Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, nginqume ukuhlehlisa unjiniyela i-firmware yomzila wami ngisebenzisa i-binwalk.
Ngazithengela
Njalo lapho ngithenga irutha entsha, ngiyafaka
Ngemva kokulanda i-OpenWRT, nami
Yini i-binwalk?
Idalwe ngo-2010 ngu-Craig Heffner, i-binwalk ingaskena izithombe ze-firmware futhi ithole amafayela, ihlonze futhi ikhiphe izithombe zesistimu yefayela, ikhodi esebenzisekayo, izingobo zomlando ezicindezelwe, ama-bootloader nama-kernel, amafomethi wefayela afana ne-JPEG ne-PDF, nokunye okuningi.
Ungasebenzisa i-binwalk ukuze uhlehlise unjiniyela i-firmware ukuze uqonde ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Sesha amafayela kanambambili ukuze uthole ubungozi, khipha amafayela, futhi ubheke i-backdoors noma izitifiketi zedijithali. Ungathola futhi opcodes
kweqembu lama-CPU ahlukene.
Ungakwazi ukukhipha izithombe zesistimu yefayela ukuze ubheke amafayela ephasiwedi athile (i-passwd, isithunzi, njll.) bese uzama ukuphula ama-hashi ephasiwedi. Ungenza ukuhlukanisa kanambambili phakathi kwamafayela amabili noma ngaphezulu. Ungenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-entropy kudatha ukuze ubheke idatha ecindezelwe noma okhiye bokubethela ababethelwe. Konke lokhu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo.
Ngokuvamile, konke okudingayo kukhona :)
Isebenza kanjani i-binwalk?
Isici esiyinhloko se-binwalk ukuskena kwayo kwesiginesha. I-Binwalk ingakwazi ukuskena isithombe se-firmware ukuze iseshe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafayela akhelwe ngaphakathi nezinhlelo zamafayela.
Ingabe uyayazi insiza yomugqa womyalo file
?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, stripped
Ithimba file
ibheka unhlokweni wefayela bese ibheka isiginesha (inombolo yomlingo) ukuze inqume uhlobo lwefayela. Isibonelo, uma ifayela liqala ngokulandelana kwamabhayithi 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A
, iyazi ukuthi ifayela le-PNG. Vuliwe
I-Binwalk isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa esikhundleni sokubheka amasiginesha kuphela ekuqaleni kwefayela, i-binwalk izoskena lonke ifayela. Ukwengeza, i-binwalk ingakhipha amafayela atholakala esithombeni.
Amathuluzi file
ΠΈ binwalk
sebenzisa umtapo wolwazi libmagic
ukukhomba amasiginesha efayela. Kodwa binwalk
ngaphezu kwalokho isekela uhlu lwamasiginesha omlingo ngokwezifiso ukucinga amafayela acindezelwe/afakwe zip, izihloko ze-firmware, ama-Linux kernels, ama-bootloaders, amasistimu wefayela nokunye.
Ake sizijabulise?
Ukufakwa kwe-Binwalk
I-Binwalk isekelwa ezisekelweni eziningi ezihlanganisa i-Linux, i-OSX, i-FreeBSD ne-Windows.
Ukufaka inguqulo yakamuva ye-binwalk ongayenza
I-Binwalk inemingcele eminingi ehlukene:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified port
Ukuskena isithombe
Ake siqale ngokusesha amasiginesha efayela ngaphakathi kwesithombe (isithombe esisuka kusayithi
Isebenzisa i-binwalk enepharamitha --signature:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41
Manje sesinolwazi oluningi ngalesi sithombe.
Isithombe sisetshenziswa 0x5AC0
kanye nesithombe se-bootloader esicindezelwe ku 0x5B00
). Ngokusekelwe kunhlokweni ye-uImage ku-0x13270, siyazi ukuthi ukwakheka kwephrosesa yi-MIPS futhi i-Linux kernel iyinguqulo 3.3.8. Futhi ngokusekelwe esithombeni esitholakala ekhelini 0x11CEA5
, siyakubona lokho rootfs
iyisistimu yefayela squashfs
.
Manje ake sikhiphe i-bootloader (U-Boot) sisebenzisa umyalo dd
:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/s
Njengoba isithombe sicindezelwe kusetshenziswa i-LZMA, sidinga ukusicindezela:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzma
Manje sinesithombe se-U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.bin
Kuthiwani ngokuthola inani elizenzakalelayo le bootargs
?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128M
I-U-Boot Environment Variable bootargs
esetshenziswa ukudlulisa amapharamitha ku-Linux kernel. Futhi kusukela ngenhla, sinokuqonda kangcono inkumbulo ye-flash yedivayisi.
Kuthiwani ngokukhipha isithombe se-Linux kernel?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/s
Singahlola ukuthi isithombe sikhishwe ngempumelelo sisebenzisa umyalo file
:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94
Ifomethi yefayela le-uImage ngokuyisisekelo iyisithombe se-Linux kernel esinesihloko esengeziwe. Masisuse lesi sihloko ukuze sithole isithombe sokugcina se-Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/s
Isithombe sicindezelwe, ngakho-ke masisikhiphe:
$ unlzma Image.lzma
Manje sinesithombe se-Linux kernel:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 Image
Yini esingayenza ngesithombe se-kernel? Ngokwesibonelo, singenza usesho lweyunithi yezinhlamvu esithombeni futhi sithole inguqulo ye-Linux kernel futhi sifunde ngendawo esetshenziselwa ukwakha i-kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019
Noma i-firmware ikhishwe ngonyaka odlule (2019), njengoba ngibhala lesi sihloko isebenzisa inguqulo yakudala ye-Linux kernel (3.3.8) ekhishwe ngo-2012, ehlanganiswe nenguqulo endala kakhulu ye-GCC (4.6) kusukela ngo-2012. !
(approx. transl. ingabe usawathemba amarutha akho ehhovisi nasekhaya?)
Ngenketho --opcodes
singasebenzisa futhi i-binwalk ukuze sibheke imiyalelo yomshini futhi sinqume ukwakheka kwephrosesa yesithombe:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
Kuthiwani ngesistimu yefayela lezimpande? Esikhundleni sokukhipha isithombe mathupha, masisebenzise inketho binwalk --extract
:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.bin
Uhlelo lwefayela oluphelele lwempande luzokhishelwa ohlwini lwemibhalo olungaphansi:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------
Manje singenza izinto eziningi ezahlukene.
Singasesha amafayela okumisa, ama-hashi ephasiwedi, okhiye be-cryptographic nezitifiketi zedijithali. Singahlaziya amafayela kanambambili ukuze
Ngosizo luka
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcat
Kuhle! Kodwa sicela uqaphele ukuthi inguqulo ye-BusyBox ingu-1.19.4. Lena inguqulo endala kakhulu ye-BusyBox, eyakhishwa ngo-April 2012.
Ngakho i-TP-Link ikhipha isithombe se-firmware ngo-2019 isebenzisa isofthiwe (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, njll.) kusukela ngo-2012!
Manje ingabe uyaqonda ukuthi kungani ngihlala ngifaka i-OpenWRT kumarutha ami?
Akugcini lapho
I-Binwalk ingakwazi futhi ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-entropy, iphrinte idatha ye-entropy eluhlaza, futhi ikhiqize amagrafu e-entropy. Ngokuvamile, i-entropy enkulu ibonwa lapho amabhayithi esithombeni engahleliwe. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi isithombe siqukethe ifayela elibethelwe, elicindezelwe, noma eli-obfuscated. Ukhiye wokubethela oqinile? Kungani kungenjalo.
Singasebenzisa futhi ipharamitha --raw
ukuthola ukulandelana kwebhayithi eluhlaza ngokwezifiso esithombeni noma kupharamitha --hexdump
ukwenza i-hex dump eqhathanisa amafayela wokufaka amabili noma ngaphezulu.
--magic
, noma ngokuwengeza ohlwini lwemibhalo $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic
.
Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-binwalk ku
isandiso se-binwalk
Kukhona
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()
Usebenzisa i-Python API ungakha futhi
Kukhona futhi
Ngakho kungani ungalandi isithombe se-firmware ku-inthanethi bese uzama i-binwalk? Ngiyethembisa ukuthi uzojabula kakhulu :)
Source: www.habr.com