ื˜ืขืžืข: ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก

ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 60 ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืจืกืึทื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, PLATO ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ - ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึทืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก. [โ€ฆ]

ื“ืขื•ื•ื•ืึทืŸ 2.1

Devuan ืื™ื– ืึท ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื‘ื™ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืฆื• ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืž ืื•ืŸ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืž. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– Devuan 2.1, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ SysV init ืื•ืŸ OpenRC ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ARM ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืจื™ื™ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืจืžื•ื•ืึทืจืข [โ€ฆ]

ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– 1 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ

ื ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ok.tech: Frontend Meetup #2 26 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 12 (ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื’) ื›ืขืจืกืึธืŸ 14-26 ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึธืคื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ื ืึธืงืœืึทืกืกื ื™ืงื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ok.tech: Frontend Meetup #XNUMX. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ Odnoklassniki, VKontakte ืื•ืŸ Hazelcast, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข OK.RU ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืขื ื“, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืงื˜ + ื’ืจืึทืœ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื™ "ืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ" - ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ [โ€ฆ]

ืœื™ื‘ืจืขืขืœืขืง 9.2.0

LibreELEC ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ื ื™ืžืึทืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. LibreELEC ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืขืกืงื˜ืึทืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ARM-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก. LibreELEC 9.2.0 ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื– ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืงืึทืžืก, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ Raspberry Pi 4 ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืจืžื•ื•ืึทืจืข ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ [โ€ฆ]

RIPE ื”ืื˜ ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ IPv4 ื‘ืœืึธืง

ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ RIPE NCC, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ IP ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ ืื–ื™ืข, ืึทื ืึทื•ื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืœืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ IPv4 ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 2012, RIPE ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข /8 ื‘ืœืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 17 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก) ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืกื•ื‘ื ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืฆื• /22 (1024 ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก). ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืœืึธืง /22 ืื™ื– ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ [โ€ฆ]

ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืึท 1.3 ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš

ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืึท ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœืœื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ-ืฆื™ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืึท ืก ืกื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืก ืื™ื– ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• MATLAB, ื‘ืึทืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Ruby ืื•ืŸ Lisp. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืก ื ื™ื™ึท ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 1.3: ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก; ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื™ืงืึธื“ 12.1.0 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช [โ€ฆ]

ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Devuan 2.1 ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ Debian 9 ืึธืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื

ื ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 2.0 ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Devuan 2.1 "ASCII" ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ Debian GNU / Linux ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื‘ื™ืึทืŸ 9 "ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื˜ืฉ" ืคึผืขืงืœ ื‘ืึทื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขื‘ื™ืึทืŸ 10 ืคึผืขืงืœ ื‘ืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ Devuan 3 "Beowulf" ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’. ืœื™ื™ื•ื• ืึทืกืขืžื‘ืœื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ ISO ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืจืืคืงืืคื™ืข [โ€ฆ]

ืžืึธื–ื™ืœืœืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 2018

ืžืึธื–ื™ืœืœืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 2018. ืื™ืŸ 2018, ืžืึธื–ื™ืœืœืึท ืก ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš ื“ื™ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ $ 112 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึทื•ื ื™ื“ ืฆื• $ 450 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืŸ 2017 ืžืึธื–ื™ืœืœืึท ืขืจื ื“ $ 562 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 2016 - $ 520 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 2015 - $ 421 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 2014 - $ 329 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก, [...]

SuperData ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื˜ืฉืึทืจื˜: ืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ Call of Duty: Modern Warfare ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื–

ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื™ืจืžืข SuperData Research ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ-ืกืขืœื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 2019 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืึธืจื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ Call of Duty: Modern Warfare. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 25 ืืงื˜ืื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 4,75 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคืœืืจืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืกื™, ืœื•ื™ื˜ SuperData Research. [โ€ฆ]

ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธืกืึธืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ Huawei ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’

ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธืกืึธืคึฟื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•. "ืื•ื™ืฃ 20 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื™ื•. ืขืก. ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืขืจืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธืกืึธืคึฟื˜ ืก ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืึทืกืข ืžืึทืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืฆื• ื”ื•ืึทื•ื•ืขื™. ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื”, "ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธืกืึธืคึฟื˜ ืกืคึผืึธื•ืงืกืคึผืขืจืกืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ [โ€ฆ]

ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข: ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึท Yandex.Taxi ืฆืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืกื“ืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื–-Powered ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ

ื“ื™ Yandex.Taxi ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข "ืขืงืึธ-ืฆืึธืœ" ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“: ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืกื“ืจ ืงืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื’ืึทื– (ืžืขื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ืงืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื– ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื’ืึทื–ืึธืœื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื–ืึทืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื•ื˜ืขืจืึทืกืฅ. "ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืฉืึทืกืœื™ ืกื“ืจ ืึท ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ [โ€ฆ]

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’: ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฉืึธื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ืจืึธื ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืึธื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•. ืขืก. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืจืึธื ืขืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืึธืก (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืง ื’ืึทืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืงืืจืขืข). ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก, ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทื˜ืขื“ ื“ืจืึธื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืึธื•ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท. [โ€ฆ]