Orisirisi awọn ẹya ti iṣẹ DNS ti tẹlẹ ti fi ọwọ kan leralera nipasẹ onkọwe ni nọmba kan ti atejade bi ara ti awọn bulọọgi. Ni akoko kanna, tcnu akọkọ ti nigbagbogbo wa lori imudarasi aabo ti iṣẹ Intanẹẹti bọtini yii.
Titi di aipẹ, laibikita ailagbara ti o han gedegbe ti ijabọ DNS, eyiti o tun jẹ, fun apakan pupọ julọ, ti o tan kaakiri ni gbangba, si awọn iṣe irira ni apakan ti awọn olupese ti n wa lati mu owo-wiwọle pọ si nipasẹ ifibọ ipolowo ni akoonu, awọn ile-iṣẹ aabo ijọba ati ihamon, bi daradara bi nìkan ọdaràn, ilana , pelu wiwa ti awọn imọ-ẹrọ oriṣiriṣi bii DNSSEC/DANE, DNScrypt, DNS-over-TLS ati DNS-over-HTTPS, duro. Ati pe ti awọn solusan olupin, ati diẹ ninu wọn ti wa fun igba pipẹ, ti a mọ pupọ ati pe o wa, atilẹyin wọn lati sọfitiwia alabara jẹ pupọ lati fẹ.
O da, ipo naa n yipada. Ni pataki, awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti aṣawakiri Firefox olokiki nipa awọn ero lati mu ipo atilẹyin ṣiṣẹ nipasẹ aiyipada (DoH) laipẹ. Eyi yẹ ki o ṣe iranlọwọ aabo ijabọ olumulo WWW olumulo DNS lati awọn irokeke ti o wa loke, ṣugbọn o le ṣafihan awọn tuntun.
1. DNS-lori-HTTPS isoro
Ni iwo akọkọ, ibẹrẹ ibi-ibẹrẹ ti DNS-over-HTTPS sinu sọfitiwia Intanẹẹti fa ifa rere nikan. Sibẹsibẹ, eṣu, bi wọn ti sọ, wa ninu awọn alaye.
Iṣoro akọkọ ti o fi opin si ipari ti lilo ibigbogbo DoH ni idojukọ rẹ nikan lori ijabọ wẹẹbu. Lootọ, ilana HTTP ati ẹya HTTP/2 lọwọlọwọ rẹ, lori eyiti DoH da, jẹ ipilẹ ti WWW. Ṣugbọn Intanẹẹti kii ṣe oju opo wẹẹbu nikan. Ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ olokiki lo wa, gẹgẹbi imeeli, ọpọlọpọ awọn ojiṣẹ lojukanna, awọn ọna gbigbe faili, ṣiṣanwọle multimedia, ati bẹbẹ lọ, ti ko lo HTTP. Nitorinaa, laibikita iwoye nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ DoH bi panacea, o wa ni pe ko wulo laisi igbiyanju afikun (ati ko wulo) fun ohunkohun miiran ju awọn imọ-ẹrọ ẹrọ aṣawakiri lọ. Nipa ọna, DNS-over-TLS dabi ẹni ti o yẹ pupọ diẹ sii fun ipa yii, eyiti o ṣe imuse fifin ti ijabọ DNS boṣewa ni ilana boṣewa TLS to ni aabo.
Iṣoro keji, eyiti o le ṣe pataki pupọ ju ti akọkọ lọ, ni ifasilẹ gangan ti isọdọtun atorunwa ti DNS nipasẹ apẹrẹ ni ojurere ti lilo olupin DoH kan ṣoṣo ti a pato ninu awọn eto ẹrọ aṣawakiri. Ni pataki, Mozilla ni imọran lilo iṣẹ kan lati Cloudflare. Iṣẹ iru kan tun ṣe ifilọlẹ nipasẹ awọn eeya Intanẹẹti olokiki miiran, ni pataki Google. O wa ni pe imuse ti DNS-over-HTTPS ni irisi eyiti o ti dabaa lọwọlọwọ nikan mu igbẹkẹle ti awọn olumulo ipari lori awọn iṣẹ ti o tobi julọ. Kii ṣe aṣiri pe alaye ti itupalẹ awọn ibeere DNS le pese le gba paapaa data diẹ sii nipa rẹ, bakanna bi alekun deede ati ibaramu rẹ.
Ni iyi yii, onkọwe jẹ ati pe o jẹ alatilẹyin ti imuse pupọ kii ṣe ti DNS-over-HTTPS, ṣugbọn ti DNS-over-TLS papọ pẹlu DNSSEC/DANE gẹgẹbi gbogbo agbaye, ni aabo ati pe ko ni itara si isọdọkan siwaju ti awọn ọna Intanẹẹti. fun aridaju aabo ti DNS ijabọ. Laanu, fun awọn idi ti o han gbangba, ẹnikan ko le nireti iṣafihan iyara ti atilẹyin ọpọ fun awọn omiiran DoH si sọfitiwia alabara, ati pe o tun jẹ aaye ti awọn alara imọ-ẹrọ aabo.
Ṣugbọn niwọn bi a ti ni DoH ni bayi, kilode ti o ko lo lẹhin ti o salọ kuro ni iwo-kakiri agbara nipasẹ awọn olupin nipasẹ olupin wọn si olupin DNS-over-HTTPS tiwa?
2. Ilana DNS-lori-HTTPS
Ti o ba wo boṣewa ti n ṣapejuwe Ilana DNS-over-HTTPS, o le rii pe o jẹ, ni otitọ, API wẹẹbu kan ti o fun ọ laaye lati ṣafikun package DNS boṣewa kan ninu ilana HTTP/2. Eyi ni imuse nipasẹ awọn akọle HTTP pataki, bakanna bi iyipada ti ọna kika alakomeji ti data DNS ti o tan (wo. ati awọn iwe aṣẹ ti o tẹle) sinu fọọmu ti o fun ọ laaye lati tan kaakiri ati gba wọn, ati ṣiṣẹ pẹlu metadata pataki.
Gẹgẹbi boṣewa, HTTP/2 nikan ati asopọ TLS to ni aabo ni atilẹyin.
Fifiranṣẹ ibeere DNS le ṣee ṣe ni lilo boṣewa GET ati awọn ọna POST. Ni akọkọ nla, awọn ìbéèrè ti wa ni yipada sinu kan base64URL-encoded okun, ati ninu awọn keji, nipasẹ awọn ara ti awọn POST ìbéèrè ni alakomeji fọọmu. Ni ọran yii, iru data MIME pataki kan ni a lo lakoko ibeere DNS ati esi ohun elo / dns-ifiranṣẹ.
root@eprove:~ # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domaint/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE' -v
* Trying 2001:100:200:300::400:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to eprove.net (2001:100:200:300::400) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root-nss.crt
CApath: none
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=my.domain
* start date: Jul 22 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* expire date: Oct 20 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* subjectAltName: host "my.domain" matched cert's "my.domain"
* issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
* SSL certificate verify ok.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x801441000)
> GET /dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE HTTP/2
> Host: eprove.net
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> accept: application/dns-message
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 100)!
< HTTP/2 200
< server: h2o/2.3.0-beta2
< content-type: application/dns-message
< cache-control: max-age=86274
< date: Thu, 12 Sep 2019 13:07:25 GMT
< strict-transport-security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload
< content-length: 45
<
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
* Failed writing body (0 != 45)
* stopped the pause stream!
* Connection #0 to host eprove.net left intactTun san ifojusi si akọle Iṣakoso kaṣe: ninu idahun lati ọdọ olupin wẹẹbu. Ni paramita max-ori ni iye TTL fun igbasilẹ DNS ti o pada (tabi iye ti o kere ju ti o ba ti ṣeto wọn pada).
Da lori eyi ti o wa loke, iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti olupin DoH ni awọn ipele pupọ.
- Gba ibeere HTTP kan. Ti eyi ba jẹ GET lẹhinna yan koodu paketi naa lati fifi koodu base64URL.
- Fi apo-iwe yii ranṣẹ si olupin DNS.
- Gba esi lati olupin DNS
- Wa iye TTL ti o kere julọ ninu awọn igbasilẹ ti o gba.
- Pada esi pada si alabara nipasẹ HTTP.
3. olupin DNS-lori-HTTPS tirẹ
Ọna ti o rọrun julọ, yiyara ati ti o munadoko julọ lati ṣiṣe olupin DNS-over-HTTPS tirẹ ni lati lo olupin wẹẹbu HTTP/2 kan , nípa èyí tí òǹkọ̀wé ti kọ ní ṣókí (wo “").
Yiyan yii ni atilẹyin nipasẹ otitọ pe gbogbo koodu ti olupin DoH tirẹ le ni imuse ni kikun nipa lilo onitumọ ti a ṣe sinu H2O funrararẹ . Ni afikun si awọn ile-ikawe boṣewa, lati ṣe paṣipaarọ data pẹlu olupin DNS, o nilo ile-ikawe Socket (mrbgem), eyiti, da, ti wa tẹlẹ ninu ẹya idagbasoke lọwọlọwọ ti H2O 2.3.0-beta2 ni awọn ebute oko oju omi FreeBSD. Sibẹsibẹ, ko nira lati ṣafikun si eyikeyi ti tẹlẹ ti ikede nipa didi ibi ipamọ naa si katalogi /deps ṣaaju akopo.
root@beta:~ # uname -v
FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE-p10 GENERIC
root@beta:~ # cd /usr/ports/www/h2o
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make extract
===> License MIT BSD2CLAUSE accepted by the user
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/sbin/pkg - found
===> Fetching all distfiles required by h2o-2.2.6 for building
===> Extracting for h2o-2.2.6.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for h2o-h2o-v2.2.6_GH0.tar.gz.
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/ruby26 - found
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd work/h2o-2.2.6/deps/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # git clone https://github.com/iij/mruby-socket.git
Клонирование в «mruby-socket»…
remote: Enumerating objects: 385, done.
remote: Total 385 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 385
Получение объектов: 100% (385/385), 98.02 KiB | 647.00 KiB/s, готово.
Определение изменений: 100% (208/208), готово.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # ll
total 181
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 brotli/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 cloexec/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 golombset/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 35 12 авг. 16:09 klib/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 libgkc/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 26 12 авг. 16:09 libyrmcds/
drwxr-xr-x 13 root wheel 32 12 авг. 16:09 mruby/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-digest/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-dir/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-env/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-errno/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 14 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-file-stat/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-iijson/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-input-stream/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-io/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-onig-regexp/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-pack/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-require/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 10 12 сент. 16:10 mruby-socket/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 neverbleed/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 13 12 авг. 16:09 picohttpparser/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 picotest/
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 16 12 авг. 16:09 picotls/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 ssl-conservatory/
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 yaml/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 yoml/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # cd ../../..
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make install clean
...Iṣeto olupin wẹẹbu jẹ boṣewa gbogbogbo.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd /usr/local/etc/h2o/
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2o.conf
# this sample config gives you a feel for how h2o can be used
# and a high-security configuration for TLS and HTTP headers
# see https://h2o.examp1e.net/ for detailed documentation
# and h2o --help for command-line options and settings
# v.20180207 (c)2018 by Max Kostikov http://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
user: www
pid-file: /var/run/h2o.pid
access-log:
path: /var/log/h2o/h2o-access.log
format: "%h %v %l %u %t "%r" %s %b "%{Referer}i" "%{User-agent}i""
error-log: /var/log/h2o/h2o-error.log
expires: off
compress: on
file.dirlisting: off
file.send-compressed: on
file.index: [ 'index.html', 'index.php' ]
listen:
port: 80
listen:
port: 443
ssl:
cipher-suite: ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS
cipher-preference: server
dh-file: /etc/ssl/dhparams.pem
certificate-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/eprove.net/fullchain.pem
key-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/my.domain/privkey.pem
hosts:
"*.my.domain":
paths: &go_tls
"/":
redirect:
status: 301
url: https://my.domain/
"my.domain:80":
paths: *go_tls
"my.domain:443":
header.add: "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload"
paths:
"/dns-query":
mruby.handler-file: /usr/local/etc/h2o/h2odoh.rbIyatọ kanṣoṣo ni oluṣakoso URL / dns-ibeere fun eyiti olupin DNS-over-HTTPS wa, ti a kọ sinu mruby ati pe nipasẹ aṣayan oluṣakoso, jẹ iduro gaan mruby.handler-faili.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2odoh.rb
# H2O HTTP/2 web server as DNS-over-HTTP service
# v.20190908 (c)2018-2019 Max Kostikov https://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
proc {|env|
if env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] == "application/dns-message"
case env['REQUEST_METHOD']
when "GET"
req = env['QUERY_STRING'].gsub(/^dns=/,'')
# base64URL decode
req = req.tr("-_", "+/")
if !req.end_with?("=") && req.length % 4 != 0
req = req.ljust((req.length + 3) & ~3, "=")
end
req = req.unpack1("m")
when "POST"
req = env['rack.input'].read
else
req = ""
end
if req.empty?
[400, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Bad Request" ]]
else
# --- ask DNS server
sock = UDPSocket.new
sock.connect("localhost", 53)
sock.send(req, 0)
str = sock.recv(4096)
sock.close
# --- find lowest TTL in response
nans = str[6, 2].unpack1('n') # number of answers
if nans > 0 # no DNS failure
shift = 12
ttl = 0
while nans > 0
# process domain name compression
if str[shift].unpack1("C") < 192
shift = str.index("x00", shift) + 5
if ttl == 0 # skip question section
next
end
end
shift += 6
curttl = str[shift, 4].unpack1('N')
shift += str[shift + 4, 2].unpack1('n') + 6 # responce data size
if ttl == 0 or ttl > curttl
ttl = curttl
end
nans -= 1
end
cc = 'max-age=' + ttl.to_s
else
cc = 'no-cache'
end
[200, { 'content-type' => 'application/dns-message', 'content-length' => str.size, 'cache-control' => cc }, [ str ] ]
end
else
[415, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Unsupported Media Type" ]]
end
}Jọwọ ṣe akiyesi pe olupin caching agbegbe jẹ iduro fun sisẹ awọn apo-iwe DNS, ninu ọran yii lati awọn boṣewa FreeBSD pinpin. Lati oju-ọna aabo, eyi ni ojutu ti o dara julọ. Sibẹsibẹ, ko si ohun ti o ṣe idiwọ fun ọ lati rọpo localhost si adiresi DNS ti o yatọ ti o pinnu lati lo.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # local-unbound verison
usage: local-unbound [options]
start unbound daemon DNS resolver.
-h this help
-c file config file to read instead of /var/unbound/unbound.conf
file format is described in unbound.conf(5).
-d do not fork into the background.
-p do not create a pidfile.
-v verbose (more times to increase verbosity)
Version 1.8.1
linked libs: mini-event internal (it uses select), OpenSSL 1.1.1a-freebsd 20 Nov 2018
linked modules: dns64 respip validator iterator
BSD licensed, see LICENSE in source package for details.
Report bugs to [email protected]
root@eprove:/usr/local/etc/h2o # sockstat -46 | grep unbound
unbound local-unbo 69749 3 udp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 4 tcp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 5 udp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 6 tcp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*Gbogbo ohun ti o ku ni lati tun H2O bẹrẹ ki o wo kini o wa.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # service h2o restart
Stopping h2o.
Waiting for PIDS: 69871.
Starting h2o.
start_server (pid:70532) starting now...4. Idanwo
Nitorinaa, jẹ ki a ṣayẹwo awọn abajade nipa fifiranṣẹ ibeere idanwo lẹẹkansi ati wiwo ijabọ nẹtiwọọki nipa lilo ohun elo naa tcpdump.
root@beta/usr/local/etc/h2o # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domain/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE'
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
...
root@beta:~ # tcpdump -n -i lo0 udp port 53 -xx -XX -vv
tcpdump: listening on lo0, link-type NULL (BSD loopback), capture size 262144 bytes
16:32:40.420831 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37575, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 57, bad cksum 0 (->e9ea)!)
127.0.0.1.21070 > 127.0.0.1.53: [bad udp cksum 0xfe38 -> 0x33e3!] 43981+ A? example.com. (29)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0039 92c7 0000 4011 0000 ....E..9....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 524e 0035 0025 fe38 ........RN.5.%.8
0x0020: abcd 0100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01 mple.com.....
16:32:40.796507 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37590, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 73, bad cksum 0 (->e9cb)!)
127.0.0.1.53 > 127.0.0.1.21070: [bad udp cksum 0xfe48 -> 0x43fa!] 43981 q: A? example.com. 1/0/0 example.com. A 93.184.216.34 (45)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0049 92d6 0000 4011 0000 ....E..I....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 0035 524e 0035 fe48 .........5RN.5.H
0x0020: abcd 8180 0001 0001 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01c0 0c00 mple.com........
0x0040: 0100 0100 0151 8000 045d b8d8 22 .....Q...].."
^C
2 packets captured
23 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernelIjade fihan bi ibeere lati yanju adirẹsi naa example.com ti gba ati ni ilọsiwaju nipasẹ olupin DNS.
Bayi gbogbo ohun ti o ku ni lati mu olupin wa ṣiṣẹ ni ẹrọ aṣawakiri Firefox. Lati ṣe eyi, o nilo lati yi awọn eto pupọ pada lori awọn oju-iwe iṣeto nipa: konfigi.
Ni akọkọ, eyi ni adirẹsi API wa nibiti ẹrọ aṣawakiri yoo beere alaye DNS ni nẹtiwọki.trr.uri. O tun ṣe iṣeduro lati pato IP-ašẹ lati URL yii fun ipinnu IP to ni aabo nipa lilo ẹrọ aṣawakiri funrararẹ laisi iwọle si DNS ni network.trr.bootstrapAdirẹsi. Ati nikẹhin, paramita funrararẹ nẹtiwọki.trr.mode pẹlu lilo DoH. Ṣiṣeto iye si “3” yoo fi ipa mu ẹrọ aṣawakiri lati lo iyasọtọ DNS-over-HTTPS fun ipinnu orukọ, lakoko ti “2” ti o ni igbẹkẹle ati aabo yoo fun ni pataki si DoH, nlọ wiwa boṣewa DNS bi aṣayan isubu.
5. ERE!
Njẹ nkan naa ṣe iranlọwọ? Lẹhinna jọwọ maṣe tiju ati atilẹyin pẹlu owo nipasẹ fọọmu ẹbun (ni isalẹ).
orisun: www.habr.com