Abaningi cishe bezwile nge-Anycast. Ngale ndlela yokubeka ikheli lenethiwekhi kanye nomzila, ikheli le-IP elilodwa labelwe amaseva amaningi kunethiwekhi. Lawa maseva angatholakala nasezikhungweni zedatha ezikude ukusuka kwelinye. Umqondo we-Anycast ukuthi, kuye ngendawo yomthombo wesicelo, idatha ithunyelwa eseduze (ngokuya nge-topology yenethiwekhi, ngokunembile, iseva ye-BGP yomzila). Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukunciphisa inani lokushintsha kwenethiwekhi (hop) nokulibaziseka (ukubambezeleka).
Empeleni, umzila ofanayo uyakhangiswa kusuka ezikhungweni eziningi zedatha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, amaklayenti azothunyelwa "kungcono kakhulu" futhi "okuseduze" ngokusekelwe emizileni ye-BGP, isikhungo sedatha. Kungani i-Anycast? Kungani usebenzise i-Anycast esikhundleni se-Unicast?
I-Unicast ifaneleka ngempela isayithi elineseva yewebhu eyodwa kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lethrafikhi. Nokho, uma isevisi inezigidi zababhalisile, ngokuvamile isebenzisa amaseva amaningi ewebhu, ngalinye linekheli le-IP elifanayo. Lawa maseva asatshalaliswa ngokwezindawo ukuze anikeze izicelo ngendlela efanele.
Kulesi simo, i-Anycast izothuthukisa ukusebenza (ithrafikhi ithunyelwa kumsebenzisi ngokubambezeleka okuncane), iqinisekise ukwethembeka kwesevisi (ngenxa yamaseva angasebenzi) kanye nokulinganisa kokulayisha - umzila kumaseva amaningi kuzosabalalisa kahle umthwalo phakathi kwawo, kuthuthukise isivinini indawo.
Opharetha banikeza amakhasimende izinhlobo ezahlukene zokulinganisa umthwalo ngokusekelwe ku-Anycast ne-DNS. Amaklayenti angacacisa amakheli e-IP okuzothunyelwa kuwo izicelo ngokusekelwe endaweni yesayithi. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa izicelo zabasebenzisi ngendlela evumelana nezimo.
Ake sithi kukhona amasayithi amaningana lapho udinga ukusabalalisa umthwalo (abasebenzisi), isibonelo, isitolo se-intanethi esinezicelo ezingu-100 ngosuku noma ibhulogi ethandwayo. Ukukhawulela isifunda abasebenzisi abafinyelela kuso isayithi elithile, ungasebenzisa inketho ye-Geo Community. Ikuvumela ukuthi ukhawulele isifunda lapho u-opharetha ezomemezela umzila.
I-Anycast ne-Unicast: umehluko
I-Anycast ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-DNS (Domain Name System) kanye ne-CDN (Content Delivery Networks) ukwenza izinqumo zomzila ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Amanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe asebenzisa i-Anycast ngoba abhekana nenani elikhulu lethrafikhi, futhi i-Anycast ihlinzeka ngenani lezinzuzo kulokhu (okuningi kuwo ngezansi). Ku-DNS, i-Anycast ikuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokuthembeka nokubekezelela iphutha lesevisi.
Ku-Anycast IP, uma usebenzisa i-BGP, kunemizila eminingi eya kumsingathi othile. Empeleni amakhophi abasingathi kuzikhungo eziningi zedatha ezisetshenziselwa ukusungula ukuxhumana okuphansi kwe-latency.
Ngakho, kunethiwekhi ye-Anycast, ikheli le-IP elifanayo liyakhangiswa kusuka ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi inethiwekhi inquma ukuthi isicelo somsebenzisi singasithumela kuphi ngokusekelwe "kuzindleko" zomzila. Isibonelo, i-BGP ivame ukusetshenziswa ukucacisa indlela emfushane kakhulu yedatha. Lapho umsebenzisi ethumela isicelo se-Anycast, i-BGP inquma umzila ongcono kakhulu wamaseva we-Anycast atholakalayo kunethiwekhi.
Izinzuzo ze-Anycast
Ukuncishiswa Ukubambezeleka
Amasistimu we-Anycast ayakwazi ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka lapho ucubungula izicelo zabasebenzisi, njengoba akuvumela ukuthi uthole idatha kusuka kuseva eseduze. Okusho ukuthi, abasebenzisi bazohlale bexhumeka "kuseduze" (ngokwemigomo yomzila) iseva ye-DNS. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Anycast inciphisa isikhathi sokuxhumana ngokunciphisa ibanga lenethiwekhi phakathi kweklayenti neseva. Lokhu akugcini nje ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka, kodwa futhi kunikeza ukulinganisa komthwalo.
Isivinini
Njengoba ithrafikhi iqondiswe endaweni eseduze, futhi ukubambezeleka kokudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kweklayenti ne-node kuncishisiwe, umphumela uzoba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lokulethwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iklayenti licela ulwazi kusuka kuphi.
Ukwanda kokuzinza nokubekezelelana kwamaphutha
Uma amaseva amaningi emhlabeni jikelele esebenzisa i-IP efanayo, uma enye yamaseva ehluleka noma yehla, ithrafikhi izoqondiswa kabusha kuseva eseduze. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Anycast yenza isevisi ikwazi ukuqina futhi inikeza ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi okungcono/ukubambezeleka/isivinini.
Ngakho, ngokuba namaseva amaningi atholakala njalo kubasebenzisi, i-Anycast, isibonelo, ithuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-DNS. Uma umsingathi ehluleka, izicelo zomsebenzisi zizoqondiswa kabusha kwenye iseva ye-DNS ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla noma ukulungisa kabusha. I-Anycast inikeza ukushintshwa okucishe kube sobala kwamanye amasayithi ngokususa nje imizila yesayithi eliyinkinga.
Ukulayisha ukulinganisa
Kuhlelo lwe-Anycast, ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi isatshalaliswa kumaseva ahlukene. Okusho ukuthi, isebenza njengesilinganisi somthwalo, ivimbela noma iyiphi iseva eyodwa ekutholeni inqwaba yethrafikhi. Ukulinganisa ukulayisha kungasetshenziswa, isibonelo, uma kunamanodi enethiwekhi ambalwa ebangeni elifanayo lendawo ukusuka kumthombo wesicelo. Kulokhu, umthwalo usakazwa phakathi kwama-node.
Ukunciphisa umthelela wokuhlaselwa kwe-DoS
Esinye isici se-Anycast ukumelana kwe-DDoS. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS mancane amathuba okuthi kukwazi ukwehlisa uhlelo lwe-Anycast, ngoba kuzodingeka lucindezele wonke amaseva kunethiwekhi enjalo ngezicelo eziningi.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS kuvame ukusebenzisa ama-botnets angakwazi ukukhiqiza ithrafikhi eningi kangangokuthi ilayisha kakhulu iseva ehlaselwe. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-Anycast kulesi simo ukuthi iseva ngayinye iyakwazi "ukumunca" ingxenye yokuhlasela, okunciphisa umthwalo kuseva ethile. Ukunqatshelwa kokuhlaselwa kwesevisi kungenzeka kwenziwe okwasendaweni kuseva futhi kungathinti yonke isevisi.
I-scalability ephezulu evundlile
Amasistimu we-Anycast afaneleka kahle ezinsizeni ezinamavolumu aphezulu wethrafikhi. Uma isevisi esebenzisa i-Anycast idinga amaseva amasha ukuphatha ithrafikhi ekhulayo, amaseva amasha angangezwa kunethiwekhi ukuze asingathe. Angafakwa kumasayithi amasha noma akhona.
Uma kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwethrafikhi endaweni ethile, ukungeza iseva kuzosiza ukulinganisa umthwalo waleyo sayithi. Ukwengeza iseva kusayithi elisha kuzosiza ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka ngokudala isinqamuleli esisha sabanye abasebenzisi. Zombili izindlela ziphinde zisize ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwesevisi njengoba amaseva amasha etholakala kunethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, uma iseva ilayishwe kakhulu, umuntu angavele akhiphe enye endaweni ezoyivumela ukuthi yamukele ingxenye ethile yezicelo zeseva egcwele kakhulu. Lokhu akudingi noma yikuphi ukucushwa ngamaklayenti.
Lena ukuphela kwendlela yokunikeza ama-terabits wethrafikhi kanye nenani elikhulu kakhulu labasebenzisi uma kukhona amachweba ambalwa kuphela angu-10 noma angu-25 Gb/s kuseva. Abasingathi abangu-100 abanekheli le-IP elilodwa bazokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucubungula umthamo we-terabit wethrafikhi.
Ukuphathwa kokucushwa kalula
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukusetshenziswa okuthakazelisayo kwe-Anycast yi-DNS. Kungenzeka ukubeka amaseva e-DNS amaningana ahlukene ezindaweni zenethiwekhi, kodwa sebenzisa ikheli le-DNS elilodwa. Kuya ngokuthi umthombo ukuphi, izicelo zihanjiswa endaweni eseduze. Lokhu kunikeza ukulinganisa kwethrafikhi kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kweseva ye-DNS. Ngakho, esikhundleni sokumisa amaseva e-DNS ahlukene kuye ngokuthi atholakala kuphi, ukulungiselelwa kweseva ye-DNS eyodwa kungasatshalaliswa kubo bonke ababungazi.
Amanethiwekhi we-Anycast angalungiselelwa izicelo zomzila hhayi kuphela ngokususelwa ebangeni, kodwa futhi ngokusekelwe kumingcele efana nokutholakala kweseva, inombolo yokuxhumana okumisiwe. noma isikhathi sokuphendula.
Awekho amaseva akhethekile, amanethiwekhi noma izingxenye ezikhethekile ezidingekayo ukuze usebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-Anycast ohlangothini lweklayenti. Kodwa i-Anycast nayo inemibi. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwayo kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi odinga imishini eyengeziwe, abahlinzeki abathembekile kanye nomzila wethrafikhi ofanele.
Kusukela emthonjeni ohlanzekile kuya endaweni enhle ekude
Ngenkathi i-Anycast iqondisa abasebenzisi ngokususelwa kuma-hops amancane, akusho ngempela ukubambezeleka okuncane. Ukubambezeleka kuyimethrikhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba i-hop eyodwa ingaba nokungaphezu kweshumi.
Isibonelo: Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezwekazi kungase kuhlanganise i-hop eyodwa enokubambezeleka okuphezulu kakhulu.
I-Anycast isetshenziselwa kakhulu izinsiza ezisuselwe ku-UDP njenge-DNS. Izicelo zabasebenzisi zidluliselwa esikhungweni sedatha "esingcono kakhulu" kanye "nesiseduze" ngokusekelwe emizileni ye-BGP.
Isibonelo: Indawo yokusebenza yeklayenti le-DNS enekheli le-IP ye-Anycast DNS engu-123.10.10.10 yenza ukulungiswa kwe-DNS kumaseva aseduze kwamathathu e-DNS asetshenziswe kusetshenziswa ikheli le-Anycast IP elifanayo. Uma i-R1 noma Iseva A yehluleka, amaphakethe eklayenti le-DNS azodluliselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuseva ye-DNS eseduze kakhulu nge-R2 ne-R3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzila oya kuseva yethu A uzosuswa ematafuleni omzila, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwalesi nameserver.
Izimo zokusatshalaliswa
Kunezinhlelo ezimbili ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi iseva umsebenzisi axhumeka kuyo:
- Anycast network layer. Ixhuma umsebenzisi kuseva eseduze. Indlela yenethiwekhi esuka kumsebenzisi iye kuseva ibalulekile lapha.
- Isicelo Level Anycast. Kunamamethrikhi abaliwe engeziwe kulolu hlelo, okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kweseva, isikhathi sokuphendula, inombolo yoxhumo, njll. Kuncike kusiqaphi sangaphandle esihlinzeka ngezibalo zenethiwekhi.
I-CDN isuselwa ku-Anycast
Masibuyele manje ekusebenziseni i-Anycast kumanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe. I-Anycast iwumqondo wokuxhumana othokozisayo futhi ithola ukwamukelwa okwengeziwe kubahlinzeki be-CDN besizukulwane esilandelayo.
I-CDN inethiwekhi esabalalisiwe yamaseva aletha okuqukethwe kubasebenzisi bokugcina ngokutholakala okuphezulu kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi. Amanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe adlala indima ebalulekile namuhla njengomgogodla wezinsizakalo eziningi ze-multimedia eku-inthanethi, futhi abathengi baqala ukungabekezeleli isivinini sokulanda esinensayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zevidiyo nezezwi zizwela kakhulu i-jitter nokubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi.
I-CDN ihlanganisa zonke iziphakeli zibe yinethiwekhi eyodwa futhi inikeze ukulayishwa kokuqukethwe okusheshayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kungenzeka ukunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda somsebenzisi ngemizuzwana emi-5-6. Umgomo we-CDN uwukuthuthukisa ukulethwa ngokunikeza okuqukethwe okuvela kuseva eseduze nomsebenzisi wokugcina. Lokhu kufana kakhulu ne-Anycast, lapho iseva eseduze ikhethwa ngokusekelwe endaweni yomsebenzisi wokugcina. Kubukeka sengathi wonke umhlinzeki we-CDN uzosebenzisa i-Anycast ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa empeleni akunjalo.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa izivumelwano ezifana ne-HTTP/TCP zincike ekusungulweni kokuxhumeka. Uma kukhethwa inodi entsha ye-Anycast (isibonelo, uma iseva yehluleka), isevisi ingase iphazamiseke. Yingakho i-Anycast ngaphambilini yayinconyelwe izinsiza ezingaxhumeki njenge-UDP ne-DNS. Nokho, i-Anycast isebenza kahle kumaphrothokholi agxile ekuxhumekeni, isibonelo, i-TCP isebenza kahle kumodi ye-Anycast.
Abanye abahlinzeki be-CDN basebenzisa umzila osuselwe ku-Anycast, abanye bakhetha umzila osuselwe ku-DNS: iseva eseduze ikhethwa kuye ngokuthi iseva ye-DNS yomsebenzisi ikuphi.
I-Hybrid kanye nengqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha eminingi ingenye indlela yokusebenzisa i-Anycast. Ikheli le-IP Lokulinganisa Umthwalo elitholwe kumhlinzeki likuvumela ukuthi usabalalise umthwalo phakathi kwamakheli e-IP wamasevisi ahlukene wamakhasimende esikhungweni sedatha somhlinzeki. Nganoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokubhekana nedivayisi, buhlinzeka ngokusebenza okungcono kakhulu ngaphansi kwethrafikhi enkulu, ukubekezelela amaphutha, futhi kusiza ukuthuthukisa isikhathi sokuphendula ngenani elikhulu labasebenzisi.
Ezingqalasizinda ezihlanganisiwe zesikhungo sedatha eminingi, ungasabalalisa ithrafikhi kuwo wonke amaseva noma ngisho nemishini ebonakalayo kumaseva azinikezele.
Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukukhetha okukhulu kwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe zokwakha ingqalasizinda. Ungakwazi futhi ukusetha ukulinganisa kokulayisha kwe-IP kuzo zonke izikhungo zedatha eziningi usebenzisa noma iyiphi idivayisi eqenjini ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kwesayithi.
Ungasabalalisa ithrafikhi ngokwemithetho yakho, uchaze "isisindo" seseva ngayinye esabalalisiwe kusikhungo ngasinye sedatha. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuwusizo ikakhulukazi uma kunepaki yeseva esabalalisiwe, futhi ukusebenza kwezinsizakalo kuyahlukahluka. Lokhu kuzovumela ukusatshalaliswa okuvamile kwethrafikhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kweseva.
Ukwakha uhlelo lokuqapha usebenzisa umyalo we-ping, kungenzeka ukulungisa ama-probe. Lokhu kuvumela umlawuli ukuthi achaze izinqubo zakhe zokulawula futhi athole umbono ocacile wesimo sengxenye ngayinye kwingqalasizinda. Ngale ndlela, izindlela zokufinyelela zingachazwa.
Kungenzeka ukwakha ingqalasizinda ye-hybrid: ngezinye izikhathi kulula ukushiya ihhovisi elingemuva kunethiwekhi yezinkampani, futhi unikeze ingxenye yesixhumi esibonakalayo kumhlinzeki.
Kungenzeka ukwengeza izitifiketi ze-SSL zokulinganisa umthwalo, ukubethela kwedatha edlulisiwe kanye nokuvikeleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwezivakashi zesayithi nengqalasizinda yezinkampani. Endabeni yokulinganisa umthwalo phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha, i-SSL nayo ingasetshenziswa.
Isevisi yanoma yimuphi ukusakaza enokulinganisa komthwalo wekheli ingatholwa ku-ISP yakho. Lesi sici sizosiza ukuthuthukisa indlela abasebenzisi abasebenzisana ngayo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokusekelwe endaweni. Kwanele ukumemezela ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezitholakalayo esikhungweni sedatha, futhi ithrafikhi izoqondiswa kabusha nengqalasizinda eseduze. Uma kukhona amaseva azinikezele, isibonelo eFrance noma eNyakatho Melika, khona-ke amaklayenti azoqondiswa kuseva eseduze kunethiwekhi.
Enye yezinketho zokusebenzisa i-Anycast ukukhetha okuhle kwephuzu lokuba khona komsebenzisi (PoP). Asilethe . I-LinkedIn (ivinjelwe eRussia) ayifuni nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nesivinini semikhiqizo yayo - izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula newebhu, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yokulethwa kokuqukethwe okusheshayo. Kulokhu kulethwa kokuqukethwe okunamandla, i-LinkedIn isebenzisa kakhulu ama-PoPs - Amaphuzu Obukhona. I-Anycast isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa abasebenzisi ku-PoP eseduze.
Isizathu siwukuthi endabeni ye-Unycast, i-LinkedIn PoP ngayinye inekheli le-IP eliyingqayizivele. Abasebenzisi babe sebenikezwa i-PoP ngokusekelwe endaweni yabo kusetshenziswa i-DNS. Inkinga ukuthi uma usebenzisa i-DNS, cishe u-30% wabasebenzisi e-United States baqondiswe kabusha ku-PoP esezingeni eliphansi. Ngokwethulwa ngezigaba kwe-Anycast, isabelo esingaphansi kwe-PoP sehle sisuka ku-31% saya ku-10%.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuhlola iboniswa kugrafu, lapho i-axis ka-y iyiphesenti lomsebenzi ozokwenziwa we-PoP. Njengoba u-Anycast "enyuka" ezifundazweni eziningi zase-US, kube nokuthuthuka kumaphesenti omgwaqo ukuya ku-PoP elungile.
Ukuqapha kwenethiwekhi ye-Anycast
Ngokombono, amanethiwekhi e-Anycast alula: amaseva aphathekayo amaningi anikezwa ikheli le-IP elifanayo, elisetshenziswa i-BGP ukucacisa umzila. Kodwa ukuqaliswa nokuklanywa kwamapulatifomu e-Anycast kuyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi we-Anycast abekezelela amaphutha. Okunzima nakakhulu ukuqapha okusebenzayo kwenethiwekhi ye-Anycast ukuhlonza ngokushesha nokuhlukanisa amaphutha.
Uma izinsiza zisebenzisa umhlinzeki we-CDN wenkampani yangaphandle ukuze anikeze okuqukethwe kwawo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi aqaphe futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Ukuqapha kwe-Anycast CDN kugxile ekulinganiseni ukubambezeleka kokuphela-kuya-sekupheleni nezici ze-hop eziphambili ukuze uqonde ukuthi yisiphi isikhungo sedatha esinikeza okuqukethwe. Ukuhlaziya izihloko zeseva ye-HTTP enye indlela yokunquma ukuthi idatha ivelaphi.
Isibonelo: Izihloko zezimpendulo ze-HTTP ezibonisa indawo yeseva ye-CDN.
Isibonelo, i-CloudFlare isebenzisa isihloko sayo se-CF-Ray kumilayezo ye-HTTP Response, ehlanganisa inkomba yesikhungo sedatha isicelo senziwe kuso. Endabeni ye-Zendesk, unhlokweni we-CF-Ray wesifunda sase-Seattle yi-CF-RAY: 2a21675e65fd2a3d-SEA kanti e-Amsterdam yi-CF-RAY: 2a216896b93a0c71-AMS. Ungasebenzisa futhi izihloko ze-HTTP-X kusukela kumpendulo ye-HTTP ukuze unqume ukuthi okuqukethwe kukuphi.
Ezinye izindlela zokukhuluma
Kukhona ezinye izindlela zokulungisa zokuthumela izicelo zomsebenzisi endaweni ethile yokugcina yenethiwekhi:
I-unicast
Iningi le-inthanethi namuhla lisebenzisa le ndlela. I-Unicast - i-unicast transmission, ikheli le-IP lihlotshaniswa ne-node eyodwa kuphela kunethiwekhi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukufanisa umuntu nomuntu.
I-Multicast
I-Multicast isebenzisa ubudlelwano bokukodwa kokukodwa kokuningi noma kokuningi kuya kokuningi. I-Multicasting ikuvumela ukuthi uthumele isicelo esivela kumthumeli ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezikhethiwe ezikhethiwe. Lokhu kunikeza iklayenti ikhono lokulanda ifayela ngeziqephu kubasingathi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa (okuwusizo ekusakazeni komsindo noma kwevidiyo). I-Multicast ivamise ukudideka ne-Anycast. Nokho, umehluko omkhulu ukuthi i-Anycast iqondisa umthumeli endaweni eyodwa ethile, ngisho noma etholakala amanodi amaningi.
Yokusakaza
I-datagram esuka kumthumeli oyedwa ihanjiswa kuwo wonke amaphoyinti ahlobene nekheli lokusakaza. Inethiwekhi iphindaphinda ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-datagram ukuze ikwazi ukufinyelela bonke abamukeli ekusakazeni (imvamisa ku-subnet efanayo).
i-geocast
I-Geocast icishe ifane ne-Multicast: izicelo ezivela kumthumeli zithunyelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina. Kodwa-ke, umehluko useqinisweni lokuthi obhalelayo unqunywa indawo akuyo. Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lokusakaza okuningi olusetshenziswa ezinye izimiso zeselula zokuqondisa ngontanga.
I-Geo Router ibala indawo yayo yesevisi futhi iyilinganisele. Ama-georouters, ashintshisana ngezindawo zesevisi, akha amatafula omzila. Uhlelo lwama-georouters lunesakhiwo se-hierarchical.
I-Unicast, i-Multicast ne-Broadcast.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-Anycast kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka, ukuqina nokuphepha kwe-DNS. Besebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, opharetha banikeza amakhasimende abo izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsizakalo zokulinganisa umthwalo ezisuselwa ku-DNS. Kuphaneli yokulawula, ungacacisa amakheli e-IP okuzothunyelwa kuwo izicelo kuye ngendawo yendawo. Lokhu kuzonikeza amakhasimende ikhono lokusabalalisa izicelo zabasebenzisi ngendlela evumelana nezimo.
Ezinye izinkampani zenethiwekhi zisebenzisa ukuqapha komzila wendawo ngayinye-of-presence (POP): isistimu ihlaziya ngokuzenzakalelayo imizila yasendaweni neyomhlaba wonke emifushane yama-POP futhi iwahambisa ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu ze-latency geographic nge-zero downtime.
Okwamanje, i-Anycast iyisixazululo esizinzile nesithembekile sokwakha izinsiza ze-DNS ezinomthwalo ophezulu ezinezidingo eziphakeme zokuzinza nokuthembeka.
Isizinda se-.ru sisekela amaseva we-Anycast DNS angu-35 aqoqwe abe ama-node angu-20 asakazwa kumafu e-Anycast amahlanu. Kulokhu, isimiso sokwakha endaweni sisetshenziswa, i.e. i-geocast. Lapho ubeka ama-DNS node, kuhlelwe ukuwahambisa ezindaweni ezihlakazekile ngokwezwe eduze kwabasebenzisi abakhuthele kakhulu, ukugcwala okukhulu kwabahlinzeki baseRussia endaweni yendawo ye-node, kanye nokutholakala kwamandla amahhala kanye nokusebenzisana kalula nesayithi.
Ungayakha kanjani i-CDN?
I-CDN inethiwekhi yamaseva asheshisa ukulethwa kokuqukethwe kubasebenzisi. ihlanganisa wonke amaseva abe yinethiwekhi eyodwa futhi inikeze ukulayishwa kokuqukethwe okusheshayo. Ibanga ukusuka kuseva ukuya kumsebenzisi lidlala indima ebalulekile esivinini sokulanda.
I-CDN ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amaseva aseduze nezithameli eziqondiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda, kusiza ukusheshisa ukulayishwa kokuqukethwe kwesayithi kubo bonke abavakashi, okubaluleke kakhulu kumasayithi anamafayela amakhulu noma izinsiza ze-multimedia. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zama-CDN ezentengiso nge-inthanethi nezokuzijabulisa.
Inethiwekhi yamaseva engeziwe adalwe kungqalasizinda ye-CDN, etholakala eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kubasebenzisi, inikela ekulethweni kwedatha okuzinzile futhi okusheshayo. Ngokwezibalo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CDN kunciphisa ukubambezeleka lapho ufinyelela isayithi ngaphezu kwe-70% uma kuqhathaniswa namasayithi angenayo i-CDN.
Indlela? Ukusetha i-CDN usebenzisa isixazululo sakho se-Anycast kungase kubize kakhulu, kodwa kunezinketho ezishibhile. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa i-GeoDNS namaseva avamile anamakheli e-IP ahlukile. Ngamasevisi e-GeoDNS, ungakha i-CDN enikwe amandla i-geolocation lapho izinqumo zenziwa ngokusekelwe endaweni yangempela yesivakashi kunendawo yesixazululi se-DNS. Ungasetha indawo yakho ye-DNS ukuze ubonise amakheli e-IP yeseva yase-US ezivakashini zase-US, kuyilapho izivakashi zase-Europe zizobona ikheli le-IP elivela e-Europe.
Nge-GeoDNS, ungabuyisela izimpendulo ezihlukile ze-DNS kuye ngekheli le-IP lomsebenzisi. Ukwenza lokhu, iseva ye-DNS ilungiselelwe ukubuyisela amakheli e-IP ahlukene kuye ngekheli le-IP eliwumthombo esicelweni. Ngokuvamile, isizindalwazi se-GeoIP sisetshenziselwa ukunquma indawo lapho isicelo senziwa khona. I-Geolocation isebenzisa i-DNS ikuvumela ukuthi uthumele okuqukethwe kubasebenzisi kusuka kusayithi eliseduze.
I-GeoDNS ichaza ikheli le-IP leklayenti elithumele isicelo se-DNS, noma i-IP yeseva ye-DNS ephindayo yomhlinzeki, esetshenziswa lapho kucutshungulwa isicelo seklayenti. Izwe/isifunda sinqunywa isizinda se-IP ne-GeoIP yeklayenti. Iklayenti libe selithola ikheli le-IP leseva ye-CDN eseduze. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokumisa i-GeoDNS.
Anycast noma GeoDNS?
Nakuba i-Anycast iyindlela enhle yokuletha okuqukethwe emhlabeni wonke, ayinakho ukucaciswa. Kulapho i-GeoDNS isiza khona. Le sevisi ikuvumela ukuthi udale imithetho ethumela abasebenzisi ezindaweni ezihlukile ngokusekelwe endaweni yabo.
Isibonelo: Abasebenzisi e-Europe bahanjiswa endaweni yokugcina ehlukile.
Ungaphinda unqabele ukufinyelela ezizindeni ngokuyeka zonke izicelo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kuyindlela esheshayo yokusika abahlaseli.
I-GeoDNS inikeza izimpendulo ezinembe kakhulu kune-Anycast. Uma esimweni se-Anycast umzila omfushane kakhulu unqunywa inani lama-hops, bese ku-GeoDNS, umzila wabasebenzisi bokugcina uvela ngokuya ngendawo yabo yangempela. Lokhu kunciphisa ukubambezeleka futhi kuthuthukisa ukunemba lapho udala imithetho ye-granular yomzila.
Lapho ushintshela esizindeni, isiphequluli sifinyelela iseva ye-DNS eseduze, okuthi, kuye ngesizinda, ikhiphe ikheli le-IP ukuze kulayishwe isayithi. Ake sithi isitolo esiku-inthanethi sidumile e-United States naseYurophu, kodwa kukhona amaseva e-DNS aso kuphela e-Europe. Khona-ke abasebenzisi abavela e-US abafuna ukusebenzisa izinsizakalo zesitolo bazophoqeleka ukuthi bathumele isicelo kuseva eseduze, futhi njengoba ikude kakhulu, kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukulinda impendulo - isayithi ngeke layisha ngokushesha.
Uma ubeka iseva ye-GeoDNS e-United States, abasebenzisi bazovele bayithinte. Impendulo izoba ngokushesha, okuzothinta isivinini sokulayisha isayithi.
Esimweni esineseva ye-DNS ekhona yase-US, lapho umsebenzisi ovela e-US ezulazula kulesi sizinda, uzophendukela kuseva eseduze, ezokhipha i-IP oyifunayo. Umsebenzisi uzoqondiswa kuseva equkethe okuqukethwe kwesayithi, kodwa njengoba amaseva anokuqukethwe akude, ngeke akuthole ngokushesha.
Uma futhi ubeka amaseva e-CDN anedatha egcinwe kunqolobane e-US, khona-ke lapho ulayisha, isiphequluli seklayenti sizothumela isicelo kuseva eseduze ye-DNS, ezobuyisela ikheli le-IP elilungile. Isiphequluli esine-IP etholiwe sithintana neseva ye-CDN eseduze kanye neseva enkulu, futhi iseva ye-CDN ithumela okuqukethwe okugcinwe kunqolobane esipheqululini. Ngenkathi okuqukethwe okugcinwe kunqolobane kulayishwa, amafayela ashodayo ukuze alayishe isayithi eligcwele avela kuseva enkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi sokulayisha isayithi sincishisiwe, njengoba amafayela ambalwa kakhulu athunyelwa kusuka kuseva enkulu.
Ukunquma indawo eqondile yekheli elithile le-IP akuwona umsebenzi olula ngaso sonke isikhathi: kunezici eziningi ezidlalwayo, futhi abanikazi bohlu lwamakheli e-IP bangase banqume ukulimemezela ngaphesheya komhlaba (khona-ke kuzomele ulinde kuze kube isizindalwazi siyabuyekezwa ukuze kutholwe indawo efanele). Kwesinye isikhathi, abahlinzeki be-VPS babela amakheli okukholakala ukuthi ase-US ku-VPS eSingapore.
Ngokungafani nokusebenzisa amakheli e-Anycast, ukwaba kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwegama, hhayi ngesikhathi sokuxhunywa kuseva yenqolobane. Uma iseva ye-recursive ingawasekeli ama-subnet eklayenti le-EDNS, indawo yaleyo seva ephindaphindayo isetshenziswa esikhundleni somsebenzisi ozoxhuma kuseva yenqolobane.
Amanethi angaphansi eklayenti ku-DNS ayisandiso se-DNS (RFC7871) esichaza ukuthi amaseva e-DNS aphindaphindayo angathumela kanjani ulwazi mayelana neklayenti kuseva ye-DNS, ikakhulukazi ulwazi lwenethiwekhi olungasetshenziswa iseva ye-GeoDNS ukuze kunqunywe ngokunembe kakhulu indawo yeklayenti.
Iningi lisebenzisa amaseva abo e-ISP's DNS, noma amaseva e-DNS aseduze nawo ngokwendawo, kodwa uma othile e-US ngesizathu esithile enquma ukusebenzisa isixazululi se-DNS esitholakala e-Australia, cishe azothola ikheli leseva ye-IP eliseduze kakhulu ne-Australia.
Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa i-GeoDNS, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lezi zici, njengoba kwezinye izimo kungandisa ibanga phakathi kwamaseva e-caching kanye neklayenti.
Isifinyezo: Uma ufuna ukuhlanganisa ama-VPS amaningi abe yi-CDN, inketho engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa iwukusebenzisa inqwaba yeseva ye-DNS ngesici se-GeoDNS + Anycast ngaphandle kwebhokisi.
Source: www.habr.com