Kulungile, akunjalo. Bekuyi-clickbait encane engcolile. Kodwa engqungqutheleni ye-RIPE NCC Days, eyayibanjwe ngoSepthemba 24-25 e-Kyiv, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ukusabalalisa ama-subnets /22 kuma-LIR amasha kuzophela maduze. Inkinga yokukhathala kwesikhala sekheli le-IPv4 kukhulunywe ngayo isikhathi eside. Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-7 kusukela amabhulokhi wokugcina /8 abelwe amarejistri esifunda. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezivimbelayo nezivimbelayo, okwakungenakugwemeka kwakungenakugwenywa. Ngezansi kunqunyelwe ukuthi yini esilindele mayelana nalokhu.
Ukucindezeleka komlando
Ngenkathi wonke lawa ma-inthanethi enu esakhiwa, abantu babecabanga ukuthi amabhithi angu-32 okukhulunywa ngawo azokwanela wonke umuntu. 232 cishe iyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.2 amakheli edivayisi yenethiwekhi. Emuva ngawo-80, ingabe izinhlangano ezimbalwa zokuqala ezajoyina inethiwekhi zazicabanga ukuthi othile uzodinga okwengeziwe? Ingani, irejista yokuqala yamakheli yagcinwa insizwa eyodwa okuthiwa uJon Postel ngesandla, cishe ebhukwini lokubhalela elivamile. Futhi ungacela ibhulokhi entsha ngocingo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, inkulumo yamanje eyabiwe yayishicilelwa njengombhalo we-RFC. Ngokwesibonelo, ku , eyanyatheliswa ngo-September 1981, iphawula okokuqala ngqa ukujwayelana ne-32-bit notation yamakheli e-IP.
Kodwa umqondo wabamba, futhi inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yaqala ukuthuthukisa ngenkuthalo. Yile ndlela amarejista okuqala e-elekthronikhi avela ngayo, kodwa namanje ayizange iphunga sengathi kukhona okuthosiwe. Uma bekunesizathu, bekungenzeka ukuthi okungenani uthole ibhulokhi engu-/8 (amakheli angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-16) esandleni esisodwa. Lokhu akusho ukuthi isizathu sasihlolwe kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Sonke siyaqonda ukuthi uma usebenzisa insiza ngenkuthalo, ngokushesha noma kamuva izophela (izibusiso kumammoth). Ngo-2011, i-IANA, eyasabalalisa amabhlogo amakheli emhlabeni jikelele, yasabalalisa okokugcina/8 kumarejistri wesifunda. Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuMandulo wezi-2012, i-RIPE NCC yamemezela ukuphela kwe-IPv4 futhi yaqala ukusabalalisa okungaphezu kuka-/22 (amakheli angu-1024) esandleni esisodwa se-LIR (noma kunjalo, yavumela ukuvulwa kwama-LIR amaningana enkampanini eyodwa). Ngo-Ephreli 17, 2018, ibhulokhi yokugcina engu-185/8 yaphela, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, unyaka nesigamu, ama-LIR amasha abelokhu edla imvuthuluka yesinkwa namadlelo - amabhlogo abuyiselwe echibini ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Manje nabo bayaphela. Ungabuka le nqubo ngesikhathi sangempela .
Isitimela sahamba
Ngesikhathi sombiko wengqungquthela, cishe amabhulokhi angu-1200 aqhubekayo/22 ahlala etholakala. Kanye nenqwaba yezicelo ezingakacutshungulwa zokwabiwa. Kalula nje, uma ungakabi yi-LIR, ibhulokhi yokugcina engu-/22 ayisakwenzeki kuwe. Uma usuvele u-LIR, kodwa ungasifakanga isicelo sokugcina /22, lisekhona ithuba. Kodwa kungcono ukuhambisa isicelo sakho izolo.
Ngaphezu kokuqhubekayo /22, kukhona nethuba lokuthola ukukhetha okuhlangene - inhlanganisela ye-/23 kanye/noma/noma/24. Nokho, ngokwezilinganiso zamanje, wonke lawa mathuba azophela phakathi namasonto. Kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ekupheleni kwalo nyaka ungakhohlwa mayelana /22.
Izinqolobane ezimbalwa
Ngokwemvelo, amakheli awasulwa aze afike kuziro. I-RIPE ishiye indawo ethile yekheli ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene:
- /13 ngokuqokwa kwesikhashana. Amakheli angabiwa ngokucelwa kokuqaliswa kweminye imisebenzi enqunyelwe isikhathi (isibonelo, ukuhlola, ukubamba izingqungquthela, njll.). Ngemuva kokuthi umsebenzi usuqediwe, ibhulokhi yamakheli izokhethwa.
- /16 yamaphoyinti okushintshana (IFP). Ngokusho kwamaphuzu okushintshana, lokhu kufanele kwanele eminye iminyaka emi-5.
- /16 ngezimo ezingalindelekile. Awukwazi ukuzibona kusengaphambili.
- /13 - amakheli avela ku-quarantine (okuningi mayelana nalokho ngezansi).
- Isigaba esihlukile yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi uthuli lwe-IPv4 - amabhulokhi ahlakazekile amancane kuno-/24, angakwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi ahanjiswe ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamanje. Ngakho-ke, bazolenga bengafunwanga kuze kube yilapho kukhululwa ibhulokhi eseduze futhi kwakhiwa okungenani / 24.
Abuyiselwa kanjani amabhlogo?
Amakheli awabiwa nje kuphela, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi aphinde abuyele echibini lalawo atholakalayo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi: ukubuyisela ngokuzithandela njengokungadingeki, ukuvalwa kwe-LIR ngenxa yokuqothuka, ukungakhokhwa kwemali yobulungu, ukwephulwa kwemithetho ye-RIPE, nokunye.
Kodwa amakheli awangeni ngokushesha echibini elivamile. Bavalelwa bodwa izinyanga eziyisi-6 ukuze "bakhohliwe" (ikakhulukazi sikhuluma ngohlu olumnyama oluhlukahlukene, imininingwane egciniwe yogaxekile, njll.). Vele, amakheli ambalwa kakhulu abuyiselwa echibini kunalawo akhishiwe, kepha ngo-2019 kuphela, amabhlogo ayi-1703/24 asebuyile. Amabhulokhi anjalo abuyisiwe kuzoba ukuphela kwethuba lama-LIR wesikhathi esizayo lokuthola okungenani ibhulokhi ethile ye-IPv4.
Ubugebengu be-inthanethi obuncane
Ukushoda kwensiza kukhulisa inani layo kanye nesifiso sokuba umnikazi wayo. Futhi ubungeke ufune kanjani?.. Amabhulokhi ekheli athengiswa ngentengo yamadola ayi-15-25 ucezu ngalunye, kuye ngosayizi webhulokhi. Futhi ngenxa yokushoda okwandayo, amanani kungenzeka eqe kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho usuthole ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe ku-akhawunti ye-LIR, kungenzeka ukuthi udlulisele izinsiza kwenye i-akhawunti, futhi ngeke kube lula ukuzibuyisela emuva. I-RIPE NCC, vele, iyasiza ekuxazululeni noma yiziphi izingxabano ezinjalo, kodwa ayithathi imisebenzi yamaphoyisa noma yenkantolo.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokulahlekelwa amakheli akho: kusuka ku-bungling evamile kanye nama-password avuzayo, ngokuxoshwa kabi komuntu onokufinyelela ngaphandle kokumncisha lokhu kufinyelela okufanayo, nasezindabeni zabaseshi ngokuphelele. Ngakho, engqungqutheleni, ummeleli wenkampani ethile walandisa indlela eyacishe yalahlekelwa ngayo imali yayo. Abanye abafana abahlakaniphile, besebenzisa imibhalo engamanga, baphinde babhalisa inkampani egameni labo kurejista yamabhizinisi. Empeleni, bathathe i-raider, inhloso eyodwa kwakuwukukhipha amabhlokhi e-IP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sebengabameleli bezomthetho benkampani, abakhohlisi baxhumane ne-RIPE NCC ukuze basethe kabusha ukufinyelela kuma-akhawunti okuphatha futhi baqala ukudluliswa kwamakheli. Ngenhlanhla, le nqubo yaqashelwa, ukusebenza ngamakheli kwamiswa iqhwa βkwaze kwacaciswa.β Kodwa ukubambezeleka okungokomthetho kokubuyisela inkampani ngokwayo kubanikazi bokuqala kuthathe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Omunye wababambe iqhaza kule ngqungquthela ubalule ukuthi ukuze kugwenywe izimo ezifuze lezi, inkampani yakhe kudala yahambisa amakheli ayo endaweni lapho umthetho usebenza kangcono khona. Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi esikhathini esingengakanani thina ngokwethu .
Yini okulandelayo?
Phakathi nengxoxo yombiko, omunye wabamele i-RIPE wakhumbula isaga samaNdiya esidala:
Kungabhekwa njengempendulo enengqondo yombuzo othi βngingayithola kanjani enye i-IPv4 eyengeziwe.β Izinga le-IPv6 elisalungiswa, elixazulula inkinga yokushoda kwamakheli, lashicilelwa emuva ngo-1998, futhi cishe wonke amadivaysi enethiwekhi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhishwe kusukela maphakathi nawo-2000s zisekela le nqubo. Kungani singakabi lapho? Kwesinye isikhathi igxathu eliwujuqu lokuya phambili liwumphumela wokukhahlela imbongolo. Ngamanye amazwi, abahlinzeki bamane bavilapha. Ubuholi baseBelarus busebenze ngendlela yokuqala ngobuvila babo, bubabophezela ukuthi banikeze ukwesekwa kwe-IPv6 ezweni ezingeni lezomthetho.
Nokho, kuzokwenzekani ekwabiweni kwe-IPv4? Inqubomgomo entsha isivele yamukelwe futhi yagunyazwa lapho uma amabhulokhi angu-22 esephelile, ama-LIR amasha azokwazi ukuthola amabhlogo angama-24 njengoba etholakala. Uma kungekho mabhuloki atholakalayo ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo, i-LIR izofakwa ohlwini lokulinda futhi (noma ngeke) ithole ibhulokhi lapho isitholakala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungabikho kwebhulokhi yamahhala akukukhululi isidingo sokukhokha imali yokungena neyobulungu. Usazokwazi ukuthenga amakheli emakethe yesibili futhi uwadlulisele ku-akhawunti yakho. Kodwa-ke, i-RIPE NCC igwema igama elithi "thenga" ekukhulumeni kwayo, izama ukukhipha engxenyeni yemali yento eyayingahlosiwe nhlobo njengento yokuhweba.
Njengomhlinzeki onesibopho, sikukhuthaza ukuthi usebenzise i-IPv6 ngenkuthalo empilweni yakho. Futhi njengoba i-LIR, sikulungele ukusiza amakhasimende ethu kulolu daba ngazo zonke izindlela.
Ungakhohlwa ukubhalisela ibhulogi yethu, sihlela ukushicilela ezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo ezizwakala engqungqutheleni.
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, Isaphulelo sika-30% sabasebenzisi be-Habr ku-analogue ehlukile yamaseva eleveli yokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com