจืึท ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ? (ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ PM ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืคึผืึธืกื˜ [ืื™ืžืขื™ืœ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜])

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’