Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ngabuyela kubhulogi ukuze ngithole okuthunyelwe okuhlukile ezifundweni ezijwayelekile eziyisicefe mayelana ne-Haskell nezibalo. Bengisebenza ku-fintech e-EU eminyakeni embalwa edlule futhi kubonakala sengathi isikhathi sesifikile sokubhala ngesihloko esithole ukunakwa okuncane kwabezindaba zobuchwepheshe.
I-Facebook isanda kukhipha lokho ekubiza ngokuthi "inkundla yezinsizakalo zezezimali entsha" ebizwa ngokuthi i-Libra. Ibekwe njengohlelo lokukhokhelana kwedijithali olusekelwe kubhasikidi wezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawulwa "ku-blockchain" futhi zigcinwe endaweni yemali ephethwe eSwitzerland. Imigomo yephrojekthi iwukuvelela futhi ihlanganisa imiphumela emikhulu yezwe.
Π ΠΈ Izindatshana eziningi ezinengqondo mayelana nokuqagela okungalungile kwezimali nomnotho ngemuva kwesistimu yezezimali ehlongozwayo. Kodwa abekho ochwepheshe abanele abakwazi ukuhlaziya ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe. Ababaningi abantu abasebenza kwingqalasizinda yezezimali futhi bakhulume esidlangalaleni ngomsebenzi wabo, ngakho-ke le phrojekthi ayitholi ukwaziswa okuningi kwabezindaba zobuchwepheshe, nakuba ingaphakathi layo livulekele umhlaba. Ngisho umthombo ovulekile kumakhosombe ΠΈ .
Okuvulekele umhlaba i-architecturally schizophrenic artifact enezicelo zokuthi inkundla evikelekile yengqalasizinda yezinkokhelo zomhlaba wonke.
Uma ungena esisekelweni sekhodi, ukuqaliswa kwangempela kwesistimu kuyahluka ngokuphelele emgomweni oshiwo, nangezindlela ezixakile kakhulu. Ngiqinisekile ukuthi le phrojekthi inomlando webhizinisi othokozisayo. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi yaklanywa ngokukhuthala okuthile, kodwa empeleni ngibona isethi eyinqaba ngempela yezinqumo zezakhiwo eziphula lonke uhlelo futhi zibeke abasebenzisi engozini.
Ngeke ngenze sengathi nginombono oqondile mayelana ne-Facebook njengenkampani. Bambalwa abantu embonini ye-IT abambuka ngozwela. Kodwa ukuqhathanisa izitatimende zayo kanye nekhodi eshicilelwe kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi injongo eshiwo ikhohlisa ngokuyisisekelo. Ngamafuphi, le phrojekthi ayinikezi muntu amandla. Uzoqhubeka ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula kwenkampani ibhizinisi layo lokukhangisa eligcwele amahlazo nenkohlakalo kangangokuthi ayinakho enye indlela ngaphandle kokuzama ukuhlukanisa izinkokhelo zayo kanye namaphuzu esikweletu ukuze iphile. Umgomo ocacile wesikhathi eside uwukusebenza njengomthengisi wedatha kanye nomxhumanisi ekufinyeleleni kwabathengi kukhredithi ngokusekelwe kudatha yabo yomuntu siqu yenkundla yezokuxhumana. Lena indaba enyantisayo futhi emnyama engakutholi ukunakwa okufanele.
Okuwukuphela komusa osindisayo wale ndaba ukuthi i-artifact abayidalile ayifaneleki ngokujabulisayo umsebenzi owenziwayo kangangokuthi ingabonakala kuphela njengesenzo se-hubris. Kunamaphutha ambalwa amakhulu ezakhiwo kule phrojekthi:
Ukuxazulula Inkinga Yama-Byzantine Generals Kunethiwekhi Yokulawula Ukufinyelela kuwumklamo Ongahambisani
Inkinga yojenene baseByzantium iyindawo encane kakhulu yocwaningo lwezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe. Ichaza ikhono lesistimu yenethiwekhi ukumelana nokwehluleka kwengxenye okungahleliwe ngenkathi ithatha izinyathelo zokulungisa ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesistimu. Inethiwekhi eqinile kufanele imelane nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zokuhlaselwa, okuhlanganisa ukuqalisa kabusha, ukuphuma, imithwalo enonya, nokuvota okunonya okhethweni lobuholi. Lesi yisinqumo esiyinhloko sokwakhiwa kweLibra, futhi akunangqondo nhlobo lapha.
Isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi yalesi sakhiwo esengeziwe sincike ku-algorithm. Ziningi izincwadi ezikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zezivumelwano ze-Paxos kanye ne-Raft ezixazulula inkinga yojenene baseByzantine, kodwa zonke lezi zinhlaka zethula okunye okungaphezulu kokuthintana 
ukugcina ikhoramu. Ku-Libra, bakhethe i-algorithm enezindleko zokuxhumana eziphezulu kakhulu uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kobuholi. Futhi kukhona okunye okungaphezulu okuvela ekukhethweni kabusha okungaba khona kwabaholi kuzo zonke izinhlobo eziningi zemicimbi yokuhluleka kwenethiwekhi.
Ohlelweni olusebenza ngaphakathi kwenhlanganisela yezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawulwa kakhulu, lapho bonke abasebenzisi benekhodi esayinwe yi-Facebook futhi ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi kulawulwa yi-Facebook, akunangqondo ukucabangela ababambiqhaza abanonya ezingeni lokuvumelana. Akukacaci ukuthi kungani lolu hlelo lungaxazulula inkinga yojenene baseByzantium, kunokuba limane ligcine umkhondo wokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ongaguquki ukuze lihlole ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho. Amathuba e-Libra node eqhutshwa yi-Mastercard noma u-Andressen Horrowitz ngokuzumayo aqale ukusebenzisa ikhodi enonya kuyisimo esiyinqaba okufanele usihlele futhi kusingathwa kangcono ngokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bephrothokholi kanye nezindlela ezingezona ezobuchwepheshe (okungukuthi ezomthetho).
Ubufakazi kuCongress bukhokhise umkhiqizo njengoqhudelana naye ezivumelwaneni ezintsha zokukhokha zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-WeChat, i-Alipay ne-M-Pesa. Kodwa-ke, azikho kulezi zinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukusebenza kumachibi okuqinisekisa ukuxazulula inkinga yojenene baseByzantine. Imane yakhelwe ebhasini lendabuko elinomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu elenza izintambo ngokuvumelana nesethi emisiwe yemithetho. Lena indlela engokwemvelo yokuklama uhlelo lokukhokha. Iklanywe kahle uhlelo lokukhokha ngeke luhlangabezane nenkinga yokuchitha kabili kanye nezimfoloko.
I-overhead ye-algorithm yokuvumelana ayixazululi noma iyiphi inkinga futhi ikhawulela kuphela ukuphuma kwesistimu ngaphandle kwesizathu ngaphandle kwenkolo yempahla ye-blockchain yomphakathi, engahloselwe leli cala lokusebenzisa.
I-Libra ayinakho ubumfihlo bokwenziwe
Ngokwamaphepha, isistimu yakhelwe kucatshangelwa ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, okungukuthi, amakheli asetshenziswe kuphrothokholi atholakala kokhiye basesidlangalaleni kumajika ayi-elliptic futhi awaqukethe imethadatha emayelana nama-akhawunti. Kodwa-ke, akukho ndawo encazelweni yesakhiwo sokubusa senhlangano noma kuphrothokholi ngokwayo lapho ibonisa ukuthi idatha yezomnotho ehilelekile ekuthengiseni izofihlwa kanjani kubaqinisekisi. Uhlelo luklanyelwe ukuphindaphinda okwenziwayo ngesilinganiso esikhulu kuhlu lwezinkampani zangaphandle, okuzothi ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona yezimfihlo yamabhange aseYurophu nase-US, akufanele kube yimfihlo imininingwane yezomnotho.
Izinqubomgomo zedatha kuwo wonke amazwe kunzima ukuzihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa imithetho nezimiso ezihlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezinokubukwa kwamasiko okuhlukile ekuvikelweni kwedatha nobumfihlo. Iphrothokholi ngokwayo ngokuzenzakalelayo ivuleleke ngokuphelele kumalungu e-consortium, okuwukushiyeka okucacile kwezobuchwepheshe okungahlangabezani nezidingo eyakhelwe yona.
I-Libra HotStuff BFT ayikwazi ukufeza umphumela odingekayo ohlelweni lokukhokha
E-UK, izinhlelo zokusula ezifana ne-BAC ziyakwazi ukuphatha cishe ukuthengiswa kwe-580 ngenyanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, amasistimu athuthukiswe kakhulu njenge-Visa angacubungula okwenziwayo okungu-000 ngosuku. Ukusebenza kuyahlukahluka kuye ngosayizi wokwenziwe, umzila wenethiwekhi, umthwalo wesistimu, kanye (amasu okulwa nokuxhashazwa kwemali, amasu okushushumbisa imali).
I-Libra izama ukuxazulula izinkinga okungezona izinkinga ngempela zokudluliselwa kwasekhaya, njengoba amazwe ezizwe enze ingqalasizinda yawo yokuhlanza ibe yesimanje kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Kubathengi bezitolo e-European Union, ukuhambisa imali akuyona inkinga nhlobo. Kungqalasizinda yendabuko, lokhu kungenziwa nge-smartphone ejwayelekile ngemizuzwana. Ngokudluliselwa kwezinkampani ezinkulu, kunezindlela nemithetho ehlukahlukene ehambisana nokuhambisa imali enkulu.
Asikho isizathu sobuchwepheshe sokuthi kungani izinkokhelo eziwela imingcele zingakwazi futhi ukucutshungulwa ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokuhlukana kwemithetho nezimfuneko phakathi kwezindawo ezifanele. Uma izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuvimbela (ukukhuthala okufanele kwekhasimende, ukuhlola unswinyo, njll.) zenziwa izikhathi eziningi ezigabeni ezihlukene zochungechunge lomsebenzi, lokhu kungase kubangele ukubambezeleka kokwenziwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubambezeleka kuwumsebenzi wemithetho elawulayo kanye nokuhambisana, hhayi ubuchwepheshe.
Kubathengi, asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani ukuthengiselana kwe-UK kungacaci ngemizuzwana nje. Ukuthengiselana kwezitolo e-EU ngempela kuhamba kancane (Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho) kanye nemikhawulo ye-AML ebekwe ohulumeni nabalawuli, esebenza ngokulinganayo ezinkokhelweni ze-Libra. Ngisho noma i-Facebook ibinganqoba izithiyo zokudluliswa kwemingcele kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha yangasese, imodeli ehlongozwayo iqhele ngekhulu leminyaka yomuntu kusukela ekudlulisweni komsebenzi womhlaba wonke futhi kungenzeka kudingeke ukuthi iklanywe kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni.
Ulimi lwe-Libra Move alulungile
Iphepha elimhlophe lenza izisho ezinesibindi ngolimi olusha, olungahloliwe olubizwa ngokuthi Hambisa. Lezi zitatimende ziyathandabuza ngokombono we-programming language theory (PLT).
I-Move iwulimi olusha lohlelo lokuqalisa umsebenzi onengqondo nezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ku-Libra blockchain. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Libra ihlose ukusebenzela izigidigidi zabantu ngolunye usuku, i-Move idizayinelwe ngokuvikeleka njengento ebaluleke kakhulu.
Isici esiyinhloko se-Move yikhono lokuchaza izinhlobo zezinsiza ezingafaneleki ngama-semantics agqugquzelwe ukuqonda komugqa.
Kuma-blockchain omphakathi, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zibhekana nengqondo yamanethiwekhi omphakathi anama-akhawunti e-escrow, ukushushumbiswa kwemali, ukukhishwa kwamathokheni e-OTC, nokugembula. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngolimi olungaklanywe kahle ngendlela emangalisayo olubizwa ngeSolidity, okuthi ngokombono wezemfundo wenze umbhali we-PHP abukeke njengengcweti. Okuxakayo ukuthi, ulimi olusha oluvela ku-Facebook lubonakala lungahlangene nalobu buchwepheshe, njengoba empeleni luwulimi lokubhala oluhloselwe izinjongo zebhizinisi ezingacacile.
Kumaleja asabalalisiwe ayimfihlo, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingeminye yaleyo migomo ephonswa abaxhumanisi ngaphandle kokunaka incazelo ecacile noma injongo. Abaxhumanisi besofthiwe yebhizinisi ngokuvamile benza imali ngokungaqondakali, futhi izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ziyi-apotheosis ye-obscurantism yezinkampani ngoba zingachazwa njenganoma yini ngokoqobo.
Ngemuva kokwenza izimangalo mayelana nokuphepha kwayo, sidinga ukubheka i-semantics yolimi. Ukulunga kuthiyori yolimi lokuhlela ngokuvamile iqukethe ubufakazi obubili obuhlukene: βinqubekelaphambiliβ βnokugcinwaβ, okunquma ukuvumelana kwaso sonke isikhala semithetho yokuhlola yolimi. Ikakhulukazi, kuthiyori yohlobo, umsebenzi "uqondile" uma kusetshenziswa ukungqubuzana kwawo kanye kanye, kanye "nokuhambisana" uma iwusebenzisa kanye nje. Isistimu yohlobo lomugqa inikeza isiqinisekiso esimile sokuthi umsebenzi omenyezelwe womugqa ungumugqa ngempela ngokunikeza izinhlobo kuwo wonke amagama angaphansi komsebenzi kanye nokulandelela lapho amakholi enziwa khona. Lesi yisici esicashile ukufakazela futhi akulula ukusisebenzisa kulo lonke uhlelo. Ukuthayipha ngomugqa kusewumkhakha wokufunda kakhulu, okuthonywa ukuqaliswa kohlobo oluhlukile kokuthi Hlanza bese uthayipha ubunikazi ku-Rust. Kuneziphakamiso zokuqala zokwengeza izinhlobo zomugqa ku-Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
Isitatimende sika-Move mayelana nokusebenzisa izinhlobo zomugqa sibonakala njengokucwila okungadingekile kumhlanganisi, kusukela lapho . Ngokwazi komuntu, iphepha elimhlophe licaphuna izincwadi ze-canonical ezivela ku-Girard no-Peirce, futhi akukho okufanayo ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela.
Ukwengeza, i-semantics esemthethweni yolimi okuthiwa luvikelekile ayiveli ndawo ekusetshenzisweni noma embhalweni. Ulimi luncane ngokwanele ukuthola ubufakazi obuphelele be-semantics elungile ku-Coq noma ku-Isabelle. Eqinisweni, isihlanganisi sokuguqula esiphelele esisuka ekugcineni siye ekupheleni esinobufakazi bokudluliswa ku-bytecode singenzeka ngamathuluzi esimanje aqanjwe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Siyazi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani, siqala emuva ngo-1996.
Ngokombono wethiyori yolimi lokuhlela, akwenzeki ukuhlola isimangalo sokuthi i-Move iwulimi oluthembekile noluvikelekile, njengoba lezi zimangalo zilingana nokunyakazisa izandla nokumaketha okumsulwa kunobufakazi bangempela. Lesi isimo esishaqisayo sephrojekthi yolimi ecelwa ukuthi icubungule izigidigidi zamarandi zokuthengiselana.
I-cryptography ye-Libra ayinamaphutha
Ukwakha ama-cryptosystem avikelekile kuyinkinga enzima kakhulu yobunjiniyela, futhi kuhlala kungcono kakhulu ukusondela ekusebenzeni ngekhodi eyingozi onomthamo omuhle we-paranoia enempilo. Kukhona impumelelo enkulu kule ndawo, njengephrojekthi ye-Microsoft Everest, eyakha indawo evikelekile engaqinisekiswa. . Amathuluzi asevele ekhona okudala izinto zokuqala eziqinisekisekayo. Nakuba lokhu kubiza, ngokusobala akukho ngaphezu kwamandla ezomnotho we-Facebook. Kodwa-ke, ithimba lanquma ukungabambi iqhaza kulo msebenzi, owamenyezelwa njengesisekelo esithembekile sohlelo lwezezimali lomhlaba wonke.
iphrojekthi ye-libra kusuka kumalabhulali amaningana amasha ngokudala ama-cryptosystem okuhlola avele eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ukuncika kulawa mathuluzi alandelayo kuphephile noma cha, ngoba ayikho kulawa mamitapo ehloliwe futhi ayinazo izinqubomgomo ezijwayelekile zokudalula. Ikakhulukazi, kweminye imitapo yolwazi eyinhloko asikho isiqiniseko mayelana nokuvikelwa ekuhlaselweni kwesiteshi eseceleni nokuhlaselwa kwesikhathi.
Umtapo wolwazi uba ngovivinyo kakhulu futhi wedlulele , kusetshenziswa amasu amasha kakhulu afana ne-verrifiable random function (ama-VRF), amapheya aphindwe kabili, namasignesha e-threshold. Lezi zindlela nemitapo yolwazi kungase kube okunengqondo, kodwa ukukuhlanganisa konke kusistimu eyodwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nendawo yokuhlasela. Inhlanganisela yawo wonke la mathuluzi amasha kanye namasu kwandisa kakhulu inkimbinkimbi yokufakazela ukuphepha.
Kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi sonke lesi sitaki se-cryptographic sisengozini yokuhlaselwa okuhlukahlukene kuze kuqinisekiswe ngenye indlela. Imodeli ye-Facebook edumile ethi 'Hambisa Ngokushesha futhi Uphule Izinto' ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kumathuluzi e-cryptographic acubungula idatha yezezimali yekhasimende.
I-Libra yehluleka ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela abathengi
Isici esihlukile sesistimu yokukhokha yikhono lokubuyisela emuva umsebenzi uma inkokhelo ikhanseliwe icala noma iholela ekwehlulekeni kwengozi noma kwesistimu. Isistimu ye-Libra yakhelwe ukuthi "iphelele" futhi ayifaki uhlobo lomsebenzi wokukhanselwa kwenkokhelo. E-UK, zonke izinkokhelo eziphakathi kuka-Β£100 no-Β£30,000 zingaphansi koMthetho Wezikweletu Zabathengi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isistimu yokukhokha yabelana ngesibopho nomthengisi uma kuba nenkinga ngomkhiqizo othengiwe noma uma umamukeli wenkokhelo enganikezi isevisi. Imithetho efanayo iyasebenza e-EU, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
Idizayini yamanje ye-Libra ayifaki iphrothokholi yokuthobela le mithetho futhi ayinalo uhlelo olucacile lokuyidala. Okubi nakakhulu, ngokombono wezakhiwo, isiphetho sesakhiwo sedatha esiqinisekisiwe se-kernel, ngokusekelwe esimweni sedrayivu ye-Merkle, akuvumeli noma iyiphi indlela yokudala isimiso esinjalo ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha i-kernel.
Ngemva kokwenza isibuyekezo sobuchwepheshe sale phrojekthi, singaphetha ngokuthi ngeke iphumelele kunoma yiluphi ucwaningo lwezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe ezihlonishwayo noma kujenali yobunjiniyela bezezimali. Ukuze uzame ukushintsha inqubomgomo yezimali yomhlaba, inani elikhulu lomsebenzi wobuchwepheshe lidinga ukwenziwa ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi ethembekile kanye nokucutshungulwa okuvikelekile kwedatha yomsebenzisi umphakathi nabalawuli abangabathemba.
Angisiboni isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi i-Facebook yenze umsebenzi odingekayo ekwakhiweni kwayo ukuze inqobe lezi zinkinga zobuchwepheshe noma ukuthi inezinzuzo zobuchwepheshe ngaphezu kwengqalasizinda yamanje. Ukuthi inkampani idinga ukuguquguquka kokulawula ukuze ihlole izinto ezintsha akusona izaba zokungazenzi kuqala.
Source: www.habr.com