Ọrọ iṣaaju
Bawo ni gbogbo eniyan! Orukọ mi ni Sasha, ati pe Mo ti ṣe idanwo ẹhin (awọn iṣẹ Linux ati API) fun ọdun mẹfa. Imọran fun nkan naa wa si ọdọ mi lẹhin ibeere miiran lati ọdọ ọrẹ idanwo kan lati sọ fun ohun ti o le ka nipa awọn aṣẹ Linux ṣaaju ifọrọwanilẹnuwo kan. Ni deede, oludije fun ipo ẹlẹrọ QA ni a nilo lati mọ awọn ofin ipilẹ (ti o ba jẹ pe, dajudaju, wọn kan ṣiṣẹ pẹlu Linux), ṣugbọn bawo ni o ṣe mọ iru awọn aṣẹ wo ni o tọ lati ka lakoko ti o ngbaradi fun ifọrọwanilẹnuwo ti o ba ni diẹ tabi ko si iriri pẹlu Linux?
Nitorinaa, botilẹjẹpe eyi ti kọ tẹlẹ nipa ọpọlọpọ awọn akoko, Mo tun pinnu lati kọ nkan miiran “Linux fun awọn olubere” ati ṣe atokọ nibi awọn ofin ipilẹ ti o nilo lati mọ ṣaaju ifọrọwanilẹnuwo eyikeyi ni ẹka kan (tabi ile-iṣẹ) ti o lo Linux. Mo ronu nipa iru awọn aṣẹ ati awọn ohun elo ati pẹlu awọn aye wo ni MO lo nigbagbogbo, gba awọn esi lati ọdọ awọn ẹlẹgbẹ mi, ati ṣajọ gbogbo rẹ sinu nkan kan. Nkan naa ti pin si awọn apakan 3: akọkọ, alaye kukuru nipa awọn ipilẹ ti I / O ni ebute Linux, lẹhinna awotẹlẹ ti awọn aṣẹ ipilẹ julọ, ati apakan kẹta ṣe apejuwe bi o ṣe le yanju awọn iṣoro ti o wọpọ ni Linux.
Aṣẹ kọọkan ni ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣayan, gbogbo wọn kii yoo ṣe atokọ nibi. O le nigbagbogbo tẹ `ọkunrin <aṣẹ>`tabi `<aṣẹ> --iranlọwọ` lati ni imọ siwaju sii nipa ẹgbẹ naa.
Apeere:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Ti aṣẹ kan ba gun ju lati pari, o le fopin si nipa titẹ ni console Ctrl + C (ifihan agbara kan ranṣẹ si ilana naa SIGINTI).
Diẹ diẹ nipa iṣelọpọ aṣẹ
Nigbati ilana kan ba bẹrẹ ni Lainos, awọn ṣiṣan data boṣewa 3 ni a ṣẹda fun ilana yẹn: stdin, stdout и stderr. Wọn jẹ nọmba 0, 1 ati 2 lẹsẹsẹ. Ṣugbọn nisisiyi a nife stdout ati, ni iwọn diẹ, stderr. Lati awọn orukọ o jẹ rorun lati gboju le won pe stdout ti lo lati jade data, ati stderr - lati ṣafihan awọn ifiranṣẹ aṣiṣe. Nipa aiyipada nigbati o nṣiṣẹ aṣẹ lori Lainos stdout и stderr gbejade gbogbo alaye si console, sibẹsibẹ, ti iṣelọpọ aṣẹ ba tobi, o le rọrun lati darí rẹ si faili kan. Eyi le ṣee ṣe, fun apẹẹrẹ, bii eyi:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Ti a ba gbejade awọn akoonu ti faili naa okunrin_ifihan agbara, lẹhinna a yoo rii pe o jẹ aami si ohun ti yoo jẹ ti a ba kan ṣiṣẹ aṣẹ naa `ọkunrin ifihan agbara`.
Àtúnjúwe isẹ́ `>` aiyipada si stdout. O le pato àtúnjúwe stdout kedere: `1>`. Bakanna, o le pato itọsọna stderr:`2>`. O le ṣajọpọ awọn iṣẹ ṣiṣe wọnyi ati nitorinaa ṣe iyatọ iṣẹjade aṣẹ deede ati iṣẹjade ifiranṣẹ aṣiṣe:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
àtúnjúwe ati stdoutati stderr sinu faili kan bi atẹle:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Àtúnjúwe isẹ́ `2> & 1` tumo si àtúnjúwe stderr si ibi kanna bi itọsọna stdout.
Ọpa irọrun miiran fun ṣiṣẹ pẹlu I / O (tabi dipo, o jẹ ohun elo irọrun fun ibaraẹnisọrọ interprocess) jẹ pipe (tabi conveyor). Awọn paipu ni igbagbogbo lo lati baraẹnisọrọ ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣẹ: stdout awọn aṣẹ ti wa ni darí si stdin atẹle, ati bẹbẹ lọ ninu pq:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Awọn ofin Linux ipilẹ
pwd
Ṣe afihan itọsọna lọwọlọwọ (ṣiṣẹ).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
ọjọ
Ṣe afihan ọjọ eto lọwọlọwọ ati akoko.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Aṣẹ yii fihan ẹniti o wọle sinu eto naa. Ni afikun, uptime ati LA (apapọ fifuye) tun han loju iboju.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Sita awọn akoonu ti a liana. Ti o ko ba kọja ọna naa, awọn akoonu ti itọsọna lọwọlọwọ yoo han.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Tikalararẹ, Mo nigbagbogbo lo awọn aṣayan -l (ọna kika atokọ gigun - iṣelọpọ si iwe kan pẹlu alaye afikun nipa awọn faili), -t (to nipa faili / akoko iyipada liana) ati -r (yiyipada ayokuro - ni apapo pẹlu -t awọn faili to ṣẹṣẹ julọ yoo wa ni isalẹ):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Awọn orukọ itọsọna pataki meji wa:"."Ati"..". Eyi akọkọ tumọ si itọsọna lọwọlọwọ, ekeji tumọ si itọsọna obi. Wọn le jẹ rọrun lati lo ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹgbẹ, ni pataki ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Aṣayan iwulo tun wa lati ṣafihan awọn faili ti o farapamọ (bẹrẹ pẹlu ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
O tun le lo aṣayan -h - Ijade ni ọna kika eniyan (sanwo si awọn iwọn faili):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Yi ilana lọwọlọwọ pada.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Ti o ko ba kọja orukọ itọsọna bi ariyanjiyan, iyipada ayika yoo ṣee lo $ ILE, iyẹn, iwe ilana ile. O tun le rọrun lati lo `~` jẹ pataki kan ohun kikọ itumo $ ILE:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Ṣẹda a liana.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Nigba miiran o nilo lati ṣẹda ilana ilana kan pato: fun apẹẹrẹ, itọsọna kan laarin ilana ti ko si. Lati yago fun titẹ ni igba pupọ ni ọna kan mkdir, o le lo aṣayan -p - o gba ọ laaye lati ṣẹda gbogbo awọn ilana ti o padanu ninu awọn ilana. Tun pẹlu aṣayan yii mkdir kii yoo da aṣiṣe pada ti itọsọna naa ba wa.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Pa faili kan rẹ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Aṣayan -r gba ọ laaye lati paarẹ awọn ilana loorekoore pẹlu gbogbo awọn akoonu wọn, aṣayan -f gba ọ laaye lati foju awọn aṣiṣe nigba piparẹ (fun apẹẹrẹ, nipa faili ti ko si). Awọn aṣayan wọnyi gba laaye, ni aijọju sisọ, piparẹ idaniloju ti gbogbo awọn ilana ilana ti awọn faili ati awọn ilana (ti olumulo ba ni awọn ẹtọ lati ṣe bẹ), nitorinaa, wọn yẹ ki o lo pẹlu iṣọra (apẹẹrẹ awada Ayebaye kan ni “rm-rf /", labẹ awọn ayidayida kan, yoo paarẹ rẹ, ti kii ba ṣe gbogbo eto, lẹhinna ọpọlọpọ awọn faili pataki fun iṣẹ rẹ).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Da faili kan tabi liana.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Aṣẹ yii tun ni awọn aṣayan -r и -f, wọn le ṣee lo lati rii daju pe awọn ilana ilana ati awọn folda ti wa ni dakọ si ipo miiran.
mv
Gbe tabi tunrukọ faili kan tabi ilana.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
o nran
Tẹjade awọn akoonu ti faili kan (tabi awọn faili).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
O tun tọ lati san ifojusi si awọn aṣẹ ori (jade n awọn ila akọkọ tabi awọn baiti ti faili) ati iru (diẹ sii nipa rẹ nigbamii).
iru
Yiyọ kuro n kẹhin ila tabi awọn baiti ti awọn faili.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Aṣayan jẹ iwulo pupọ -f - o gba ọ laaye lati ṣafihan data tuntun ninu faili ni akoko gidi.
Ti o kere
Nigba miiran faili ọrọ naa tobi ju ati pe ko rọrun lati ṣafihan pẹlu aṣẹ naa o nran. Lẹhinna o le ṣii nipa lilo aṣẹ naa Ti o kere: faili naa yoo jade ni awọn apakan; lilọ kiri nipasẹ awọn ẹya wọnyi, wiwa ati iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti o rọrun miiran wa.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
O tun le rọrun lati lo Ti o kere pẹlu gbigbe (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Awọn ilana akojọ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Emi funrarami nigbagbogbo lo awọn aṣayan BSD"awọn" - ṣe afihan gbogbo awọn ilana ninu eto (niwọn igba ti awọn ilana pupọ le wa, Mo ṣe afihan nikan 5 akọkọ ninu wọn ni lilo opo gigun).pipe) ati ẹgbẹ ori):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Ọpọlọpọ tun lo awọn aṣayan BSD "axjf", eyiti o fun ọ laaye lati ṣe afihan igi ilana (nibi Mo yọ apakan ti o wu jade fun ifihan):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Aṣẹ yii ni ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣayan oriṣiriṣi, nitorinaa ti o ba lo ni itara, Mo ṣeduro pe ki o ka iwe naa. Fun ọpọlọpọ awọn ọran, o to lati mọ “ps si".
pa
Fi ifihan agbara ranṣẹ si ilana kan. Nipa aiyipada a ti fi ifihan agbara ranṣẹ Iforukọsilẹ, eyi ti o fopin si ilana.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Niwọn igba ti ilana kan le ni awọn oluṣakoso ifihan agbara, pa ko nigbagbogbo ja si esi ti o ti ṣe yẹ - lẹsẹkẹsẹ ipari ti awọn ilana. Lati “pa” ilana kan ni idaniloju, o nilo lati fi ami kan ranṣẹ si ilana naa SIGKILL. Sibẹsibẹ, eyi le ja si pipadanu data (fun apẹẹrẹ, ti ilana naa ba nilo lati fi alaye diẹ pamọ si disk ṣaaju ki o to fopin), nitorina o nilo lati lo aṣẹ yii pẹlu iṣọra. Nọmba ifihan agbara SIGKILL - 9, nitorinaa ẹya kukuru ti aṣẹ naa dabi eyi:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Ni afikun si awon darukọ Iforukọsilẹ и SIGKILL Awọn ifihan agbara oriṣiriṣi pupọ wa; atokọ wọn le ṣee rii ni irọrun lori Intanẹẹti. Ki o si ma ṣe gbagbe wipe awọn ifihan agbara SIGKILL и OKEJI ko le wa ni intercepted tabi bikita.
ping
Fi apo-iwe ICMP ranṣẹ si agbalejo naa ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
Nipa aiyipada ping ṣiṣẹ titi ti o fi pari pẹlu ọwọ. Nitorina aṣayan le wulo -c - nọmba awọn apo-iwe lẹhin fifiranṣẹ ping yoo pari lori ara rẹ. Aṣayan miiran ti Mo ma lo nigba miiran ni -i, aarin laarin fifiranṣẹ awọn apo-iwe.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
SSH
OpenSSH SSH ni ose faye gba o lati sopọ si kan latọna ogun.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Ọpọlọpọ awọn nuances wa ni lilo SSH, ati pe alabara yii tun ni nọmba nla ti awọn agbara, nitorinaa ti o ba fẹ (tabi nilo) o le ka nipa rẹ .
scp
Daakọ awọn faili laarin awọn ogun (fun lilo yii SSH).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
O tun le lo lati mu awọn ilana ṣiṣẹpọ laarin awọn ogun rsync (-a - ipo pamosi, ngbanilaaye lati daakọ gbogbo awọn akoonu inu ilana “bi o ti ri”, -v - jade si console ti alaye afikun):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
iwoyi
Ṣe afihan ila ọrọ kan.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Awọn aṣayan tọ considering nibi -n - ma ṣe append ila pẹlu a ila Bireki ni opin, ati -e - jeki abayo itumọ ti lilo "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
O tun le ṣafihan awọn iye ti awọn oniyipada nipa lilo aṣẹ yii. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ni Lainos koodu ijade ti aṣẹ ti o pari ti o kẹhin ti wa ni ipamọ ni oniyipada pataki kan $?, ati ni ọna yii o le rii gangan kini aṣiṣe waye ninu ohun elo nṣiṣẹ kẹhin:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Onibara fun ilana TELNET. Ti a lo lati ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu agbalejo miiran.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Ti o ba nilo lati lo ilana TLS (jẹ ki n leti pe SSL ti pẹ ti igba atijọ), lẹhinna telnet ko dara fun awọn idi wọnyi. Ṣugbọn onibara yoo wa openssl:
Apeere ti lilo openssl pẹlu jijade esi si ibeere GET kan
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Yiyan awọn iṣoro ti o wọpọ ni Linux
Yi oniwun faili pada
O le yi oniwun faili kan tabi ilana pada nipa lilo aṣẹ naa gige:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Awọn paramita si aṣẹ yi gbọdọ wa ni fi fun awọn titun eni ati ẹgbẹ (iyan), niya nipa a oluṣafihan. Paapaa, nigbati o ba yipada oniwun ti itọsọna kan, aṣayan le wulo -R - lẹhinna awọn oniwun yoo yipada fun gbogbo awọn akoonu ti itọsọna naa.
Yi awọn igbanilaaye faili pada
A le yanju iṣoro yii nipa lilo aṣẹ naa chmod. Gẹgẹbi apẹẹrẹ, Emi yoo fun eto igbanilaaye “a gba oniwun laaye lati ka, kọ ati ṣiṣẹ, a gba ẹgbẹ laaye lati ka ati kọ, gbogbo eniyan ko gba laaye ohunkohun”:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
7 akọkọ (eyi jẹ 0b111 ni aṣoju bit) ninu paramita tumọ si “gbogbo awọn ẹtọ fun oniwun”, 6 keji (eyi jẹ 0b110 ni aṣoju bit) tumọ si “ka ati kọ”, ati pe 0 tumọ si nkankan fun iyokù. . A bitmask oriširiši meta die-die: awọn kere significant ("ọtun") bit jẹ lodidi fun ipaniyan, nigbamii ti ("arin") bit jẹ fun kikọ, ati awọn julọ significant ("osi") bit ni fun kika.
O tun le ṣeto awọn igbanilaaye nipa lilo awọn ohun kikọ pataki (mnemonic sintasi). Fun apẹẹrẹ, apẹẹrẹ atẹle ni akọkọ yọ awọn ẹtọ ipaniyan kuro fun olumulo lọwọlọwọ lẹhinna yi wọn pada:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Aṣẹ yii ni ọpọlọpọ awọn lilo, nitorinaa Mo gba ọ ni imọran lati ka diẹ sii nipa rẹ (paapaa nipa sintasi mnemonic, fun apẹẹrẹ, ).
Tẹjade awọn akoonu ti faili alakomeji kan
Eyi le ṣee ṣe nipa lilo ohun elo hexdump. Ni isalẹ wa awọn apẹẹrẹ ti lilo rẹ.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Lilo ohun elo yii, o le gbejade data ni awọn ọna kika miiran, ṣugbọn iwọnyi jẹ awọn aṣayan iwulo nigbagbogbo julọ fun lilo rẹ.
Wa awọn faili
O le wa faili kan nipasẹ apakan ti orukọ rẹ ninu igi ilana nipa lilo aṣẹ naa ri:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Awọn aṣayan wiwa miiran ati awọn asẹ tun wa. Fun apẹẹrẹ, eyi ni bii o ṣe le wa awọn faili ninu folda kan igbeyewoti a ṣẹda diẹ sii ju awọn ọjọ 5 sẹhin:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Wa ọrọ ninu awọn faili
Ẹgbẹ naa yoo ran ọ lọwọ lati koju iṣẹ yii grep. O ni ọpọlọpọ awọn lilo, ọkan ti o rọrun julọ ni a fun ni nibi bi apẹẹrẹ.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Ọkan ninu awọn ọna olokiki lati lo aṣẹ naa grep - lilo ninu opo gigun ti epo (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Aṣayan -v faye gba o lati ṣe ipa grep'ati iyipada - awọn ila nikan ti ko ni ilana ti o kọja si grep.
Wo awọn akopọ ti a fi sori ẹrọ
Ko si aṣẹ gbogbo agbaye, nitori ohun gbogbo da lori pinpin Linux ati oluṣakoso package ti a lo. O ṣeese julọ ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹ wọnyi yoo ran ọ lọwọ:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Wo iye aaye ti igi liana gba
Ọkan ninu awọn aṣayan fun lilo aṣẹ du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
O le yi iye paramita pada -dlati gba alaye diẹ sii nipa igi liana. O tun le lo aṣẹ ni apapo pẹlu too:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Aṣayan -h egbe too gba ọ laaye lati to awọn iwọn ti a kọ ni ọna kika eniyan (fun apẹẹrẹ, 1K, 2G), aṣayan -r faye gba o lati to awọn data ni yiyipada ibere.
"Wa ki o rọpo" ni faili kan, ninu awọn faili ni ilana
Iṣẹ ṣiṣe yii ni a ṣe pẹlu lilo ohun elo sed (ko si asia g Ni ipari, nikan ni iṣẹlẹ akọkọ ti “ọrọ-atijọ” ninu laini yoo rọpo):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
O le lo fun ọpọlọpọ awọn faili ni ẹẹkan:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Fa iwe kan lati inu abajade
Yoo ṣe iranlọwọ lati koju iṣẹ yii Iro ohun. Apeere yii ṣe afihan iwe keji ti iṣẹjade pipaṣẹ `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Ni akoko kanna, o gbọdọ gbe ni lokan pe Iro ohun ni iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti o pọ sii, nitorinaa ti o ba nilo lati ṣiṣẹ pẹlu ọrọ lori laini aṣẹ, o yẹ ki o ka diẹ sii nipa aṣẹ yii.
Wa adiresi IP nipasẹ orukọ olupin
Ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹ wọnyi yoo ṣe iranlọwọ pẹlu eyi:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Network Alaye
Le ṣee lo ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Tabi boya ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Pẹlupẹlu, ti, fun apẹẹrẹ, o nifẹ si IPv4 nikan, lẹhinna o le ṣafikun aṣayan naa -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Wo awọn ibudo ṣiṣi
Lati ṣe eyi, lo ohun elo netstat. Fun apẹẹrẹ, lati wo gbogbo awọn ibudo TCP ati UDP pẹlu ifihan PID ti igbọran ilana lori ibudo ati aṣoju nọmba ti ibudo, o nilo lati lo pẹlu awọn aṣayan wọnyi:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Alaye eto
O le gba alaye yii nipa lilo aṣẹ naa ailorukọ.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Lati ni oye iru ọna kika ti a ṣejade ni, o le tọka si Egba Mi O'fun aṣẹ yii:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Alaye iranti
Lati loye iye Ramu ti tẹdo tabi ọfẹ, o le lo aṣẹ naa free.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Alaye nipa awọn ọna ṣiṣe faili (aaye disk ọfẹ)
Egbe df gba ọ laaye lati wo iye aaye ti o jẹ ọfẹ ati ti tẹdo lori awọn eto faili ti a gbe sori.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Aṣayan -T pato pe iru eto faili yẹ ki o ni imọran.
Alaye nipa awọn iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ati awọn iṣiro oriṣiriṣi lori eto naa
Lati ṣe eyi, lo aṣẹ naa oke. O lagbara lati ṣafihan awọn alaye pupọ: fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn ilana oke nipasẹ lilo Ramu tabi awọn ilana oke nipasẹ lilo akoko Sipiyu. O tun ṣafihan alaye nipa iranti, Sipiyu, akoko akoko ati LA (apapọ fifuye).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
IwUlO yii ni iṣẹ ṣiṣe ọlọrọ, nitorinaa ti o ba nilo lati lo nigbagbogbo, o dara lati ka iwe rẹ.
Idasonu ijabọ nẹtiwọki
Lati ṣe idiwọ ijabọ nẹtiwọọki ni Lainos, a lo ohun elo kan tcpdump. Lati da ijabọ silẹ lori ibudo 12345, o le lo aṣẹ atẹle:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Aṣayan -A sọ pe a fẹ lati rii abajade ni ASCII (nitorinaa o dara fun awọn ilana ọrọ), - Emi eyikeyi tọkasi pe a ko nifẹ si wiwo nẹtiwọọki, ibudo - eyi ti ijabọ ibudo lati da silẹ. Dipo ibudo le lo ogun, tabi apapo ogun и ibudo (gbalejo A ati ibudo X). Aṣayan miiran ti o wulo le jẹ -n - maṣe yi awọn adirẹsi pada si awọn orukọ igbalejo ninu iṣẹjade.
Kini ti ijabọ naa jẹ alakomeji? Lẹhinna aṣayan yoo ran wa lọwọ -X - data ti o jade ni hex ati ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
O yẹ ki o ṣe akiyesi pe ni awọn ọran mejeeji awọn apo-iwe IP yoo jade, nitorinaa ni ibẹrẹ ti ọkọọkan wọn yoo jẹ alakomeji IP ati awọn akọle TCP. Eyi ni abajade apẹẹrẹ fun ibeere naa "123Ti firanṣẹ si olupin ti ngbọ lori ibudo 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Dipo ti o wu
Nitoribẹẹ, ọpọlọpọ awọn nkan ti o nifẹ si ni Linux ti o le ka nipa Habré, StackOverflow ati awọn aaye miiran (Emi yoo fun ọ ni apẹẹrẹ kan , eyiti o tun jẹ ). Awọn alabojuto eto ati DevOps lo ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣẹ diẹ sii ati awọn ohun elo lati tunto awọn olupin, ṣugbọn paapaa awọn oludanwo le ma ni to ti awọn aṣẹ ti a ṣe akojọ. O le nilo lati ṣayẹwo deede diẹ ninu awọn akoko ti ẹtan laarin alabara ati olupin, tabi iṣẹ olupin nigbati ko si aaye disk ọfẹ. Emi ko paapaa sọrọ nipa, fun apẹẹrẹ, Docker, eyiti ọpọlọpọ awọn ile-iṣẹ lo lọwọlọwọ. Ṣe yoo jẹ ohun ti o dun, gẹgẹbi apakan ti itesiwaju nkan itọkasi yii, lati wo ọpọlọpọ awọn apẹẹrẹ ti lilo ọpọlọpọ awọn ohun elo console Linux ni ilana awọn iṣẹ idanwo bi? Paapaa pin awọn ẹgbẹ oke rẹ ninu awọn asọye :)
orisun: www.habr.com