DHCP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ Kea 1.6, ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ISC ืงืึธื ืกืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก

ISC ืงืึธื ืกืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ DHCP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ 1.6.0, ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ISC DHCP. ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžืึธื–ื™ืœืœืึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืœื™ืกืขื ืกืข (MPL) 2.0, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืกืง ืœื™ืกืขื ืกืข ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืกืง ื“ื”ืงืคึผ.

Kea DHCP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ BIND 10 ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืจ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื–. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืึท ืคื•ืœ-ืคื™ื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ DHCPv4 ืื•ืŸ DHCPv6 ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ISC DHCP. Kea ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื ืก ื–ืึธื ืขืก (ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ื“ื ืก), ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ืคื“ืขืงื•ื ื’, ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทืกื™ื™ื ืžืึทื ื˜, ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ, ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืก, ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืงืกืข ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ DHCPv6 ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉื ืึทืœื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืœืึทื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขืคื™ืงืก. ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืึทืคึผื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ.

ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ - ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงืกื•ื• ื˜ืขืงืขืก, MySQL DBMS, Apache Cassandra ืื•ืŸ PostgreSQL. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืคื™ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืข ืื™ืŸ JSON ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ MySQL ืื•ืŸ PostgreSQL. ืขืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืคื“ื”ืงืคึผ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ DHCP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. Kea ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ MySQL ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ 1000 ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทืกื™ื™ื ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 4000 ืคึผืึทืงื™ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข), ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื– 7500 ืึทืกื™ื™ื ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข.

DHCP ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ Kea 1.6, ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ISC ืงืึธื ืกืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก

ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืึท 1.6:

  • ื ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“ (CB, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“) ืื™ื– ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข DHCPv4 ืื•ืŸ DHCPv6 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจืึธื ืจื•ื‘ึฟ Kea ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก, ืฉืขืจื“ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก, ืกื•ื‘ื ืขืฅ, ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก, ืคึผืึธืึธืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ื–ื•ืš. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืข, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ื“ื•ืจืš CB, ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืขืฅ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืงืขืก).

    ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ DBMSs ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– MySQL ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ (MySQL, PostgreSQL ืื•ืŸ Cassandra ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจืึธื ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทืกื™ื™ื ืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื– (ืœื™ืกื™ื–), ืื•ืŸ MySQL ืื•ืŸ PostgreSQL ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžื—ื ื•ืช). ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ DBMS ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ื–, DHCP ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื ืขืฅ;

  • ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข "DROP" ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก (ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืงื™ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ DROP ืงืœืึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืจืึทืคึผื˜), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืŸ ืึทื ื•ื•ืึธื ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ DHCP ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ;
  • ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืžืึทืงืก-ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ-ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ (ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ) ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ืงืึธื“ืขื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ. ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืงื™ื™ื˜;
  • ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ DHCP ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•ื–, Kea ืื™ืฆื˜ ืกืขื ื“ื– DHCPv4 ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื›ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื ืึทืžืขืก, ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธืกื˜ื ืึทืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืกื•ื‘ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืงืึธื•ื“ื– 0 ื“ื•ืจืš 255 ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื“;
  • ื ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื›ืึธืœืขืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ DDNS ื“ื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜: ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’-ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’-ืจื™ืœืึธื•ื“, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’-ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’-ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื’-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืจืฉื™ืžื”-ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–, ืฉืึทื˜ื“ืึทื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข-ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ;
  • ื™ืœื™ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœื ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– (CVE-2019-6472, CVE-2019-6473, CVE-2019-6474), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ (ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ DHCPv4 ืื•ืŸ DHCPv6 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจืก) ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื SVE-2019-6474, ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืžืคื™ืœืข ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ื–, ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืึทืœ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ (ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก) ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข.

ืžืงื•ืจ: opennet.ru

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’