ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ื‘ื™ืชื ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ Linux 9

ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืชื ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. Linux 9. ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœืึทืฆื™ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ืงื•ื ื” ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทืœ (ISO ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜) CentOS ืกื˜ืจื™ื 9). ืคึผืขืงืœ ืจืขืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ x86_64, s390x (IBM ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื z), ppc64le, ืื•ืŸ Aarch64 (ARM64) ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– RPM ืคึผืขืงืœ ืงื•ื•ืขืœืขืจ. Linux 9 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื•ืกื˜ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ CentOSื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืืจ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื™ืข'ืก 10-ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืฆื™ืงืœ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ RHEL 9 ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 2032. ืืคื“ืขื™ื˜ืก ืคืืจ RHEL 7 ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 30ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™, 2024, ืื•ืŸ RHEL 8 ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืื™, 2029.

ืจืขื“ ื”ืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทืŸ Linux ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 9 ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึฟืขื ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก. CentOS ืกื˜ืจื™ื 9. CentOS ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผืกื˜ืจื™ื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ RHEL, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื˜-ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ RHEL ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื–, ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืกืŸ. ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท Fedora ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื RHEL ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืจืึทืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืกืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท Fedora ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ. CentOS ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืึทืคืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ RHEL.

ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ:

  • ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜. GCC 11 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื–. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื˜ C ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• glibc 2.34. ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื ืขืœ ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉ Linux ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 5.14 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. ื“ืขืจ RPM ืคืขืงืœ ืžืขื ืขื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืคื“ืขื™ื˜ืขื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 4.16 ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืื ื˜ืจืืœ ื“ื•ืจืš fapolicyyd.
  • ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• Python 3 ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ื™ Python 3.9 ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 2 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื“.
  • ื“ื™ ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ GNOME 40 (RHEL 8 ืฉื™ืคึผื˜ GNOME 3.28) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ GTK 4 ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ GNOME 40, ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืžืึธื“ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžืึธื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืึทืกืœื™ ืกืงืจืึธืœืœื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืžืึธื“ืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœืœื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฅ. ื ืกื™ืžืœืึทืก ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜.
  • GNOME ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืžืึทื›ื˜-ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœืขืก-ื“ืขืžืึธืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืžืึธื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืžืึธื“ืข.
  • ืึทืœืข ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ PipeWire ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ PulseAudio ืื•ืŸ JACK. ื ื™ืฆืŸ PipeWire ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.
  • ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ื™ GRUB ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ RHEL ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ Esc ืึธื“ืขืจ F8 ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืึธื˜ืœืึธืึทื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ GRUB ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ /boot/grub2/ (ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉ ืœื™ื ืง ืฆื• /boot. /grub2/grub.cfg), ื“ื™. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข EFI ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึธื•ืก.
  • ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืคึผืึทืงืง ืคึผืึทืงื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, langpacks-core-font ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทื ืฅ, langpacks-core ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ Glibc ืœืึธืงืึทืœืข, ื‘ืึทื–ืข ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’packs ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืคืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืงืฉืึทื ืขืจื™ื–.
  • ืฆื• ืกื™ื™ืžืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืกืœื™ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืจืขืึทืžืก ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ RHEL, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืจืคึผื ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื–, ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื– (ืกืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืคึผื ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ื’ืจื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื–), SCL ( ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’) ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืึทื˜ืคึผืึทืง.
  • ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ OpenSSL 3.0 ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืžืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื“ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ SHA-1 ืื™ืŸ TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 ืื•ืŸ Kerberos ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื˜, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES ืื•ืŸ FFDHE-1024 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื˜). ื“ื™ OpenSSH ืคึผืขืงืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืฆื• GDBM ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Berkeley DB. ื“ื™ NSS (ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืง ืกืขืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก) ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ DBM (Berkeley DB) ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜. GnuTLS ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 3.7.2.
  • ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืข SE ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’Linux ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ืข ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืงืื ืกื•ืžืืฆื™ืข. ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ "SELINUX=disabled" ืกืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคืืจืŸ ื“ื™ืกืขื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ SE ืื™ื– ืืจืืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ /etc/selinux/configLinux (ื“ื™ ืกืคืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืกืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ SELinux ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืืžืขื˜ืขืจ "selinux=0" ืฆื•ื ืงืขืจื ืขืœ).
  • ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืžืขื ืึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืคึผืŸ WireGuard.
  • ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, SSH ืœืึธื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื˜.
  • ื“ื™ iptables-nft ืคึผืึทืงืึทื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื (iptables, ip6tables, ebtables ืื•ืŸ arptables ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–) ืื•ืŸ ipset ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื ืคื˜ืึทื‘ืœืขืก ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื•ืึทืœ.
  • ื ื ื™ื™ึทืข mptcpd ื“ืขืžืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื ื’ MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืงืคึผ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ื˜ืงืคึผ ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืงื™ืฅ ืกื™ื™ืžืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืกืœื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืขืฅ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข IP ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก. ื ื™ืฆืŸ mptcpd ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ MPTCP ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ iproute2 ื ื•ืฆืŸ.
  • ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ-ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, NetworkManager ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ifcfg ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ NetworkManager ื“ื™ืคืึธืœืฅ ืฆื• ืึท ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข.
  • ื ื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜: GCC 11.2, LLVM/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git ืกื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึธืŸ 2.31, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืœืก 1.14, CMake 2.35, Maven 3.20.2, Ant 3.6.
  • ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ืึทืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื˜ืคึผ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจ 2.4, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1.
  • ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ DBMS MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2.
  • ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, Clang ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ QEMU ืขืžื•ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืึธืš ืฉื•ืฅ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ KVM ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ SafeStack ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ-ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ (ROP).
  • ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื“: ื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืœื ืขืงืก (ืงืคึผื•, ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ืกืง, ื ืขืฅ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ), ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ Grafana, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืึทื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ. ืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืžืึทืจื˜ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ (ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืกื•ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ SSH).
  • ื“ื™ SSSD (ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืกืขืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ื“ืึทืขืžืึธืŸ) ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื’ืก, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื˜ืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜. ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื• ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื™ืฉื•ื–.
  • ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืึท (ื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืขืึทืกื•ืจืขืžืขื ื˜ ืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจืข) ืื™ื– ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื“ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืฉืขืก.
  • ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ cgroup ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ (cgroup v2) ืื™ื– ืขื ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื“. Cgroups v2 ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืงืคึผื• ืื•ืŸ I/O ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ cgroups v2 ืื•ืŸ v1 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ cgroups ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืคึผื• ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ I/O. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ื–.
  • ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ืงืจืึธื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ NTS (ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜) ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ (PKI) ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ TLS ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ AEAD (ืื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜-ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš NTP (ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ). ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ NTP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 4.1.
  • ื ื™ื• ืึทื ืกื™ื‘ืœืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืจืึธืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Postfix, Microsoft SQL Server, VPN ื˜ืึทื ืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืกื™ื ืง ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืึทื ืกื™ื‘ืœืข ืจืึธืœืข ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ LVM (ืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ) VDO (ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืขืจ) ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.
  • ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืžืขื ืึทืœ (ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•) ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ KTLS (ืงืขืจื ืขืœ-ืžื“ืจื’ื” TLS ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึทืงืกืขืก) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืงืกื˜4 ืื•ืŸ XFS, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ AMD SEV ืื•ืŸ SEV-ES ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ KVM ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ.
  • ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ืขื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“, ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืื™ืŸ Red Hat ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžืขืจ ื™ื ืงืœื•ืกื™ื•ื• ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืึท ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ, ืฉืงืœืึทืฃ, ื‘ืœืึทืงืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜.

ืžืงื•ืจ: opennet.ru

ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ DDoS ืฉื•ืฅ, VPS VDS ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ๐Ÿ”ฅ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ DDoS ืฉื•ืฅ, VPS VDS ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก | ProHoster