ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื ืึท ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึธืคื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืขืค. ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืงืจืึทื‘. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืขืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืœืึธื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 83 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ / ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืžืึทื ื–. ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืจืึทืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก - ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 35 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื–, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืžืึทืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 30 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื’ 150 ื˜ืึธื ืก. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืึทื“ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื›ืึทื ื˜ืขืจื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ... ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืงื˜ืึธืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืžื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ (ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1694, ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™), ื“ื™ ืจื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืงืจื™ืฅ. ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ืคึฟืึธืจื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืกื™ื– ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ? ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ื’ื™ื™.

ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื”ืขืœื“

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืืžืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืงืขืื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ืฉืึทื ื– - ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื’ ืื™ื– 33 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื™ื– 150 ื˜ืึธื ืก. ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื  ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื•.

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ

ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื– ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื ืขืกืก ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืึทืงื™ืึทืคึผื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 27% ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื ื’. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืจื™ื™ืคึผืคืจื•ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“. ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืก ืžื•ื™ืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 100 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ืึท ืงืจื™ืคึผื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”). ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึทืžื™ืง ืคึผืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืขืกืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืงื˜ืึธืŸ, ืกื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ืžื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜, ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 6 ื˜ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืงื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’.

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ 1 ืฉืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 100 ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–, ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืœืื–ื”ืืœ, ื ืื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืœืืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื ืื–ืกื˜ืจื™ืœืก) ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืค. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื–ื”ืืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืคื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืืœืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– 10 ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– 'ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธืจื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื™ืคื™ืฉืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ - ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ 80-90% ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 15%. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืึทื ื– ื“ืขื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก-ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ.

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ
ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื“ืคืึธืจื“ (USA).

ื“ื™ ืกืขืจืงื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืœื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืึธืจื˜ืึท ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 40 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ - ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 8000 ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ.

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืกืžื•ื“ืœื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืกืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืœืืคื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื. ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื™ืคืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืš 5-10 ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ืคืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 20. ืื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ.

ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ืคึฟืึธืจื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื–ืื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืข ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืœื™ืžืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืงืกื™ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื•ื•ื•ืึทืกืงื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื.

ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคื™ื–ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืœืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ื’ื™ืš.

ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืœื–, ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืกืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืจื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื–ื™ืš.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื–ื“ ืึทื– ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ (ื“"ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜) ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืœื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกืึทื– ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ (ืึท ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืง ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ), ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืง ืงื•ืจืก, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืงืกื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก (ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜) ื“ื•ืจืš 50 ืžืืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ืขืก ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš.

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืึทืœื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืง ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ืึธื’ืœืึธื‘ื™ืŸ* (ืžื‘) ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– (5-10 ืžืืœ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–: 0.8 ื’ ืžื‘ ืคึผืขืจ 100 ื’-1 ืžื•ืกืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ 1.8-10 ื’ ืžื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–.

ืžื™ืึธื’ืœืึธื‘ื™ืŸ* - ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ-ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืงืขืœืขื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทืกืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึทืง ืžืึทืกืึทืœื–.

ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืกืงื ื, ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืึทื ืึทืžื™ืง ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.

ืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืจืขืฉืึทืŸ / ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš / ืึทืจื•ืคื’ืึทื ื’.

ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืึทืจื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื”ืขืžืึธื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืง ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื–.

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ
ืคื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ

ื ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืึธืจื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ืกืคืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– (Balaenoptera physalus) ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก โ‰ค10 ื‘ื™ืฅ / ืžื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทืึธืจื˜ื™ืง ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื•ื•ืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ (ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงืขืกืกืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืึทื ื’ ืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื“ื– ื“ื™ืึทืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืง ืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื“ื– * ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืึทืจื˜ื‘ืขืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื“ื•ืกืึทื– ืคึผื•ืœืกืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืึธืจื˜ืึท.

ื“ื™ืึทืกื˜ืึธืœืข* (ื“ื™ืึทืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜) - ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–.

ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทื–, ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืงืœื•ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืจื™ืœื™ ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™.


ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืจืขื“ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜.

ื“ื™ ืขืงื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืขืงื’ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืงืึทืคึผืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ 4 ืกืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš. ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืขืงื’ ื™ืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืคืœ ืฆื• Monterey Bay (ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ืืงืขืืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืึท). ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืขืจืคื™ืกื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื˜ืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื’ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ (ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืคืœื•ืกืคืขื“ืขืจ). ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 15 ื™ืืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ, ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื ืœืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืึทืœ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจื˜ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท 8.5-ืฉืขื” ืขืงื’ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ (ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ).

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #1: ื‘ืœื• ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ.

ื“ื™ ืขืงื’ ื•ื•ืึทื•ื•ืขืคืึธืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื: ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ 16.5 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 184 ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืœื– ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืฆื• 4 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜.

ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ, ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื•ื•ื•ืึทืกืงื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 4 ืื•ืŸ 8 ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื“ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–, ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก (ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ืึทืก ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื“ื™ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื›ื•ื•ืขืจืึทื– ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื“ื™ื™ื•ื• ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืึทืœืฅ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื ื’.

ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ, ืึทืœืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืžืึทืœื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ 70000 ืงื’ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ 319 ืงื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืš ื‘ืึทื ื“ (ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคึผืขืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ) ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 80 ืœ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 15 ื‘ื™ืฅ / ืžื™ืŸ.

ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–, ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ืึทืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 1/3 ืื•ืŸ 1/2 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขื“ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืคื’ืึทื ื’ ื‘ื™ื ืข. ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืœื–, ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขื“ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืคึผืจื™ื“ืึทืžืึทื ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ 30 ืฆื• 37 ื‘ืคึผื ื ืึธืš ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– (>125 ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 20 ืฆื• 30 ื‘ืคึผื ื ืึธืš ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–.

ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืขืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืงืกืขืœืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ื’ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืขืจืคื•ืกื™ืึธืŸ (ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ) ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–.

ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข, ืงื•ืจืฅ-ื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท 5-ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš (8 ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ื™ื™ื ื’ 2-ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืžืขื”ืึทืœืขืš (25 ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜) ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 13 ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืจื™ืžืึทืจืงืึทื‘ืœื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ื™ืžืึทื˜ืขื“ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก.

ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœืขื“ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก, ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 4 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืฆื• ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ืคืขืงืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ.

ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #2: ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก, ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืคื•ืŸ 4 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืกื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ื ื’ ืžืื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจ - ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ ืฉืืจืฃ ื“ืืก ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืื ืงื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืืก ืขืกืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– 2.5 ืžืืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Filtration. ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ืœื™ื™ืงืœื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื.

ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–, ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ืจืขืกืขืคึผื˜ืึธืจ.

ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืกืงื ื ืึทื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš 2.5 ืžืืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขื“ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืึทืึธืจื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื•ื•ืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ืึทื– ืึทืึธืจื˜ื™ืง ื™ืžืคึผื™ื“ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึทืง ื•ื•ืขืจืงืœืึธื•ื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืžืขื”ืึทืœืขืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื˜ื’ืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ืจื•ืง ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืึธืจื˜ืึท.

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื‘ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืึท ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืกื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืึทื ืงื˜ืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืง ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืจืึทืงืจื•ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืงืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื•ืกืงืœ ืคื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื–.

ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš ืกืคึผื™ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืจื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื–, ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ืžื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฆื• ื™ืงืกื™ื“ ืึทืขืจืึธื‘ื™ืง ืžืขื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืง ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ืึทื– ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทื–ืึท ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื–, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜.

ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืขืจืคื•ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืงื•ืจืฅ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืœื–, ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืœ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื–. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ (ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทื–), ื–ื™ื™ ื™ื ืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืœื™ ืคึผื ื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืžืขื”ืึทืœืขืš. ื“ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืึทืงืกืขืœืขืจืึทืžืึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงื•ืจืก. ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ECG ืกืขื ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ.

ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืžืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ึท, ื™ืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ืœื™.

ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืื’ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง-ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ:


ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ.


ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื– ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืจื™ืžืึธื•ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ROV ื”ืขืจืงื•ืœืขืก ืคื™ืœืžื“ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 598 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ.

ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’, ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! ๐Ÿ™‚

ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ? ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜? ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ ื•ื•ืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ $ 4.99, 30% ืึทืจืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ Habr ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข-ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 ืงืึธืจืขืก) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps ืคึฟื•ืŸ $20 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ? (ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ื˜ RAID1 ืื•ืŸ RAID10, ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 24 ืงืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 40GB DDR4).

Dell R730xd 2 ืžืืœ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืขืจ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TV ืคึฟื•ืŸ $199 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื”ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ืก! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ืคึฟื•ืŸ $99! ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผ. ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 9000 ืขื•ืจืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื™?

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’