Plundervolt ืื™ื– ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืคืขืงืฅ SGX ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข

ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ืข ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื– ืคื™ืงืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืึทืœื ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ (CVE-2019-14607) ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืคึผื•, ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกืขืœื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืกื’ืงืก ื™ื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ Plundervolt, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืœืืงืืœืข ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ.

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ SGX ื™ื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืœ, ืึท ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื–, ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ RSA-CRT ืื•ืŸ AES-NI ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื• ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ืึทืคืขืจ.
ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืงืึธื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ GitHub

ื“ื™ ืขืกืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ SGX, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ. ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืฉืึทืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉ, ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉืคึผืึธืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข.

ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืฆืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืคึผื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืจืึธื•ื•ื”ืึทืžืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื– RowHammer ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ DRAM ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ื™ืงืœื™ืงืœื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืกืขืœื–, ื‘ืฉืขืช Plundervolt ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืคึผื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ืคึผืึทืก ื“ื™ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ SGX ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ.

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืกื™ืคืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ SGX ืฆื• ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื–ื™ื ื’ ืคื™ื™ืœื™ืขืจื–, ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืกื™ืคืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืกื™ืคืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉ ืกื™ืคืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ืึทื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜.

ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืืจื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืคืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืึทืงื™ื•ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื™ืขืจื–, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก (DFA, ื“ื™ืคืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก) ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ AES ืกื™ืžืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ.

ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืคืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืงืึธืจ ืงืคึผื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ 6
10 ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ Xeon E3, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ Intel Xeon Scalable, Xeon D,
Xeon W ืื•ืŸ Xeon E.

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทื– SGX ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข (ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื’ืึทืจื“ ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืก) ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจ Intel Core ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจื– (Skylake) ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ-ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืึทืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ - ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’0, SMM ืื•ืŸ VMM ืžืึธื“ืขืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข ืงืึธื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ; ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข, ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืœื™ืžืขื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจืžื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืคืึทืš ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืขื ืงืœืึทื•ื• ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืื ืคืืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึท DRAM ืžืึธื“ื•ืœืข.

ืžืงื•ืจ: opennet.ru

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’