Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
В Sifunde indlela usosayensi nothisha waseMelika wahamba eYurophu okokuqala ngqa. Lapho evakashele eLondon, wama ngokukhethekile ukuze abone isazi sezibalo ayesihlonipha ngokujulile. UHenry wayephelezelwa umngane wakhe, u-Alexander Bach, kanye nomngane wakhe omusha, naye owayengumhloli emkhakheni we-telegraphy, UBabbage utshele izivakashi zakhe ukuthi maduze uzokhombisa umshini wakhe wokubala eLungu lePhalamende, kodwa ngenjabulo enkulu wahlanganyela nabo ngombono wakhe womshini omusha, "ozodlula kakhulu amakhono owokuqala." UHenry wabhala uhlaka olujwayelekile lwalolu hlelo encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo:
Lo mshini uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, enye yazo uMnu B. ayibiza ngokuthi "indawo yokugcina amanzi" kanti enye "ngesigayo." "I-reservoir" igcwele amasondo anezinombolo ezipendwe kuwo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-lever ayazikhipha futhi azinyakazise eduze komshini wokugaya, lapho kwenziwa khona ukuguqulwa okudingekayo. Uma usuqediwe, lo mshini uzokwazi ukuthebula noma iyiphi ifomula ye-algebra.
Isazi-mlando asikwazi ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokuzwa ukugodola kwehlela emgogodleni waso ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezinjalo ezimpilweni zabantu. Lapha, imicu emibili yomlando wekhompiyutha yaphambana, enye isondela ekupheleni, enye isanda kuqala.
Nakuba umshini we-Babbage uvame ukwethulwa njengesiqalo somlando wamakhompiyutha enhloso ejwayelekile yesimanje, ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo kuqinile. Umshini wakhe (angazange akhe) wawuwumvuthwandaba wephupho lokubala ngomshini. Leli phupho, elashiwo okokuqala ngu-Leibniz, lagqugquzelwa yizinqubo eziya ngokuba nzima zewashi ezidalwe ama-artisan kusukela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kodwa ayikho ikhompuyutha yenhloso evamile eyake yakhiwa kumakhenikha ahlanzekile—umsebenzi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
I-electromagnetic relay, eyakhiwe uHenry nabanye, ingafakwa kalula kumasekethe ekhompiyutha okuyinkimbinkimbi yawo ebingabonakala ingenakucatshangwa. Nokho, lesi sikhathi kwakusengamashumi eminyaka kude, futhi uHenry nabantu besikhathi sakhe babengeke bayibone kusengaphambili intuthuko enjalo. Kwaba umsunguli wama-transistors amaningi, okwenza izwe lanamuhla ledijithali laba khona, elixhumene kakhulu nempilo yethu yesimanje. Ama-relay agcwalisa amathumbu amakhompiyutha okuqala ahlelekayo, abusa isikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokuba athathelwe indawo abazala bawo be-electronic.
I-relay yasungulwa izikhathi eziningana ngokuzimela ngawo-1830. Izinjongo zayo bezihlukene (abasunguli bayo abahlanu baqhamuke nezinhlelo zokusebenza okungenani ezintathu ezihlukene), kanjalo nezimo zokusebenzisa kwayo. Kodwa kulula ukuyicabanga njengedivaysi enezinjongo ezimbili. Ingasetshenziswa njengokushintsha, ukulawula enye idivayisi kagesi (kuhlanganise, ngokubucayi, enye i-relay), noma njenge-amplifier, ukuguqula isignali ebuthakathaka ibe enamandla.
Shintsha
UJoseph Henry wahlanganisa kumuntu oyedwa ulwazi olujulile lwefilosofi yemvelo, umakhenikha, kanye nesithakazelo ku-telegraph yomshini. Ngawo-1830, mhlawumbe i-Wheatstone kuphela eyayinenhlanganisela enjalo yezimfanelo. Ngo-1831, wayesewakhe umjikelezo ongamakhilomitha angu-2,5 ubude okwazi ukukhalisa insimbi, esebenzisa uzibuthe onamandla kunawo wonke owake waba khona. Mhlawumbe, ukube waqhubeka esebenza ngentshiseko ku-telegraph futhi wabonisa ukuqina okufanayo njengoMorse, igama lakhe belizobhalwa ezincwadini zokufunda.
Kodwa uHenry, uthisha e-Albany Academy futhi kamuva e-College of New Jersey (manje eyi-Princeton University), wakha futhi wacwengisisa izinto zikagesi ngezinjongo zokucwaninga, ukufundisa, kanye nemiboniso yesayensi. Wayengenaso intshisekelo yokuguqula ithuluzi lokufundisa libe uhlelo lwemiyalezo.
Cishe ngo-1835, wakha umboniso ohlakaniphe ngokukhethekile esebenzisa izifunda ezimbili. Khumbula ukuthi uHenry wathola ukuthi ugesi unezinhlangothi ezimbili—ukuqina nobukhulu (sikubiza ngokuthi yi-voltage ne-current). Wakha amasekhethi anamabhethri amakhulu nozibuthe ukuze adlulisele uzibuthe kagesi ebangeni elide, namasekhethi anamabhethri amaningi nozibuthe ukuze akhiqize amandla kagesi anamandla.
Idivayisi yakhe entsha ihlanganise izici zombili. I-electromagnetic enamandla enamandla ingaphakamisa amakhulu amakhilogremu. Kusetshenziswe uzibuthe oqinile ekugcineni kwesekhethi ende ukuphakamisa ucingo oluncane lwensimbi: iswishi. Ukuvala isekethe ejulile kubangele ukuthi uzibuthe uphakamise ucingo, okuvule iswishi kanye nesekhethi yobuningi. Uzibuthe we-quantitative electromagnet wabe esewehlisa umthwalo wawo ngokuphahlazeka okuvala izindlebe.
Lokhu kudluliselwa—ngoba lokho kwakuyindima eyadlalwa uzibuthe oqinile nocingo lwawo—kwakubalulekile ekuboniseni ukuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi abe amandla omshini, kanye nendlela amandla amancane angalawula ngayo enkulu. Ukucwilisa ucingo kancane ku-asidi ukuze kuqedelwe umjikelezo kubangele umnyakazo omncane weswishi encane, ekugcineni okubangele ukuwa kwensimbi okuyinhlekelele, okwanele ukuchoboza noma ubani oyisiwula ngokwanele ukuba ame ngaphansi kwayo. KuHenry, ukudluliselwa bekuyithuluzi lokubonisa izimiso zesayensi. Kwakuyi-lever kagesi.
Cishe uHenry waba ngowokuqala ukuxhuma izifunda ezimbili ngale ndlela—esebenzisa uzibuthe kagesi kwenye ukuze alawule enye. Indawo yesibili, ngokwazi kwethu, ekaWilliam Cooke noCharles Wheatstone, nakuba babenemigomo ehluke kakhulu.
Ngo-March 1836, ngemva nje kokuhambela umboniso e-Heidelberg we-telegraph esebenzisa inaliti ye-galvanic ukuze udlulise amasignali, uCooke waphefumulelwa ibhokisi lomculo. UCooke wayekholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izinaliti ukumela izinhlamvu kuthelegrafu yangempela kuzodinga izinaliti eziningi, ezingadinga izifunda eziningi. Nokho, u-Cooke wayefuna uzibuthe kagesi ukuze kusebenze umshini owawungaba yinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ofisa ngayo ukumelela uhlamvu olufunayo.
Wakhulelwa umshini ofana nebhokisi lomculo, onomphongolo ozungezwe inqwaba yezikhonkwane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomgqomo bekungaba isiyingi esinezinhlamvu. Ibhokisi elifanayo lizotholakala ekugcineni ngakunye kolayini wocingo. Umthombo wamanxeba wawungabangela ukuthi umgqomo ujikeleze, kodwa isikhathi esiningi wawubanjwe isivalo. Lapho ukhiye we-telegraph ucindezelwa, isifunda savalwa, kwavula ozibuthe kagesi abakhipha izingidi zombili, okwenza yomibili imishini ijikeleze. Lapho ukudayela kubonisa uhlamvu olufunayo, ukhiye wakhululwa, izingidi zangena endaweni, zimisa ukunyakaza kwemiphongolo. U-Cook, engazi, wayephinde wakha kabusha imodeli yocingo kaRonald ye-chronometric, eyakhulelwa emashumini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili, kanye nokuhlola kwasekuqaleni kwezelamani zakwaChappe nge-telegraph (ngaphandle kokuthi basebenzisa umsindo, hhayi ugesi, ukuze bavumelanise ukudayela).
U-Cook waqaphela ukuthi indlela efanayo ingaxazulula inkinga osekunesikhathi eside ikhona ngocingo—okwazisa ukuphela komlayezo omusha. Ukuze enze lokhu, angasebenzisa isifunda sesibili ngomunye uzibuthe kagesi ozovula insimbi ewumshini. Ukuvala umjikelezo kwakuzodonsa isivalo, okubangele ukuba insimbi ikhale.
Ngo-March 1837, uCooke waqala ukusebenza noWheatstone ngocingo, futhi ngalesi sikhathi baqala ukucabangela isidingo sesifunda sesibili. Esikhundleni sokudala isifunda esizimele sesignali yesixwayiso (kanye namamayela agijimayo ocingo olungadingekile), bekungeke yini kube lula ukusebenzisa isifunda esikhulu ukulawula isignali?
Ngaleso sikhathi, uCooke noWheatstone base bebuyele emklameni yenaliti, futhi kwacaca ukuthi bangaxhuma ucezu oluncane locingo enalini ukuze lapho ukuphela kwalo kukhangwa uzibuthe kagesi, umsila wayo uqedele ukujikeleza kwesibili. Lo mjikelezo uzovula isignali. Ngemva kwesikhashana esithile, lapho owamukela umlayezo ayekwazi ukuvuka, avale isignali, futhi alungise ipensela nephepha, inaliti yayingase isetshenziselwe ukudlulisa umlayezo njengenjwayelo.
Phakathi neminyaka emibili, emazwenikazi amabili, kabili, anemigomo emibili ehlukene, abantu baqaphela ukuthi i-electromagnetic ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokushintsha elawula enye isifunda. Kodwa kwakungenzeka futhi ukucabanga indlela ehluke ngokuphelele yokuthi izifunda ezimbili zihlanganyele.
Isikhulisi
Ngasekupheleni kuka-1837, uSamuel Morse wayeqiniseka ukuthi umqondo wakhe wokuthola ucingo lukagesi ungenziwa ukuthi usebenze. Esebenzisa ibhethri elinamandla amakhulu kanye nozibuthe kaHenry, wayekwazi ukuthumela imiyalezo ebangeni elingaphezu kwengxenye yekhilomitha. Kodwa ukuze afakazele kuCongress ukuthi ucingo lwakhe lungadlulisela imiyalezo ezwenikazi lonke, wayedinga okwengeziwe. Kwakusobala ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amabhethri anamandla kangakanani, ngesinye isikhathi isekethe yayizoba yinde kakhulu ukuze idlulisele isignali efundekayo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Kodwa uMorse waqaphela ukuthi, naphezu kokwehla okukhulu kwamandla ngebanga, uzibuthe kagesi ungavula futhi uvale enye isekethe, esebenzisa ibhethri layo, yona engadlulisela isignali ngokuqhubekayo. Inqubo ingase iphindwe izikhathi eziningi njengoba ufisa futhi imboze amabanga anobuphi ubude. Yingakho lezi zibuthe ezimaphakathi zazibizwa ngokuthi "ama-relay" -njengamahhovisi eposi okushintsha amahhashi. Bathola umlayezo kagesi ovela kumlingani obuthakathaka futhi bawuqhuba ngomdlandla omusha.
Akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ukuthi lo mbono uphefumulelwe umsebenzi kaHenry, kodwa uMorse wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-relay ngale njongo. Kuye, i-relay yayingeyona into yokushintsha, kodwa i-amplifier, ekwazi ukuguqula isignali ebuthakathaka ibe enamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-Atlantic cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo , usokhemisi waseLondon, waba nombono ofanayo. Cishe waba nesithakazelo kuyi-telegraph cishe ngo-1835. Ekuqaleni kuka-1837, wayevame ukwenza ucwaningo nge-loop eyikhilomitha engu-1.5 eRegent's Park enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeLondon.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba uCooke noWheatstone behlangene ngo-March 1837, uDavy wezwa ukuncintisana futhi waqala ukucabanga ngokungathi sína ngokwakha isimiso esiwusizo. Waqaphela ukuthi amandla okuchezuka enaliti ye-galvanic ehla ngokuphawulekayo njengoba ubude bezintambo bukhula. Njengoba abhala eminyakeni eminingi kamuva:
Ngabe sengicabanga ukuthi ngisho nokuhamba kancane kwenaliti, ukujiya kwezinwele, bekungaba okwanele ukuletha izindawo ezimbili zensimbi ukuthintana, ukuvala umjikelezo omusha oncike ebhethri yendawo; futhi lokhu kungaphinda kube phakade.
U-Davy ubize lo mbono wokuguqula isignali kagesi ebuthakathaka ibe enamandla "i-regenerator kagesi." Kodwa wehluleka ukuqaphela lokhu noma yimuphi omunye umbono we-telegraph. Wathola ilungelo lobunikazi be-telegraph ngo-1838, ngaphandle kukaCooke noWheatstone. Kodwa ngo-1839, wahamba ngomkhumbi waya e-Australia, ebalekela umshado ongajabulisi, eshiya insimu kwabancintisana nabo. Inkampani yabo yocingo yathenga ilungelo lobunikazi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
Ukudluliselwa emhlabeni
Emlandweni wobuchwepheshe, sigxila kakhulu kumasistimu, kodwa ngokuvamile siziba izingxenye zawo. Sibhala umlando we-telegraph, ucingo, nokukhanya kukagesi, sigeza abadali bakho ekukhanyeni okufudumele kokuvunyelwa kwethu. Kodwa lezi zinhlelo zakwazi ukuvela kuphela ngokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokuguqulwa kwezinto ezikhona, zikhula buthule ethunzini.
I-relay ingenye yezinto ezinjalo. Yashintsha ngokushesha futhi yahlukahluka lapho amanethiwekhi ocingo eqala ukukhula ngokushesha ngeminyaka yawo-1840 kanye nawo-1850. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elalandela, yavela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zikagesi. Ukuguqulwa kwasekuqaleni kwasebenzisa ihange lensimbi eliqinile, njengesignali yetelegraph, ukuvala isekethe. Ngemuva kokuthi i-electromagnetic ivaliwe, ihange lanqanyulwa kumjikelezo ngesiphethu. Lo mshini wawuthembekile futhi uqinile kunezingcezu zocingo noma izinaliti. Amamodeli avalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo nawo athuthukiswa, ngaphezu komklamo wangempela ovulekile ngokuzenzakalelayo.
I-relay ejwayelekile kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. I-Spring T igcina i-armature B ingathintani no-C. Uma uzibuthe kagesi u-M ucushiwe, unqoba isiphethu futhi uvale isekethe phakathi kwentambo engu-W nokuxhumana no-C.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-telegraphy, ama-relay ayengavamile ukusetshenziswa njengama-amplifiers noma "izithuthukisi," njengoba isekethe eyodwa yayinganwebeka ngaphezu kwe-150 km. Nokho, zaziwusizo kakhulu ekuxhumaniseni imigqa emide, yamanje ephansi nelayini yendawo, enamandla kagesi amakhulu enganika amandla eminye imishini, njengesiqophamlando seMorse.
Inqwaba yamalungelo obunikazi e-United States engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-4 yachaza izinhlobo ezintsha zokudlulisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kwenoveli. I-relay ehlukile, ehlukanisa ikhoyili ukuze umphumela kazibuthe ukhanselwe ohlangothini olulodwa futhi ukhuliswe kwenye, unike amandla ukuxhumana kwe-telegraph eyi-duplex: amasignali amabili ahamba ezinhlangothini eziphambene ngocingo olulodwa. UThomas Edison wasebenzisa i-polarized (noma i-polar) relay ukuze akhe i-quadruplex relay, ekwazi ukuthumela amasignali amane ngesikhathi esisodwa ngocingo olulodwa: amabili ohlangothini ngalunye. Ku-polarized relay, i-armature ngokwayo yayiwuzibuthe unomphela, iphendula isiqondiso samanje esikhundleni samandla. Ozibuthe baphakade benze kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala ama-relay ane-changeover contacts ahlala evulekile noma evaliwe ngemva kokushintsha.
I-polarized relay
Ngaphezu kwama-telegraph, ama-relay nawo aqala ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusayina zikaloliwe. Ngokufika kwamanethiwekhi okudlulisa amandla, ama-relay nawo athola indlela yawo kulezi zinhlelo, ikakhulukazi njengamathuluzi okuvikela.
Kodwa ngisho nalawa manethiwekhi abanzi futhi ayinkimbinkimbi awazange afune okwengeziwe kuma-relay kunokuba akwazi ukuletha. I-telegraph nomzila wesitimela wafinyelela kuwo wonke amadolobha, kodwa hhayi zonke izakhiwo. Babenamashumi ezinkulungwane zezindawo zokugcina, kodwa hhayi izigidi. Amasistimu okudluliswa kwamandla ayengenandaba nokuthi anqamule kuphi—ayevele ahlinzeka ngamagesi kumjikelezo wendawo, futhi ikhaya ngalinye nebhizinisi lalingathatha okuningi ngokulidingayo.
Ucingo kwakuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Izingcingo ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ukuxhumana kwe-point-to-point, ukusuka kunoma yiliphi ikhaya noma ihhovisi kuya kunoma yiliphi elinye, ngakho-ke kudingeka amasekhethi okulawula esikali esingakaze sibonwe. Izwi lomuntu, elidluliswa njengokudlidliza ngezintambo, laliwuphawu olucebile kodwa olubuthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana ngocingo okude kwakudinga ama-amplifiers ekhwalithi ephezulu. Kuvele ukuthi ukushintsha kungasebenza ngama-amplifiers anjalo. Manje, ngaphezu kwanoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo, amanethiwekhi ocingo ayebusa ukuvela kwamaswishi.
Okufundwayo
• UJames B. Calvert, “The Electromagnetic Telegraph”
• UFranklin Leonard Pope, “Umkhuba Wesimanje We-Electric Telegraph” (1891)
Source: www.habr.com
