Awọn ọjọ diẹ wa titi ibẹrẹ ti ṣiṣan tuntun ni oṣuwọn lati OTUS. Ni idi eyi, a yoo fẹ lati pin pẹlu rẹ itumọ awọn ohun elo ti o wulo lori koko naa.
Ọpọlọpọ awọn ifiweranṣẹ bulọọgi lori awọn imọran ati ẹtan fun laasigbotitusita IPv6 awọn ọran ping (Ibeere Echo/Echo Esi)
Jọwọ ṣe akiyesi pe Mo nlo Lainos (pataki Fedora 31), sibẹsibẹ sintasi aṣẹ ping fun awọn ọna ṣiṣe miiran yẹ ki o nireti jẹ iru kanna.
Ping gbogbo IPv6 apa lori ikanni kan
Imọran akọkọ ati ti o rọrun julọ ni lati ping gbogbo awọn apa IPv6 lori ọna asopọ.
IPv6 nlo awọn adirẹsi multicast fun gbogbo iru awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ ọkan-si-ọpọlọpọ. Ko si igbohunsafefe (tabi igbohunsafefe) awọn adirẹsi IPv6. Eyi ṣe iyatọ IPv6 lati IPv4, nibiti ọpọlọpọ awọn iru awọn adirẹsi igbohunsafefe wa, fun apẹẹrẹ, adirẹsi “igbohunsafẹfẹ to lopin” 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Sibẹsibẹ, adirẹsi IPv6 “gbogbo-nodes multicast” wa, nitorinaa a yoo lo iyẹn lati ping gbogbo awọn apa IPv6 lori ọna asopọ. (Adirẹsi "igbohunsafefe" jẹ gangan ti a npè ni adiresi multicast kan pataki, eyiti o jẹ ẹgbẹ multicast ti o ni gbogbo awọn apa. Ṣe akiyesi pe, fun apẹẹrẹ, "ẹgbẹ" tabi adiresi adiresi multicast ni titan ni awọn adirẹsi igbohunsafefe Ethernet ni Layer ọna asopọ. ).
Adirẹsi IPv6 multicast gbogbo awọn apa fun ikanni naa: ff02::1. ff tọkasi adiresi IPv6 multicast kan. 0 tókàn jẹ apakan ti asia pẹlu awọn die-die ti a ko ṣeto.
Nigbamii ti o wa 2 n ṣalaye agbegbe ti ẹgbẹ multicast kan. Ko dabi awọn adirẹsi IPv4 multicast, awọn adirẹsi IPv6 multicast ni aaye kan. Iwọn iwọn naa tọkasi apakan ti nẹtiwọọki lori eyiti a gba laaye lati dari soso multicast kan. Ni kete ti soso kan ba de opin opin opin ti a sọ, apo-iwe naa gbọdọ jẹ silẹ, laibikita boya aaye Hop Count jẹ asan. Nitoribẹẹ, ti kika hop ba de odo ṣaaju ki o to de opin ẹgbẹ multicast pàtó, o tun jẹ atunto lẹsẹkẹsẹ. Eyi ni atokọ pipe ti IPv6 multicast scope.
Níkẹyìn ::1 ni pato ohun gbogbo-ipade multicast.
Nipa adirẹsi ff02::1 O yẹ ki o ṣe akiyesi pe o jẹ aibikita. Lori alejo gbigba IPv6 pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn atọkun, gẹgẹbi olulana tabi agbalejo multihomed, adirẹsi naa ff02::1 ko si nkankan nibiti o ti le pato iru wiwo lati firanṣẹ awọn ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 si tabi nireti lati gba awọn idahun iwoyi ICMPv6 nigbati wọn ba de. ff02::1 wulo ati ki o le ṣee lo lori eyikeyi ninu awọn atọkun ati awọn ikanni so si olona-ni wiwo ipade.
Nitorinaa nigba ti a ba ping gbogbo awọn apa IPv6 lori ọna asopọ kan, a nilo lati bakan tun sọ fun IwUlO naa ping fun IPv6, eyi ti ni wiwo lati lo.
Asọye atọkun - Òfin Line Aṣayan
Gẹgẹbi a ti rii tẹlẹ, gbogbo-odes multicast adirẹsi ti a fẹ lati lo jẹ - ff02::1 - ko pese alaye eyikeyi nipa iru wiwo lati firanṣẹ ati gba ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 ati awọn idii idahun iwoyi.
Nitorinaa, bawo ni a ṣe pato ni wiwo lati ṣee lo fun aaye adirẹsi multicast tabi aaye adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe unicast?
Ọna akọkọ ati ti o han gbangba julọ ni lati pese bi paramita si ohun elo ti a nlo.
Fun IwUlO ping a pese nipasẹ aṣayan -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Lilo gbogbo-nodes multicast ping yii, a gba awọn idahun lati awọn apa 6 IPv6. Awọn idahun wa lati awọn adirẹsi node Link-Local IPv6, bẹrẹ pẹlu ìpele fe80::/10.
ti ping ko tẹsiwaju lati firanṣẹ awọn ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 titilai titi ti a fi da duro, a maa n ṣalaye nọmba awọn apo-iwe lati firanṣẹ nipasẹ aṣayan -c. Sibẹsibẹ, eyi tun ṣe idiwọ ping lati gbigba ati ṣafihan diẹ sii ju ọkan ICMPv6 esi iwoyi nigba fifiranṣẹ ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 multicast kan. Dipo, a lo aṣayan -w lati pato pe ping yẹ ki o pari lẹhin iṣẹju 1, laibikita iye awọn ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 tabi awọn idahun iwoyi ti a firanṣẹ tabi gba.
Ohun miiran lati san ifojusi si ni (DUP!) jade lori keji ati awọn idahun ti o tẹle. Awọn apo-iwe wọnyi jẹ idanimọ bi awọn idahun pidánpidán nitori wọn ni iye ọkọọkan ICMP kanna gẹgẹbi awọn ibeere iwoyi ICMPv6 kọọkan ti a firanṣẹ ni ibẹrẹ. Wọn farahan nitori awọn abajade ibeere iwoyi multicast multicast ICMPv6 ni ọpọlọpọ awọn idahun unicast kọọkan. Nọmba awọn ẹda-iwe tun jẹ itọkasi ni akopọ awọn iṣiro.
Asọye atọkun - Zone ID
Ọnà miiran lati ṣafihan wiwo fun lilo jẹ apakan ti paramita adirẹsi IPv6 kan.
A le rii apẹẹrẹ ti eyi ni iṣelọpọ ping, nibiti awọn adirẹsi ti awọn olugba IPv6 ti o dahun tun ni suffix %enp3s2fun apẹẹrẹ:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msỌna yii ti sisọ awọn atọkun jẹ apejuwe ni deede ni [RFC4007], “Itumọ Adirẹsi Itumọ IPv6.” Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé wọ́n sábà máa ń pè wọ́n ní ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ ẹ̀rọ ìṣiṣẹ́, wọ́n nítumọ̀ ní ti gidi ohun kan ní gbogbogbòò—“agbègbè” tàbí “opin kan.”
Idi fun nini awọn agbegbe gbogbogbo diẹ sii tabi awọn agbegbe agbegbe ni pe, bi a ti mẹnuba ninu [RFC4007], ipade IPv6 le ni ọpọlọpọ awọn atọkun IPv6 oriṣiriṣi ti o sopọ si ikanni kanna. Awọn atọkun wọnyi jẹ ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti agbegbe kanna.
O yẹ ki o ṣee ṣe lati ṣe akojọpọ ọpọlọpọ awọn atọkun laarin agbegbe kan labẹ ẹrọ ṣiṣe; Lọwọlọwọ Emi ko mọ boya eyi ṣee ṣe labẹ Linux tabi bii o ṣe le ṣe.
Lilo suffix %<zone_id>, a le yọ aṣayan laini aṣẹ kuro -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ọna asopọ-Agbegbe Awọn idahun Adirẹsi
Lati gbogbo-nodes multicast ping yii a gba apapọ awọn idahun alailẹgbẹ 6.
Awọn idahun wọnyi wa lati unicast Link-Local IPv6 awọn adirẹsi ogun. Fun apẹẹrẹ, eyi ni idahun akọkọ:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msUnicast Link-Agbegbe IPv6 adirẹsi ti wa ni ti beere lori gbogbo IPv6-sise atọkun [RFC4291], "IP Version 6 adirẹsi Architecture". Idi fun eyi ni pe ipade IPv6 nigbagbogbo ni adiresi IPv6 unicast, eyiti o le lo o kere ju lati ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu awọn apa miiran lori awọn ọna asopọ ti o ni asopọ taara. Eyi pẹlu sisọ pẹlu awọn ohun elo lori awọn ogun miiran nipasẹ awọn adirẹsi alejo Asopọ-Agbegbe.
Eyi jẹ irọrun apẹrẹ ati imuse awọn ilana bii IPv6 Awari Adugbo ati OSPFv3. O tun ngbanilaaye awọn ohun elo olumulo ipari lori awọn ọmọ-ogun lati baraẹnisọrọ lori ikanni laisi nilo eyikeyi awọn amayederun IPv6 atilẹyin miiran lori ikanni naa. Ibaraẹnisọrọ taara laarin awọn ogun IPv6 ti a ti sopọ ko nilo olulana IPv6 tabi olupin DHCPv6 lori asopọ naa.
Awọn adirẹsi ọna asopọ-Agbegbe bẹrẹ pẹlu ìpele 10-bit kan fe80, atẹle nipa 54 odo die-die ati ki o kan 64-bit ni wiwo idamo (IID). Ni awọn loke akọkọ idahun 2392:6213:a15b:66ff jẹ 64-bit IID.
Looped Multicast
Nipa aiyipada, awọn apo-iwe multicast ni a da pada ni inu si ipade ti o fi wọn ranṣẹ. Eyi ṣẹlẹ fun mejeeji IPv6 ati IPv4 adirẹsi.
Idi fun ihuwasi aiyipada yii ni pe nigba ti a ba fi awọn apo-iwe multicast ranṣẹ, o le tun jẹ ohun elo multicast agbegbe ti ngbọ ti nṣiṣẹ lori olupin fifiranṣẹ funrararẹ, bakanna bi ibikan lori nẹtiwọọki. Ohun elo agbegbe gbọdọ tun gba awọn apo-iwe multicast.
A le rii lupu agbegbe multicast yii ninu iṣelọpọ ping wa:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...Idahun akọkọ ati iyara (0,106 ms ni akawe si 0,453 ms) wa lati Adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe ti tunto lori wiwo funrararẹ enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$IwUlO ping n pese ọna lati dinku awọn esi multicast agbegbe ni lilo paramita naa -L. Ti a ba fi ping multicast multicast gbogbo awọn apa ranṣẹ pẹlu asia yii, lẹhinna awọn idahun ni opin si awọn apa jijin. A ko gba esi lati Ọna asopọ-Agbegbe adirẹsi ti wiwo fifiranṣẹ.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Ọna asopọ Ping-Awọn adirẹsi agbegbe
Bi o ṣe le gboju, unicast Awọn adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe funrararẹ ko pese alaye to lati tọka iru wiwo lati lo lati de ọdọ wọn. Bi pẹlu gbogbo-nodes multicast ping, a tun nilo lati pato awọn ni wiwo bi a pipaṣẹ ila paramita ping tabi ID agbegbe pẹlu adirẹsi nigbati o ba n pin awọn adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe.
Ni akoko yii a le lo -clati se idinwo awọn nọmba ti awọn apo-iwe ati awọn idahun rán ati ki o gba ping, niwon a ti wa ni sise unicast ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (gbogbo) awọn adirẹsi IPv6 miiran?
Ninu nkan yii, a rii bii o ṣe le ping gbogbo awọn apa IPv6 lori ikanni kan nipa lilo adiresi multicast IPv6 gbogbo-nodes ff02::1. A tun rii bii o ṣe le pato iru wiwo lati lo pẹlu gbogbo-nodes multicast IPv6 adirẹsi, nitori adirẹsi funrararẹ ko le pese alaye yii. A lo boya aṣayan laini aṣẹ ping, tabi pato ni wiwo nipa lilo suffix %<zone_id>.
Lẹhinna a kọ ẹkọ nipa awọn adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe unicast, eyiti o jẹ awọn adirẹsi ti a lo lati dahun si gbogbo-nodes multicast ICMPv6 awọn ibeere iwoyi.
A tun rii bii awọn apo-iwe multicast ṣe pada si ipade fifiranṣẹ nipasẹ aiyipada ati bii o ṣe le mu eyi kuro fun ohun elo naa ping.
Nikẹhin, a pinged kan nikan Link-Agbegbe adirẹsi lilo awọn suffix %<zone_id>, niwọn bi awọn adirẹsi Asopọ-Agbegbe funrara wọn ko pese alaye nipa wiwo ti njade.
Nitorinaa kini nipa ping gbogbo awọn apa miiran ati gba awọn adirẹsi unicast agbaye wọn (GUAs) (iyẹn ni, awọn adirẹsi gbogbo eniyan lori Intanẹẹti) tabi awọn adirẹsi alailẹgbẹ agbegbe wọn (ULAs)? A yoo wo eyi ni ifiweranṣẹ bulọọgi ti nbọ.
Gbogbo ẹ niyẹn.
O le wa diẹ sii nipa iṣẹ-ẹkọ wa ni.
orisun: www.habr.com