ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ PAM ืื•ืŸ libblockdev ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื

Qualys ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ (CVE-2025-6019) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ libblockdev ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจื•ื˜ ืคืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืื ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื udisks ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคืจืืฆืขืก. ื ืคืจืื˜ืื˜ื™ืค ืขืงืกืคืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ Ubuntu, Debian, ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึท ืื•ืŸ openSUSE ืœื™ืคึผ 15.

ื“ืขืจ udisks ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื–. Linux ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื“ื™-ื‘ื•ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืก ืคืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืืคืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืึธื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื ื’. ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืืคืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก, ืจื•ืคื˜ udisks libblockdev ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• udisks ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืคืืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื "allow_active" ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื“.ื”., ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืœืึธืงืึทืœืข ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืฉืข ืกืขืกื™ืข. ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจืš SSH, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™.

ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื˜ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ ืฆื• "allow_active" ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืื ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื systemctl ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื•ืืก polkitd ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืืœืก ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืืงืืœืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืขืกืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืื“ ืื™ื– ืื– polkitd ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขื "allow_active" ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ polkitd, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืื– ื ืœืืงืืœืข ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื–ืืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ "allow_active" ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ (CVE-2025-6018) ืื™ืŸ PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules), ื•ื•ืึธืก Qualys ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื‘ืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ libblockdev. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš SSH, ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื "allow_active" ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคึฟื™ืฉ ืฆื• PAM ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื™ืŸ openSUSE Leap 15 ืื•ืŸ SUSE. Linux ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– 15, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ pam_env ืžืึธื“ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ openSUSE ืื•ืŸ SUSE ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืคืึธืœื˜ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ~/.pam_environment ื˜ืขืงืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœืŸ XDG_SEAT=seat0 ืื•ืŸ XDG_VTNR=1, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ'ืก ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš SSH. ื“ืขืจ pam_env ืžืึธื“ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš SSH. Debian 12 ืื•ืŸ Ubuntu 24.04 (ืื™ืŸ Debian 13 ืื•ืŸ Ubuntu 24.10+ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜), ืื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืงืกืขืก ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ ืฆื• "allow_active", ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ pam_env ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ ื ืึธืš ืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืขื pam_systemd ืžืึธื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ libblockdev, ืงืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื˜ืึทืงื™ืจืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคึผ ืžืึธื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกืขืงื•ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ SUID ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืคึฟืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืก (/dev/mem) ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง-ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ืกืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืึธืงื™ืจืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ FS ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ nosuid ืื•ืŸ nodev ืคึฟืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ libblockdev ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ nosuid ืื•ืŸ nodev ืคึฟืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืกืขื ืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื– udisks ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ "allow_active" ืึทืงืกืขืก ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ libblockdev ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื“ืขื FS ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ nosuid ืื•ืŸ nodev ืคึฟืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืช โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข.

ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืืค ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืœื•ืคึผ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ XFS ืคื™ื™ืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ืืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื suid ืจื•ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืœ, ืื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืคืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื•ืคึผ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื /tmp/blockdev* ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืืจื™: victim> killall -KILL gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitor victim> udisksctl loop-setup โ€”ืคื™ื™ืœ ./xfs.image โ€”no-user-interaction ื’ืขืžืืคื˜ืข ืคื™ื™ืœ ./xfs.image ืืœืก /dev/loop0. victim> while true; do /tmp/blockdev*/bash -c 'sleep 10; ls -l /tmp/blockdev*/bash' && break; ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ 2>/dev/null & victim> gdbus ืจื•ืฃ โ€”ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื โ€”dest org.freedesktop.UDisks2 โ€”ืื‘ื™ืขืงื˜-ื•ื•ืขื’ /org/freedesktop/UDisks2/block_devices/loop0 โ€”ืžืขื˜ืื“ org.freedesktop.UDisks2.Filesystem.Resize 0 '{}' ื˜ืขื•ืช: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.UDisks2.Error.Failed: ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ /dev/loop0: ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจืืคื ืขืžืขืŸ '/dev/loop0' ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ -r-sr-xr-x. 1 ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ 1406608 ื™ื•ื ื™ 18 09:42 /tmp/blockdev.RSM429/bash victim> /tmp/blockdev*/bash -p victim# id uid=65534(ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ) gid=65534(ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ) euid=0(ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ) groups=65534(ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ)

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ libblockdev ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทืŸ ืก ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื): Debian, Ubuntu, ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึท, SUSE/openSUSE, RHEL, ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ืฉ (1, 2). ืึทืœืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืึธืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืขืก ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ "org.freedesktop.udisks2.modify-device" ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืงื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื "allow_active" ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "yes" ืฆื• "auth_admin" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.freedesktop.UDisks2.policy ื˜ืขืงืข.

ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ (CVE-2025-6020) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก-ืคึผืึทื ืคึผืขืงืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึท ืœืึธืงืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ pam_namespace ืžืึธื“ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ-ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืงืข ืคึผืึทื˜ืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื ืง ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื•ืœืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทืกืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก-ืคึผืึทื 1.7.1. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืขืงืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ: Debian, Ubuntu, ืคืขื“ืึธืจืึท, SUSE/openSUSE, RHEL, ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ืฉ (1, 2).

ืžืงื•ืจ: opennet.ru

ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ DDoS ืฉื•ืฅ, VPS VDS ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ๐Ÿ”ฅ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ DDoS ืฉื•ืฅ, VPS VDS ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก | ProHoster