ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ "ืคืขื ืึธืžืขื ืึท" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžืึทืจืš. ืคื™ืœืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืึทืจื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื—ืœื•ื ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก-ืžืื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืจื•ื• ืกืขืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืกืคึผืจืึทืฅ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื“ืึธืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื? ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื–ืืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืคืขืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข (ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ ืฆื• ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื™ืงืึธื•ืคึผืึทื˜ืก). ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ - ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–. ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื›ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข, ืึท ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืจื™ื–ื™ืกื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื ื ืกื™ืœื•ื•ืึทื ื™ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜. ื’ื™ื™.

ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื™ืงืขืจ

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ืื™ื– ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™, ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก* ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก*.

ื“ื™ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก * ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื ืกื™ื– (ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื’, ื ืึธื–, ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœืึทืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื).

ื“ื™ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก * ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื™ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ื ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื’ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ.

ื“ืขื ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืžื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืขื ื™ืŸ *, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธื•ืึธืจื“ืึทื ืึทื˜ ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’*.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืขื ื™ืŸ * โ€” ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืืŸ, ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸึพื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ืข ืืงืกืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืžืคืืœืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืœ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื’ืื ืขืŸ.

ืงืึธื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ืึธืŸ* (ืงืึธื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ืึธืŸ) - ืึท ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–.

ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืžื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžืึทืจืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืœ-ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืžืึทื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืึธื•ืœื–.

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคืึทืœืŸ: ืžื™ืขืœื™ื ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ*, ืกื™ื ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ * ืืื–"ื• ื•

ืžื™ืขืœื™ื ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ* - ืึธืœื™ื’ืึธื“ืขื ื“ืจืึธืกื™ื˜ืขืก (ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื–ื™ืœื™ืขืจื™ ืกืขืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื) ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธืœื™ื’ืึธื“ืขื ื“ืจืึธืกื™ื˜ืข ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ืึทืงื™ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื•ืจืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืขืœื™ื ืึทื˜ืขื“ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜.

ืกื™ื ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ * - ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืึทืคึผืกืขืก / ื ื•ืจืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื•ืจืึธ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื™.ืข. ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ "ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื˜ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜."

ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš, ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึทืคืขืงืฅ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ*, ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ * ะธ ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ *.

ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ* - ืึท ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื™ืง ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึธื ื’ืึธื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ืกืขืก.

ืงืึธื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ * - ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜.

ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ * (ื™ื ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ) ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 'ืก ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึทืœืกื™ื•ื• (ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึทื ื˜) ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœ ืจื™ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืกื˜ื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข (ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœ).

ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืฅ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื™ื– ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืึธื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืจืš ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืึธื˜ืขืžืคึผืึธืจืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืขืจื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืขื ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืžืึทืจืš ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืึธื•ืึธืจื“ืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืขืจื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงืก ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™. ืึทื– ืื™ื–, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš, ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืกืกืขืกืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืฉืจ.

ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขื“ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื  ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืึทื– ืื™ื–, ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืžืึทื˜ืึธืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜, ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ื•ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงืึทื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฅ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืš ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜-ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืง ืžื™ืขืœื™ื ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก.

ื“ืจื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก: ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืฉืจ ืจื™ืคืœืขืงืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืจื™ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–.

ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ

ืฆื• ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ, ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืึธื•ืึธืจื“ืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ื ืขื•ืจืึธื™ืžืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 727 ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืึทืœื˜ 8 ืฆื• 23 ื™ืึธืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ืคื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืจืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืกืขืกืกืขื“ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. n-ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื˜ืึทืกืงืก *ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื n-ืฆื•ืจื™ืง* - ืึท ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ (ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืึทืœ, ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ, ืืื–"ื• ื•). ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื– ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ n ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: TLHCHSCCQLCKLHCQTRHKC HR (3-ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ื•ื•ื• ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 3 ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ).

ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’-ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืจื™ืคืœืขืงืก ืกืคึผืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–.

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #1: ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืžืึทืจืš.

ื ืึธื•ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืžืึทืจืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 400-ืฉื˜ื— ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืจืกืขืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื›ืึธื•ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ MRI ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ, ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื ืขืฅ ื ืึธื“ืข ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึธื•ื“ื–.

ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื™ื™ืฉืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืงืึธื•ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข.

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #2

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก (2A). ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืขืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืกืขืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืขืจืึทืœ, ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืจื™ืขื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืš.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื™ืง ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ "ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’" ืงืึธื•ืึทืคื™ืฉืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืกื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื ืขื•ืจืึทืœ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก. ื ืขื•ืจืึธื ืึทืœ ื ืึธื•ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื•ืึทืคื™ืฉืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธื“ื•ืœืึทืจ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– (ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช) ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืš ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืœื ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืึทืคื™ืฉืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข; ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง, ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึทืงืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืึธื ืขืก (2C).

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืจืึธื•-ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืกืกืขืกืกืขื“. ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ ืงืึธื•ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจืึทื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™: ื•ื ื™ืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืš ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ (2D).

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก (2E). ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžืึธื“ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทืš ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™. ืึทื–ืึท ืึทื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกืึทืก ืึทื– ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจืึทืจืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #3

ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืžืึทืจืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื—, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ื“.ื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืึทืœืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืžืึทืจืš.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืึทืœืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืžืึทืจืš, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืขืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืœ, ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื™ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืกืขืก (3A). ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืขื ื›ืึทื ืกืžืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ืึทื˜ืœื™ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ. ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืกืึทื‘ืกืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืกื•ื•), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืžืึทืจืš.

ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืงื•ืจืก (ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืกืก) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื’ืจืึทื“ื™ืขื ื˜ (3D).

ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื™ื™ืฉืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก. ืึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื“ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืึท ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก (3E).

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, 294 ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืึธื• ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืง 1.7 ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึท-ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง, ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืกืกืขืกืกืขื“.

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #4

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–-ืกืขืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ (4A).

ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ (4B) ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืงื•ืจืก (ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืกืก) ืœื™ื ืขืึทืจ ืจืึทื’ืจืขืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜. ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื˜ื•ื“ืึทื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคืึทืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืกื“ืจ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืกืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืขืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ื™ืกืขืก, ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื™ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืขืจืึทืœ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก.4D).

ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืจืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #5

ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™, ืฆื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึทื˜ืขืจืึทืœ ืคึผืจืขืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ืข ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืึทืœ ืึทืงืกื™ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก.5A).

ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงืึทื ืงืœื•ื–ืฉืึทื ื–. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืš ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš. ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข (ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื–). ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– (ืขืงืกืขืงื•ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ) ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™.

ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืžื™ื™ืฅ. ืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืจื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืœืคึผืข ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื) ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืžืึทื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืกืกืึธืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš (ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืงืก) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืึทื ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืึทืคึผืึทื“ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืš ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืกืขื ืกืขืจื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™.

ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ืœืขืกืึทื ืฅ, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืฉืจ ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข (ื“"ื”, ื–ื™ืš-ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ). ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืขืงื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืœื˜ื›ื•ื“.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ะธ ื ืึธืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืฆื• ืื™ื.

ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžืึทืจืš ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ื™ื ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืœื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื–, ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธื ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืึทืžืึทื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืžืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’.

ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืžืึธื•ื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืขื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ื– ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืกืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท, ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืชืื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื. ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ืžื–ืขื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜, ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืกื˜ โ€œื ื™ื™ืŸโ€, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื.

ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืึทืจื“ืขืจ. ืื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื— ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš (ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜), ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ืึธื•ื•ืึทื“ื™ื™ึทืก, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืจื™ื–ืขืžื‘ืึทืœื– ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืึท 1, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืœืึธื•ื ืึทืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื•ื˜ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ืจื•ื™ืง ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ืึธืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜.

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืžืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ "ืคื™ืึทืœืงืข" ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทืงืึทืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžืึทืจืš, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืกืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’.

ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’, ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! ๐Ÿ™‚

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื“ืก ๐Ÿ™‚

ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ? ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜? ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ ื•ื•ืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ $ 4.99, ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ VPS (KVM) E5-2697 v3 (6 ืงืึธืจืขืก) 10GB DDR4 480GB SSD 1Gbps ืคึฟื•ืŸ $19 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ? (ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ื˜ RAID1 ืื•ืŸ RAID10, ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 24 ืงืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 40GB DDR4).

Dell R730xd 2 ืžืืœ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ Equinix Tier IV ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TV ืคึฟื•ืŸ $199 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื”ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ืก! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ืคึฟื•ืŸ $99! ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผ. ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 9000 ืขื•ืจืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื™?

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’