Ikazibuthe. Isebenza ngogesi. Kuyi-photonic. Cha, lesi akusona iqhawe elisha elivela endaweni yonke ye-Marvel. Imayelana nokugcina idatha yethu yedijithali eyigugu. Kudingeka sizigcine ndawana thize, ngokuvikelekile futhi ezinzile, ukuze sikwazi ukufinyelela futhi sizishintshe ngokuphazima kweso. Khohlwa i-Iron Man no-Thor - sikhuluma ngama-hard drive!
Ngakho-ke ake singene ku-anatomy yamadivayisi esiwasebenzisa namuhla ukugcina izigidigidi zamabhithi edatha.
Ungijikelezisa kahle, baby
Imishini isitoreji se-hard drive (i-hard disk drive, i-HDD) bekuyindinganiso yokugcina amakhompiyutha emhlabeni wonke iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obungemuva kwayo budala kakhulu.
I-IBM ikhiphe i-HDD yokuqala yokuthengisa , umthamo wayo wawungu-3,75 MB. Futhi ngokujwayelekile, kuyo yonke le minyaka ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwe-drive akushintshile kakhulu. Isenamadiski asebenzisa i-magnetization ukugcina idatha, futhi akhona amadivaysi okufunda/ukubhala leyo datha. Kushintshiwe Okufanayo, futhi kunamandla kakhulu, inani ledatha elingagcinwa kuzo.
Ngo-1987 kwakungenzeka cishe amaRandi angu-350; Namuhla ungathenga i-14 TB: ku 700 000 izikhathi ivolumu.
Sizobheka idivayisi engalingani ncamashi, kodwa futhi ehloniphekile ngezindinganiso zesimanje: i-3,5-inch HDD Seagate Barracuda 3 TB, ikakhulukazi, imodeli. , edume kabi ΠΈ . Idrayivu esiyifundayo isivele ifile, ngakho lokhu kuzofana nokuhlolwa kwesidumbu kunesifundo se-anatomy.
Ingxenye enkulu ye-hard drive iyinsimbi ekhonjiwe. Amandla angaphakathi kwedivayisi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa angaba bucayi kakhulu, ngakho insimbi ewugqinsi ivimbela ukugoba nokudlidliza kwekesi. Ngisho nama-HDD amancane angu-1,8-intshi asebenzisa insimbi njengempahla yendlu, kodwa ngokuvamile enziwa nge-aluminium kunensimbi ngoba adinga ukukhanya ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuguqula idrayivu, sibona ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe nezixhumi eziningana. Isixhumi esingaphezulu ebhodini sisetshenziselwa injini ezungezisa amadiski, kanti okuthathu okuphansi (kusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla) amaphini e-jumper akuvumela ukuthi ulungise idrayivu yokucushwa okuthile, isixhumi sedatha ye-SATA (Serial ATA) , nesixhumi samandla se-SATA.
I-serial ATA yaqala ukuvela ngo-2000. Kumakhompyutha edeskithophu, lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile olusetshenziswa ukuxhuma amadrayivu kuyo yonke ikhompyutha. Ukucaciswa kwefomethi kuye kwabuyekezwa kaningi, futhi okwamanje sisebenzisa inguqulo 3.4. Isidumbu sethu se-hard drive siyinguqulo endala, kodwa umehluko uyiphinikhodi eyodwa kuphela kusixhumi samandla.
Ekuxhumekeni kwedatha, isetshenziselwa ukwamukela nokwamukela idatha. : Izikhonkwane A+ kanye no-A- zisetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa imiyalelo kanye nedatha ku-hard drive, namaphinikhodi B awe ukwamukela lezi zimpawu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamakhondatha abhanqiwe kunciphisa kakhulu umphumela womsindo kagesi kusiginali, okusho ukuthi idivayisi ingasebenza ngokushesha.
Uma sikhuluma ngamandla, siyabona ukuthi isixhumi sinokuxhumana kwe-voltage ngayinye (+3.3, +5 kanye +12V); nokho, iningi lazo alisetshenziswa ngoba ama-HDD awadingi amandla amaningi. Le modeli ethile ye-Seagate isebenzisa ama-watts angaphansi kuka-10 ngaphansi komthwalo osebenzayo. Oxhumana nabo abamakwe i-PC basetshenziselwa ukushajwa: Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuthi ususe futhi uxhume i-hard drive ngenkathi ikhompuyutha iqhubeka nokusebenza (lokhu kubizwa ukushintshanisa okushisayo).
Ukuxhumana nethegi ye-PWDIS kuvumela i-hard drive, kodwa lo msebenzi usekelwa kuphela kunguqulo ye-SATA 3.3, ngakho-ke kudrayivu yami enye nje intambo yamandla engu-+3.3V. Futhi iphinikhodi yokugcina, enelebuli ye-SSU, ivele itshele ikhompuyutha ukuthi ingabe i-hard drive isekela ubuchwepheshe be-spin-up obulandelanayo. wanyakaza waphenduka.
Ngaphambi kokuthi ikhompuyutha ikwazi ukuzisebenzisa, amadrayivu angaphakathi kwedivayisi (esizowabona maduze) kufanele ajikeleze afinyelele isivinini esigcwele. Kodwa uma kukhona ama-hard drive amaningi afakwe emshinini, khona-ke isicelo samandla esisheshayo singalimaza uhlelo. Kancane kancane ukuphotha ama-spindle kuqeda ngokuphelele amathuba ezinkinga ezinjalo, kodwa kuzodingeka ulinde imizuzwana embalwa ngaphambi kokuthola ukufinyelela okugcwele ku-HDD.
Ngokususa ibhodi lesifunda, ungabona ukuthi lixhuma kanjani ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi kwedivayisi. I-HDD akuvaliwe, ngaphandle kwamadivayisi anamandla amakhulu kakhulu - asebenzisa i-helium esikhundleni somoya ngoba aminyene kakhulu futhi adala izinkinga ezimbalwa kumadrayivu anenani elikhulu lamadiski. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akufanele udalule amadrayivu avamile endaweni evulekile.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezixhumi ezinjalo, inani lezindawo zokungena lapho ukungcola nothuli kungangena khona ngaphakathi kwedrayivu liyancipha; kunembobo kukesi lensimbi (ichashaza elikhulu elimhlophe ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele lesithombe) elivumela ukucindezela kwe-ambient ukuthi kuhlale ngaphakathi.
Manje njengoba i-PCB isisusiwe, ake sibheke ukuthi yini engaphakathi. Kunama-chips amane ayinhloko:
- I-LSI B64002: I-chip yesilawuli esikhulu ecubungula imiyalelo, idlulisa imifudlana yedatha ngaphakathi nangaphandle, elungisa amaphutha, njll.
- I-Samsung K4T51163QJ: 64 MB DDR2 SDRAM ivalwe ngo-800 MHz, isetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha
- I-MCKXL ebushelelezi: ilawula injini ephotha amadiski
- I-Winbond 25Q40BWS05: 500 KB we-serial flash memory esetshenziselwa ukugcina i-firmware yedrayivu (efana ne-BIOS yekhompyutha)
Izingxenye ze-PCB zama-HDD ahlukene zingahluka. Osayizi abakhulu badinga i-cache eyengeziwe (izilo zesimanje kakhulu zingafika ku-256 MB we-DDR3), futhi i-chip yesilawuli eyinhloko ingaba yinkimbinkimbi ekuphatheni amaphutha, kodwa jikelele umehluko awumkhulu kangako.
Ukuvula idrayivu kulula, vele uvule amabhawodi e-Torx ambalwa bese u-voila! Singaphakathi...
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi kuthatha inqwaba yedivayisi, ukunaka kwethu ngokushesha kudonsela kumbuthano omkhulu wensimbi; kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kuthiwa ukushayela idiski. Kulungile ukubabiza amapuleti; zenziwe ngengilazi noma nge-aluminium futhi zimbozwe ngezingqimba eziningana zezinto ezihlukahlukene. Le drayivu ye-3TB inamapuleti amathathu, okusho ukuthi i-500GB kufanele igcinwe ohlangothini ngalunye lwepuleti elilodwa.
Isithombe sinothuli impela, amapuleti anjalo angcolile awahambisani nokunemba kokuklama nokukhiqiza okudingekayo ukuzenza. Esibonelweni sethu se-HDD, idiski ye-aluminium ngokwayo ingu-0,04 inch (1 mm) obukhulu, kodwa ipholishwe ngendlela yokuthi ukuphakama okumaphakathi kokuchezuka okungaphezulu kungaphansi kwamayintshi angu-0,000001 (cishe ama-nm angu-30).
Isendlalelo sesisekelo singamayintshi angu-0,0004 kuphela (ama-microns angu-10) futhi siqukethe izendlalelo eziningi zezinto ezifakwe ensimbi. Isicelo senziwa ngokusebenzisa ulandelwa ngu , ilungiselela idiski yezinto eziyisisekelo kazibuthe ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha yedijithali.
Lesi sici ngokuvamile siyingxubevange ye-cobalt eyinkimbinkimbi futhi yakhiwe yimibuthano egxilile, ngayinye cishe ngamayintshi angu-0,00001 (cishe ama-250 nm) ububanzi kanye namayintshi angu-0,000001 (25 nm) ukujula. Ezingeni elincane, ama-alloys ensimbi enza okusanhlamvu okufana namabhamuza ensipho ebusweni bamanzi.
Uhlamvu ngalunye lunensimu yalo kazibuthe, kodwa lungaguqulwa luye endaweni ethile. Ukuqoqa izinkambu ezinjalo kubangela izingcezu zedatha (okungu-0 no-1). Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko, funda Yale University. Izembatho zokugcina ziwungqimba lwekhabhoni yokuvikela, bese kuba i-polymer yokunciphisa ukungqubuzana kokuxhumana. Ehlangene awakho ngaphezu kwama-intshi angu-0,0000005 (12 nm) ubukhulu.
Maduze sizobona ukuthi kungani ama-wafers kufanele enzelwe ukubekezelela okuqinile, kodwa kuyamangaza ukubona ukuthi Ungaba umnikazi oziqhenyayo womshini owenziwe ngokunemba kwe-nanometer!
Kodwa-ke, ake sibuyele ku-HDD ngokwayo futhi sibone ukuthi yini enye ekuyo.
Umbala ophuzi ubonisa ikhava yensimbi ebopha ngokuvikelekile ipuleti ku spindle drive electric motor - idrayivu kagesi ezungeza amadiski. Kule HDD azungeza ngesivinini esingu-7200 rpm (revolutions/min), kodwa kwamanye amamodeli angasebenza kancane. Amadrayivu anensayo anomsindo ophansi namandla asetshenziswayo, kodwa futhi nesivinini esiphansi, kuyilapho ukushayela okusheshayo kungafinyelela isivinini esingu-15 rpm.
Ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa uthuli nomoya womswakama, sebenzisa isihlungi sokujikeleza kabusha (isikwele esiluhlaza), ukuqoqa izinhlayiya ezincane futhi uzibambe ngaphakathi. Umoya onyakaziswa ukuzungezisa amapuleti uqinisekisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kusihlungi. Ngaphezu kwama-disc naseduze kwesihlungi kukhona okukodwa kwamathathu izihlukanisi zamapuleti: ukusiza ukunciphisa ukudlidliza nokugcina ukugeleza komoya ngangokunokwenzeka.
Engxenyeni engenhla yesokunxele yesithombe, isikwele esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sibonisa omunye wezibuthe ezimbili ezihlala unomphela. Banikeza inkambu kazibuthe edingekayo ukuhambisa ingxenye ekhonjiswe ngokubomvu. Masihlukanise le mininingwane ukuze siyibone kangcono.
Okubukeka sengathi isiqeshana esimhlophe ngesinye isisefo, yilesi kuphela esihluza izinhlayiya namagesi angena ngaphandle ngembobo esiyibone ngenhla. Metal spikes kukhona izinsimbi zokunyakaza kwekhanda, lapho zitholakala khona funda-bhala amakhanda i-hard drive. Ahamba ngesivinini esikhulu phezu kwamapuleti (phezulu nangaphansi).
Buka le vidiyo edalwe ngu ukuze ubone ukuthi zishesha kangakanani:
Umklamo awusebenzisi noma yini efana ; Ukuze uhambise ama-levers, i-electric current idlula ku-solenoid phansi kwezinsimbi.
Ngokuvamile babizwa , ngoba basebenzisa isimiso esifanayo esisetshenziswa ezipikheni nakumakrofoni ukuhambisa ulwelwesi. I-current ikhiqiza inkambu kazibuthe ebazungezile, esabela endaweni edalwe omazibuthe bamabha unomphela.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi amathrekhi edatha mncane, ngakho-ke ukuma kwezingalo kufanele kucace ngokwedlulele, njengayo yonke enye into ekudrayivu. Amanye ama-hard drive anama-lever anezigaba eziningi enza izinguquko ezincane ohlangothini lwengxenye eyodwa ye-lever yonke.
Amanye ama-hard drive anamathrekhi edatha adlulanayo. Lobu buchwepheshe bubizwa ngokuthi (i-shingled magnetic recording), kanye nezidingo zayo zokunemba nokuma (okungukuthi, ukushaya njalo iphuzu elilodwa) ziqinile nakakhulu.
Ekugcineni kwezingalo kukhona amakhanda okufunda-bhala azwela kakhulu. I-HDD yethu iqukethe amapuleti ama-3 namakhanda ayi-6, futhi ngalinye lawo iyantanta ngaphezu kwediski njengoba ijikeleza. Ukufeza lokhu, amakhanda amisiwe emicu yensimbi emincane kakhulu.
Futhi lapha singabona ukuthi kungani i-specimen yethu ye-anatomical yafa - okungenani ikhanda elilodwa lakhululeka, futhi noma yini eyabangela umonakalo wokuqala futhi yagobisa enye yezingalo. Yonke ingxenye yekhanda incane kangangokuthi, njengoba ubona ngezansi, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola isithombe esihle sayo ngekhamera evamile.
Nokho, singahlukanisa izingxenye ngazinye. I-grey block iyingxenye eyenziwe ngokukhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi "isilayidi": Njengoba i-disc ijikeleza ngaphansi kwayo, ukugeleza komoya kudala ukuphakama, kuphakamisa ikhanda phezulu. Futhi uma sithi βama-lift,β sisho igebe elingamayintshi angu-0,0000002 kuphela ububanzi, noma ngaphansi kuka-5 nm.
Noma yikuphi okunye, futhi amakhanda ngeke akwazi ukubona izinguquko ezindaweni kazibuthe zethrekhi; uma amakhanda elele phezulu, ayezonwaya nje uqweqwe. Yingakho udinga ukuhlunga umoya ngaphakathi kwe-drive case: uthuli nomswakama ebusweni bedrayivu kuzomane kuphule amakhanda.
"I-pole" yensimbi encane ekugcineni kwekhanda isiza nge-aerodynamics jikelele. Nokho, ukuze sibone izingxenye ezenza ukufunda nokubhala, sidinga isithombe esingcono.
Kulo mfanekiso wenye i-hard drive, amadivaysi okufunda/ukubhala angaphansi kwakho konke ukuxhumana kukagesi. Ukurekhoda kwenziwa yisistimu (ukungeniswa kwefilimu emincane, i-TFI), nokufunda - idivayisi (i-tunneling magnetoresistive device, TMR).
Amasignali akhiqizwa yi-TMR abuthakathaka kakhulu futhi kufanele adluliswe nge-amplifier ukuze kwenyuswe amazinga ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. I-chip enesibopho salokhu itholakala eduze nesisekelo sezinsimbi esithombeni esingezansi.
Njengoba kushiwo esingenisweni se-athikili, izingxenye zemishini kanye nesimiso sokusebenza se-hard drive ziye zashintsha kancane ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubuchwepheshe bamathrekhi kazibuthe kanye namakhanda okubhala okufundwayo athuthukisiwe, okwenza amathrekhi ayanda futhi aminyene, okwaholela ekwandeni kolwazi olugciniwe.
Kodwa-ke, ama-hard drive ayimishini anemikhawulo yejubane esobala. Kuthatha isikhathi ukuhambisa ama-levers endaweni oyifunayo, futhi uma idatha ihlakazekile kumathrekhi ahlukene ezicwecweni ezihlukene, khona-ke idrayivu izochitha ama-microseconds ambalwa icinga izingcezu.
Ngaphambi kokudlulela kolunye uhlobo lokushayela, ake sikhombise isivinini esilinganiselwe se-HDD evamile. Sisebenzise ibhentshimakhi ukuhlola hard drive :
Imigqa emibili yokuqala ibonisa inani le-MB ngomzuzwana lapho wenza ngokulandelana (uhlu olude, oluqhubekayo) kanye nokungahleliwe (ushintsho kuyo yonke idrayivu) okufundwayo futhi abhale. Umugqa olandelayo ubonisa inani le-IOPS, okuyinombolo yemisebenzi ye-I/O eyenziwa njalo ngomzuzwana. Umugqa wokugcina ubonisa ukubambezeleka okumaphakathi (isikhathi kuma-microsecond) phakathi kokudlulisa umsebenzi wokufunda noma wokubhala nokwamukela amanani edatha.
Ngokuvamile, silwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani emigqeni emithathu yokuqala makhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi emgqeni wokugcina mancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungakhathazeki ngezinombolo ngokwazo, sizovele sizisebenzisele ukuqhathanisa uma sibheka olunye uhlobo lokushayela: idrayivu yesimo esiqinile.
Source: www.habr.com