Ngisho nangaphandle kokuqonda ngokukhethekile izizukulwane zamazinga okuxhumana omakhalekhukhwini, noma ubani cishe uzophendula ukuthi i-5G ipholile kune-4G/LTE. Eqinisweni, yonke into ayilula kangako. Ake sithole ukuthi kungani i-5G ingcono/yimbi kakhulu futhi yiziphi izimo zokusetshenziswa kwayo ezithembisa kakhulu, kucatshangelwa isimo samanje.
Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-5G busithembisani?
- Isivinini sikhuphuka amashumi ezikhathi kuze kufike ku-10 Gb/s,
- Ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka (ukubambezeleka) ngamashumi ezikhathi ukuya ku-1 ms,
- Ukwethenjwa kokuxhumeka okukhulisiwe (isilinganiso sephutha lokulahlekelwa kwephakethe) izikhathi ezingamakhulu,
- Ukwandisa ukuminyana (inombolo) yamadivayisi axhunyiwe (106/km2).
Konke lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa:
- i-multichannel (ukufana phakathi kwamafrikhwensi neziteshi eziyisisekelo)
- ukwandisa amafrikhwensi enkampani yenethiwekhi ukusuka kumayunithi ukuya emashumini we-GHz (umthamo wesiteshi somsakazo)
I-5G izothuthuka ku-4G ezindaweni zendabuko, kungaba ukulanda kwemuvi okusheshayo noma ukuxhuma kalula uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula emafini. Ngakho-ke, ingabe sizokwazi ukwenqaba ukuletha i-inthanethi ezindlini zethu nasemahhovisi ngekhebula?
I-5G izohlinzeka ngoxhumano lwendawo yonke kusuka kuyo yonke into kuye kuyo yonke into, ihlanganisa i-high-bandwidth, izivumelwano ezilambele amandla ne-band-band, ezonga amandla. Lokhu kuzovula izikhombisi-ndlela ezintsha ezingafinyeleleki ku-4G: ukuxhumana komshini nomshini phansi nasemoyeni, i-Industry 4.0, I-inthanethi Yezinto.
Noma cha?..
(Umthombo wesithombe - Reuters)
Kanjani lo msebenzi
Uma wazi ukuthi i-5G isebenza kanjani, yeqa lesi sigaba.
Ngakho-ke, singakuthola kanjani ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo ku-5G, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla? Lokhu akulona uhlobo oluthile lomlingo, akunjalo?
Ukwenyuka kwesivinini kuzokwenzeka ngenxa yokushintshela ebangeni lefrikhwensi ephezulu - ebikade ingasetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, imvamisa ye-WiFi yasekhaya ngu-2,4 noma 5 GHz, imvamisa yamanethiwekhi eselula akhona ingaphakathi kuka-2,6 GHz. Kepha uma sikhuluma nge-5G, sikhuluma ngokushesha ngamashumi ama-gigahertz. Kulula: sandisa imvamisa, sinciphisa ubude begagasi - futhi isivinini sokudlulisa idatha siba sikhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi. Futhi inethiwekhi iyonke ayilayishiwe.
Nali ihlaya elibukwayo lokuthi bekunjani nokuthi kuzoba njani. Bekuyi:
Intando:
(Umthombo: IEEE Spectrum,
Ubuningi bukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kashumi, ngakho-ke ku-5G sibhekene namagagasi amafushane kakhulu, amamilimitha. Abadluli kahle ezithiyoni. Futhi mayelana nalokhu, i-architecture yenethiwekhi iyashintsha. Uma ukuxhumana kwangaphambili besinikezwe imibhoshongo emikhulu, enamandla enikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamabanga amade, manje kuyodingeka ukuthi kubekwe imibhoshongo eminingi ehlangene, enamandla aphansi yonke indawo. Futhi khumbula ukuthi emadolobheni amakhulu uzodinga iziteshi eziningi, ngenxa yesignali evinjelwe izakhiwo eziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlomisa ngokuzethemba iNew York ngamanethiwekhi e-5G, udinga
Ngu
Izinketho ezimbili zenethiwekhi: ucingo lwasendlini neselula
Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokwandisa ububanzi kuhlanganiswe β Ukwakheka okuguquguqukayo kwesigxobo somsakazo kobhalisile othile. Kwenziwa kanjani lokhu? Isiteshi esiyisisekelo sikhumbula lapho isignali ivela khona futhi ngasiphi isikhathi (ayiveli kuphela ocingweni lwakho, kodwa futhi njengokubonakaliswa okuvela ezithiyo), futhi isebenzisa izindlela zonxantathu, ibala cishe indawo okuyo, bese yakha indlela yesiginali efanele.
Umthombo: Analysys Mason
Kodwa-ke, isidingo sokulandelela indawo yomamukeli siholela kumehluko omncane phakathi kwezimo zokusetshenziswa okungaguquki nezamaselula, futhi lokhu kubonakala ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa (okuningi kulokhu kamuva esigabeni "Imakethe Yabathengi").
Isimo sezwe samanje
Amazinga
Alikho izinga elamukelekayo le-5G. Ubuchwepheshe buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunabadlali abaningi abanezintshisekelo ezishayisanayo.
Izinga le-5G NR lisesigabeni sesiphakamiso esithuthuke kakhulu (Umsakazo Omusha) evela enhlanganweni ye-3GPP (Iphrojekthi ye-3rd Generation Partnership), eyathuthukisa amazinga angaphambilini, i-3G ne-4G. I-5G isebenzisa amabhendi amabili omsakazo (imvamisa Range, noma umane ufushanisiwe FR). I-FR1 inikeza amaza angaphansi kuka-6GHz. I-FR2 - ngaphezulu kwe-24 GHz, okuthiwa. amagagasi amamilimitha. Izinga lisekela izamukeli ezimile nezinyakazayo futhi liwukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinga le-5GTF elivela ku-American telecom giant Verizon, esekela kuphela izamukeli ezimile (lolu hlobo lwesevisi lubizwa ngokuthi amanethiwekhi okufinyelela angenantambo angashintshi).
Izinga le-5G NR lihlinzeka ngezimo ezintathu zokusetshenziswa:
- i-EMBB (ithuthukisiwe i-Mobile Broadband) - ichaza i-inthanethi ephathwayo esiyijwayele;
- I-URLLC (I-Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications) - izidingo eziphakeme zejubane lokuphendula kanye nokwethembeka - emisebenzini efana nezithuthi ezizimele noma ukuhlinzwa okukude;
- I-mMTC (Uhlobo lokuxhumana olukhulu lomshini) - ukusekelwa kwenani elikhulu lamadivayisi angavamile ukuthumela idatha - icala le-Inthanethi Yezinto, okungukuthi, amamitha namadivayisi okuqapha.
Noma kafushane, into efanayo esithombeni:
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imboni izoqale igxile ekusebenziseni i-EMBB njengesimo esiqondakalayo ngokungena nokuphuma kwemali okukhona.
Ukuqaliswa
Kusukela ngo-2018, kuye kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okukhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-Winter Olympic Games e-South Korea. Ngo-2018, bonke abaqhubi be-Russian Big Four benza izivivinyo. I-MTS ihlole ubuchwepheshe obusha
ENingizimu Korea, okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, isevisi ye-5G yanikezwa ekupheleni kuka-2018. Ukukhishwa kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ngonyaka ozayo, wezi-2020. Esigabeni sokuqala, ibhendi ye-FR1 izosetshenziswa njengesengezo kumanethiwekhi akhona e-4G. Ngokwezinhlelo zoMnyango Wezocingo Nezokuxhumana, eRussia i-5G izoqala ukubonakala emadolobheni anabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi kusukela ngo-2020. Empeleni, ukuthunyelwa kwezinga elikhulu kuzonqunywa amandla okwenza imali, futhi lesi sici se-5G asikakacaci.
Ikuphi inkinga ngokwenza imali? Iqiniso liwukuthi opharetha be-telecom abakaziboni izizathu eziphoqayo zesimanje: amanethiwekhi akhona angabhekana nomthwalo kahle. Futhi manje bacabangela i-5G ngaphezulu mayelana nokumaketha: isithonjana se-5G esikrinini sefoni nakanjani sizoba yinto ehlangene emehlweni ababhalisile be-telecom operator. Icala elingajwayelekile ne
Uma ubhekisisa, ungabona ukuthi isithonjana empeleni sithi β5GEβ - okusho ukuthi i-5G Evolution, futhi kungazelelwe lena akuyona i-5G esiyicabangayo, kodwa ilebula nje elasungulwa abakhangisi benethiwekhi ekhona ye-LTE enokuthuthukiswa okuthile.
Ama-chipset
Izinkampani zama-Microelectronics sezitshale izigidigidi zamaRandi ku-5G. Ama-chips amamodemu eselula e-5G NR ahlinzekwa ngabakwaSamsung (
Izingcingo
Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bezingcingo ze-Android bamemezele izinhlelo zokwethula i-5G. AbakwaSamsung bethule i-Galaxy S10 ephambili enguqulweni ye-5G embukisweni we-Mobile World Congress ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 2019. Ikhishwe e-Korea ngo-Ephreli 5. E-US, umkhiqizo omusha uvele ngoMeyi 16, futhi lapho uxhumano lwenzeka nenethiwekhi ye-telecom operator Verizon. Abanye opharetha nabo bayabamba iqhaza: I-AT&T imemezela izinhlelo zokukhulula i-smartphone yesibili kanye ne-Samsung engxenyeni yesibili ka-2.
Ngokuhamba konyaka, ama-smartphones e-5G avela kubakhiqizi abahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi abaphambili, azoshaya amashalofu esitolo. Ngokwezinye izilinganiso, ubuchwepheshe obusha buzokhuphula izindleko zamadivayisi ngo-$200-300 kanye nemali yokubhalisa ngo-10%.
Imakethe yabathengi
Icala 1. I-inthanethi Yasekhaya
Amanethiwekhi okufinyelela angenantambo e-5G azoba enye indlela ye-inthanethi enezintambo ezindlini zethu. Uma ngaphambilini i-intanethi ifika endlini yethu ngekhebula, khona-ke ngokuzayo izovela embhoshongweni we-5G, bese i-router izosabalalisa nge-WiFi evamile yasekhaya. Izinkampani zabadlali abakhulu ziphothulile amalungiselelo, zivumelanisa ukukhululwa kwama-router ukuze athengiswe ngokusatshalaliswa kwamanethiwekhi e-5G. Irutha evamile ye-5G ibiza u-$700-900 futhi inikeza isivinini sokulanda esingu-2-3 Gbps. Ngale ndlela, opharetha bazoxazulula inkinga "yemayela lokugcina" ngokwabo futhi banciphise izindleko zokubeka izintambo. Futhi asikho isidingo sokwesaba ukuthi amanethiwekhi akhona omgogodla ngeke akwazi ukubhekana nokukhuphuka kwethrafikhi okuzovela kumanethiwekhi e-5G: ucwaningo luyaqhubeka lokusebenzisa inqolobane ekhona yamanethiwekhi e-fiber optic - okuthiwa "i-fiber emnyama".
Lesi simo sizoba sisha kangakanani kubasebenzisi? Kakade manje, kwamanye amazwe abasasebenzisi i-inthanethi yezintambo zasekhaya zendabuko, futhi bashintshela ku-LTE: kuvela ukuthi kuyashesha futhi kushibhile ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana kweselula kuzo zonke izimo, ngamanani alula atholakalayo. Lesi simo, isibonelo, siye sathuthuka eKorea. Futhi kuboniswa kule comic:
Icala 2. Ukubuthana kwabantu abaningi
Impela wonke umuntu ubesesimweni esinjalo esingemnandi: woza embukisweni noma enkundleni yezemidlalo, futhi ukuxhumana kweselula kuyanyamalala. Futhi lokhu kusesikhathini lapho ufuna ukuthumela isithombe noma ukubhala ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Izinkundla zemidlalo
AbakwaSamsung benze ukuhlolwa kanye no-opharetha wezokuxhumana waseJapan i-KDDI enkundleni ye-baseball enezihlalo ezingu-30. Sisebenzisa amathebulethi okuhlola e-5G, sikwazile ukubonisa ukusakazwa kwevidiyo ye-4K kumathebulethi amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Inkundla ingesinye sezimo ezintathu eziboniswa endaweni yedemo ebizwa ngokuthi i-5G City, etholakala eSuwon (ikomkhulu le-Samsung). Ezinye izimo zifaka indawo yasemadolobheni (ukuxhuma amakhamera wevidiyo, izinzwa kanye namabhodi olwazi) kanye nendawo yokufinyelela yesivinini esiphezulu yokuletha ividiyo ye-HD ebhasini elihambayo: ngenkathi idlula iphuzu, i-movie inesikhathi sokulanda.
game
UNiantic, umdali womdlalo osuselwe endaweni odume umhlaba wonke i-Pokemon Go, unethemba elikhulu nge-5G. Futhi yingakho: kungekudala, imicimbi yeqembu yavela emdlalweni - ukuhlasela. Ukuhlasela kudinga ukuthi usebenzisane nabanye abadlali ukuze nisebenze ndawonye ukuze ninqobe iPokΓ©mon enamandla kakhulu, futhi lokhu kudala izimo ezithokozisayo empilweni yangempela. Ngakho, indawo eyinhloko edume yomdlalo ne-Pokemon Mewtwo engavamile itholakala e-Times Square eNew York - ungacabanga ukuthi isixuku esingabutha khona lapho, esingahlanganisi nje abazingeli be-Pokemon, kodwa futhi nezivakashi nje.
Okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona nakho kubhekwa βnjengohlelo lokusebenza olubulalayoβ lwe-5G. Kulokho
ezokuthutha
Ekugcineni, ikesi lesitimela liyathakazelisa. Kwavela umqondo wokuhlinzeka ujantshi ngezokuxhumana ze-5G zokuzijabulisa nokunethezeka kwabagibeli. Ucwaningo lweYunivesithi yaseBristol
Isibonelo sendlela yokubeka izindawo zokufinyelela eduze nomzila wesitimela
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngempumelelo esitimeleni esisebenza eduze kwaseTokyo - yabo
Izimo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa
Kodwa konke lokhu kuyisixazululo sezinkinga esezivele sizazi. Yiziphi izinto ezintsha ezingasinika zona i-5G?
Imoto exhunyiwe
Inzuzo eyinhloko ukubambezeleka okuphansi, okuvumela imishini ukuthi ixhumane ngesivinini esingafika ku-500 km/h. Ngokungafani nabashayeli abangabantu, izimoto ekugcineni zizokwazi ukuxoxisana zodwa noma nengqalasizinda engaguquki mayelana nokuhamba, okwenza umgwaqo uphephe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlelo luzocabangela izimo zezulu: wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi esimweni sezulu esishisayo ibanga lokubhuleka lide, ngakho-ke imithetho ohlelweni olunjalo kufanele ishintshe.
I-European 5GAA (Automotive Association) isivele ihlanganisa ndawonye abakhiqizi abakhulu abangaphezu kwe-100 bezokuxhumana kanye nezimoto emhlabeni wonke ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthunyelwa kwe-C-V2X (Imoto Yeselula Kuya Kuyo Yonke Into). Izinhloso ezinkulu zikasoseshini ukuphepha emgwaqeni okuphelele nokusebenza kahle kwezimoto. Abagibeli bamabhayisikili nabahamba ngezinyawo abanama-smartphones e-5G bangathembela ekuphepheni. Abahlanganyeli bethrafikhi ebangeni elingafika ku-1 km bazokwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile; emabangeni amade bazodinga ukufakwa kwe-5G. Lolu hlelo luzoqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwamaphaseji amaphoyisa nama-ambulensi, luhlinzekele ukushintshaniswa kwezinzwa phakathi kwezimoto, ukushayela okukude nezinye izimangaliso. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-C-V2X, inhlangano ihlela ukusebenzisa ulwazi olutholwe ku-5G V2X, lapho izogxila embonini engu-4.0, amadolobha ahlakaniphile nakho konke okunyakazayo kusebenzisa i-5G.
Izibonelo zezimo ezingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa Imoto Exhunyiwe. Umthombo: Qualcomm
I-5G izovumela ukuxhumana hhayi kuphela ezimotweni eziphansi, kodwa nasezindizeni. Kulo nyaka, i-Samsung, kanye nomhlinzeki we-inthanethi waseSpain u-Orange,
Imboni 4.0
Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi "Industrie 4.0" yasungulwa eJalimane ngohlelo lwayo lwesimanje lwezimboni. Ukuhlangana
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ezifana nokuxhumana phakathi kwabalawuli bezimboni noma nabasebenza ngabantu, amanethiwekhi ezinzwa, azidingi kakhulu. Namuhla, iningi lalawa manethiwekhi asebenzisa ikhebula, ngakho-ke i-wireless 5G ibonakala iyisixazululo esisebenza ngokwezomnotho, ngaphezu kokuvumela ukulungiswa kabusha okusheshayo kokukhiqiza.
Empeleni, ukuba nokwenzeka kwezomnotho kuzoholela ekwamukelweni kwe-5G ezindaweni ezibiza kakhulu zokusebenza kwabantu, njengabashayeli be-forklift ezimbonini nasezindaweni zokugcina impahla. Ngakho, inkampani yobunjiniyela yaseYurophu i-Acciona yabonisa
Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisana obukude buzoqhubekela phambili. Kulo nyaka, kuboniswe ukuthi udokotela ohlinzayo onguchwepheshe uqapha kanjani ukuqhubeka kokuhlinzwa komdlavuza ngesikhathi sangempela, okwenzeka endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha amaningi, futhi ubonisa ozakwabo indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlinza. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, uzokwazi ukuthatha indima esebenzayo, alawule ngokuqondile izinsimbi zokuhlinza.
I-inthanethi yezinto
Okokuqala, i-5G izoxazulula inkinga yezindinganiso eziningi zokuxhumana ze-inthanethi Yezinto Eziningi futhi ezingasekelwa kahle, okwamanje, ngokubona kwethu, ezikhawulela ukuthuthukiswa kwale ndawo.
Lapha i-5G inganikeza okulandelayo:
- Amanethiwekhi e-Ad hoc (angenawo amarutha)
- Ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe
- Isekela ukuxhumana kwe-narrowband, ukonga amandla (iminyaka engu-10+ kubhethri elilodwa) ukuxhumana
Kodwa kubonakala sengathi amabhizinisi amakhulu asenentshisekelo enkulu kwezinye izimo ngaphandle kwe-inthanethi Yezinto. Usesho olusheshayo lwe-inthanethi alutholanga ukuboniswa ngabadlali abakhulu bezinzuzo ze-5G Ye-inthanethi Yezinto.
Ukuphetha lesi sihloko, ake sinake lokhu okulandelayo okuthakazelisayo okungenzeka. Namuhla, ukuncika endaweni yokuphuma noma isidingo sokushintsha amabhethri kunciphisa ukukhetha "kwezinto". Ukushaja okungenantambo kwe-low frequency inductive kusebenza kuphela ebangeni elingamasentimitha ambalwa. I-5G kanye namaza ayo ayimilimitha ayisiqondiso kuzovumela ukushaja okuphumelelayo kumabanga amamitha ambalwa. Nakuba izindinganiso zamanje zingakucacisi lokhu, asingabazi ukuthi onjiniyela maduzane bazothola izindlela zokusebenzisa leli thuba!
Izici Zonjiniyela
Uma unentshisekelo esihlokweni, ungaya kuphi ngokulandelayo?
Ezokuxhumana. Uzokwazi ukuhlangana mathupha nabadlali be-5G ezingqungqutheleni ezizayo zaseRussia
Phakathi koxhumana nabo bezemfundo kufanele kuqashelwe
Ukuxhasa ngezimali. Abadlali abamqoka babambe imiqhudelwano yokusebenzisa i-5G ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. E-US Verizon muva nje
Ukubekwa komsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwama-opharetha amaselula amaBig Four, kunezinkampani eziningana eRussia ezihlela ukusebenzisa i-5G esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Imodeli yebhizinisi yomhlinzeki ohamba phambili wokulethwa kokuqukethwe e-Russia kanye ne-CIS, i-CDNVideo, inkokhelo yevolumu yethrafikhi etholiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-5G, okungenzeka yehlise le ntengo, kuzovumela inkampani ukuthi yehlise izindleko. I-PlayKey iphromotha imidlalo efwini, futhi akumangazi ukuthi ihlela nokusebenzisa i-5G.
Open Source, cishe izodlala indima ebalulekile engqalasizinda. American
Ababhali:
UStanislav Polonsky - Inhloko yoMnyango Wezokucwaninga Nokuthuthukiswa Okuthuthukile we-Samsung Research Center
U-Tatyana Volkova - Umbhali wekharikhulamu yephrojekthi ye-IoT i-Samsung Academy, uchwepheshe wezinhlelo zezinkampani ezibophezelekile emphakathini esikhungweni socwaningo sakwaSamsung.
Source: www.habr.com