I-Astra Linux "Eagle" Common Edition: ingabe kukhona ukuphila ngemva kweWindows

Sithole ukubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe okuvela komunye wabasebenzisi be-OS yethu, esingathanda ukwabelana nawe ngayo.

I-Astra Linux iphuma ku-Debian eyakhiwa njengengxenye yohlelo lwenguquko yesoftware yamahhala yaseRussia. Kunezinguqulo eziningana ze-Astra Linux, enye yazo ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, kwansuku zonke - I-Astra Linux "Eagle" Common Edition. I-Russian OS yawo wonke umuntu iyathakazelisa ngokwencazelo, futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma nge-Orel ngokombono womuntu osebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintathu nsuku zonke (Windows 10, Mac OS High Sierra ne-Fedora) futhi ubelokhu ethembekile ku-Ubuntu okokugcina. Iminyaka engu-13. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, ngizobuyekeza uhlelo ngombono wokufakwa, i-interfaces, isofthiwe, izici eziyisisekelo zabathuthukisi kanye nokulula okuvela emazingeni ahlukene. Ngabe i-Astra Linux izosebenza kanjani uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile? Futhi ingabe ingabuyisela iWindows ekhaya?

Faka i-Astra Linux

Isifaki se-Astra Linux sifana kakhulu nesifaki se-Debian. Mhlawumbe eyokuqala ilula nakakhulu, njengoba iningi lamapharamitha lilungiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Konke kuqala ngesivumelwano selayisense jikelele ngokumelene nesizinda sezakhiwo ezingekho phezulu kakhulu. Mhlawumbe naku-Orel.

Iphuzu elibalulekile ekufakweni ukukhethwa kwesofthiwe eza nesistimu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izinketho ezitholakalayo zihlanganisa ihhovisi elijwayelekile nezidingo zomsebenzi ("zabangebona onjiniyela").

Futhi, iwindi lokugcina liyisethi eyengeziwe yezilungiselelo: ukuvimbela otolika, ama-consoles, ukulandelela, ukusetha ibhithi lokukhishwa, njll. Uma lawa magama engakutsheli lutho, kungcono ukuthi ungamaki noma yikuphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke lokhu, uma kunesidingo, kungalungiswa kamuva.

Uhlelo lwafakwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ebonakalayo enezinsiza ezinesizotha (ezihlobene nezinhlelo zesimanje). Bekungekho sikhalo ngesivinini kanye nokusebenza. Ukucushwa okuhlolwa kukho kuchazwe ngezansi.

Inqubo yokufaka ilula: khweza iso isithombe, faka ngenqubo evamile yokufaka isistimu bese ushisa i-bootloader ye-GRUB.

Uhlelo aludingi izinsiza ekuqaliseni - cishe u-250-300 MB we-RAM ekuqaleni kwemodi yedeskithophu.

Ezinye izinketho zokuqalisa: ithebhulethi nemodi yefoni

Uma ungena ngemvume, ungakhetha ezinhlelweni ezimbalwa zokuqalisa: okuphephile, ideskithophu, iselula, noma ithebhulethi.

Ungakwazi ukunika amandla ikhibhodi ekusikrini kumadivayisi wokuthinta.

Ake sibone ukuthi yini ethokozisayo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ideskithophu iyimodi evamile lapho isistimu ifana neWindows.

Imodi yethebhulethi ifanele izikrini zokuthinta ezinkulu. Ngaphezu komehluko osobala wangaphandle ongabonwa kusithombe-skrini esingezansi, kunezinye izici zokusebenzelana. Ikhesa ekumodi yethebhulethi ayibonakali, inkinobho yokuvala izinhlelo zokusebenza ibekwe kubha yomsebenzi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesikrini esigcwele zisebenza ngokuhlukile kancane, amafayela kusiphathi sefayela nawo akhethwa ngokuhlukile.

Kuhle ukusho imodi yeselula - yonke into lapha icishe ifane ne-Android. Imvelo yesithombe sokundiza isetshenziswa. Kumamodi okuthinta, ukuthinta okude kuyasebenza, ongabiza ngakho imenyu yokuqukethwe. Imodi yeselula idla izinsiza ezithe xaxa uma iqhathaniswa nedeskithophu nethebhulethi.

Ukuba khona kwezindlela ezihlukene zokusebenza kulungele. Isibonelo, uma usebenzisa ithebhulethi enekhibhodi exhunywayo futhi, ngokufanelekile, izimo zokusebenzisa zokuthinta nokungathinteki.

Ukuvuselelwa kwesistimu

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukusebenzisa isistimu, udinga ukuyibuyekeza. Ikakhulukazi izinqolobane I-Astra Linux amaphakheji ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14 (ezinzile, test и okokuhlola igatsha). Igatsha lokuhlola maduze lizothola izibuyekezo ezingazinzile, ngakho-ke sizohlola igatsha lokuhlola. Shintsha inqolobane ibe ukuhlolwa.

Siqala isibuyekezo senqolobane futhi sibuyekeze isistimu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, chofoza inkinobho ethi "Buyekeza" phezulu kwesokunxele, bese "Maka zonke izibuyekezo", bese "Sebenzisa". Siqalisa kabusha.

Inqubomgomo Yomsebenzisi

Abasebenzisi abasha badalwa ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa insiza yokuphatha inqubomgomo yezokuphepha.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, umsebenzi wokungena ngemvume unikezwa (Iphaneli Yokulawula - Isistimu - Ngena ngemvume).

Ngokungeziwe kuseshini evamile ehlukene nekude, ungaqala iseshini efakwe isidleke (Qala - Vala Shaqa - Iseshini).

Okubili kokuqala kucacile. Iseshini efakwe kusidleke iseshini eqala efasiteleni leseshini yamanje.

Amaseshini, ngendlela, angaqedwa ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe: ungalindi ukuphela kokusebenza okude, kodwa mane usethe ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo.

Isixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nesoftware ye-Astra Linux ejwayelekile

I-Astra Linux Common Edition isikhumbuza i-Debian njengoba yayinjalo eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Astra Linux Common Edition yangaphandle izama ukusondela kuWindows.

Ukuzulazula nokusebenza ngesistimu yefayela kuseduze ne-Windows kune-Linux. Isithombe sohlelo siza nesethi ejwayelekile yesoftware: ihhovisi, inethiwekhi, ihluzo, umculo, ividiyo. Izilungiselelo zesistimu nazo ziqoqwe kumenyu enkulu. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, izikrini ezine ziyatholakala.

Njengoba ubona, i-LibreOffice ifakwe njengendawo yehhovisi ohlelweni.

Iphaneli yokulawula iyafana neWindows/Mac/etc futhi ihlanganisa izilungiselelo eziyinhloko endaweni eyodwa.

Imenenja yefayela ine-interface enamaphaneli amabili futhi iyakwazi ukukhweza izingobo zomlando njengamafolda.

Umphathi wefayela angakwazi ukubala amasheke, okuhlanganisa GOST R 34.11-2012.

I-Mozilla Firefox ifakwe njengesiphequluli esizenzakalelayo. Ibukeka i-ascetic impela, kodwa yanele impela. Isibonelo, ngivule futhi ngibheke ku-Habr omusha. Amakhasi ayanikezwa, isistimu ayiphahlazeki noma ilenga.

Ukuhlolwa okulandelayo ukuhlela ihluzo. Silande isithombe esihlokweni se-athikili kaHabr, sacela uhlelo ukuthi lusivule ku-GIMP. Akukho okungajwayelekile nalapha.

Futhi ngokunyakaza okuncane kwesandla, sengeza isivivinyo se-KPDV kwesinye sezindatshana. Empeleni, akukho mehluko ezinhlelweni ezijwayelekile ze-Linux lapha.

Ake sizame ukweqa imibhalo elula futhi sifake amaphakheji ajwayelekile nge-apt-get. 

Ngemva kokubuyekeza izinkomba:

sudo apt-get update

Ukuze sihlole, sifake i-python3-pip, zsh futhi sidlule ekufakweni kwe-oh-my-zsh (ngokuncika okwengeziwe kwe-git). Uhlelo lusebenze ngokujwayelekile.

Njengoba ubona, isistimu isebenza kahle kuhlaka lwezimo zansuku zonke ezijwayelekile zomsebenzisi ojwayelekile. Uma ulindele ukubona izinhlelo ezijwayele i-Debian/Ubuntu lapha, kuzodingeka ukuthi uzifake ngokungeziwe, ngesandla (isibonelo, uma udinga amaphakheji afana ne-ack-grep, afakwa nge-curl/sh). Ungangeza amakhosombe ku-sources.list futhi usebenzise i-apt-get evamile.

Izinsiza zokuphathelene ne-Astra Linux

Amathuluzi achazwe ngenhla ayingxenye nje yalokho okutholakala kubasebenzisi be-Astra Linux. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathuthukisi badale izinsiza ezengeziwe ezingaba yikhulu ezingafakwa ngendawo yokugcina efanayo eyasetshenziswa ukubuyekeza uhlelo. 

Ukuze uthole izinsiza, kwanele ukucinga igama elithi "fly" - zonke izinsiza ezidingekayo zinesiqalo esinjalo.

 
Kunzima ukutshela mayelana nazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lokubuyekezwa okukodwa, ngakho-ke sizokhetha ezimbalwa eziwusizo kusukela ekubukeni komsebenzisi olula. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwesimo sezulu lubonisa isibikezelo samadolobha akhethiwe eRussia, alungiselelwe isifunda saseRussia.

Kukhona futhi insiza elula yokuqhafaza enezihlungi ezimbalwa nezinketho zokusesha amafayela.

Kukhona insiza yayo yokuqapha ibhethri nezindlela ezahlukahlukene, uguquko olulungiswayo nge-timer - cisha ukuqapha, ukulala, ukulala.

Ukukhethwa kwamafayela asebenzisekayo emiyalo nakho kusongwe ngegobolondo lesithombe. Isibonelo, ungacacisa ukuthi iyiphi i-"vi" uhlelo oluzoyikhetha lapho isebenzisa umyalo.

Ngosizo oluhlukile lomlawuli, ungamisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizoqala ekuqaleni kwesistimu.

Kukhona nokuqapha kwe-GPS / GLONASS, okuwusizo kakhulu ocingweni / kuthebhulethi (lapho imojula ehambisanayo ivame ukuba khona).

Iphinde ibe nesifundi sayo esilula se-PDF, ezivivinyweni zethulwe encwadini ethi ISiko Lamahhala nguLawrence Lessig.

Ungafunda ngazo zonke izinsiza ze-Fly ku ukuvakasha okubonakalayo ye-Astra Linux, engxenyeni ethi "Usizo" yedeskithophu ebonakalayo.
 

Qhathanisa nezinhlelo ezinkulu

Ngokombono we-interface kanye nengqondo yezilawuli, uhlelo lufana ne-Windows XP yakudala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - izakhi ezihlukene ze-Mac OS.

Mayelana nezinsiza, i-console kanye ne-hardware, uhlelo lufana ne-Debian yakudala, enhle kakhulu futhi ejwayelekile kubasebenzisi abafanayo be-Ubuntu ne-Minted, nakuba abathuthuke kakhulu bazontula uhla olujwayelekile lwamaphakheji kuwo wonke ama-repositories.

Uma ngiphakamisa ulwazi lwami kusithombe sabasebenzisi abangase babe ngabasebenzisi, ngilindele okuhle ngesistimu entsha. Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngeWindows/Mac, abasebenzisi abajwayelekile bazokwazi ukukhululeka nge-Astra Linux Common Edition ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Futhi abasebenzisi be-Linux abathuthuke kakhulu, besebenzisa izinsiza ezijwayelekile ze-unix, bazomisa yonke into njengoba bebona kufanele.

Inguqulo yamanje ye-Astra Linux isuselwe ku-Debian 9.4 futhi ine-kernel entsha evela ku-Debian 10 (4.19). 

Yebo, kunezinguqulo ezintsha ze-Ubuntu, kodwa kune-caveat eyodwa encane kodwa ebalulekile - ayiwona ama-LTS (Ukusekelwa Kwesikhathi Eside). Izinguqulo ze-LTS ze-Ubuntu zisezingeni elifanayo ne-Astra Linux ngokwezinguqulo zephakheji. Ngithathe idatha ye-Astra Linux (i-Astra Linux Special Edition eqinisekisiwe ukwenza kube lula ukulandelela izinsuku zokukhishwa kwenguqulo ye-OS) ku-W.i-kipedia, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezinguqulo ze-LTS zobuntu, futhi yilokhu okwenzekile: 

Ukukhishwa kwe-Ubuntu LTS
Ukukhishwa kwe-Astra Linux Special Edition

Usuku
Inguqulo
Usuku
Inguqulo

17.04.2014

I-14.04 LTS

19.12.2014

1.4

21.04.2016

I-16.04 LTS

08.04.2016

1.5

26.04.2018

I-18.04 LTS

26.09.2018

1.6

Isinqumo

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-Astra Linux "Eagle" Common Edition:

• Ayiwi, ayiqini, akukho zinkinga ezibucayi eziphawulwe.
• Ilingisa ngempumelelo izixhumanisi zeWindows NT/XP.
• Kulula futhi kube lula ukufakwa.
• Izidingo eziphansi zensiza.
• Isofthiwe eyinhloko ifakwe kuqala: i-LibreOffice office suite, umhleli wezithombe ze-GIMP, njll.
• Isethi enkulu yezinsiza ezengeziwe.
• Izinguqulo zephakheji zindala kunezinguqulo zakamuva ze-Ubuntu.
• Inqolobane yayo incane kuneka-Ubuntu ne-Debian.

Isiphetho: Izinguqulo zakamuva ezingezona ze-LTS ze-Ubuntu zifaneleka kakhulu kumsebenzisi wasekhaya kune-Astra.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungase kungafaneleki kubasebenzisi basekhaya ukuthi bahlale ekusakazweni kwe-LTS, kodwa ezinhlanganweni kuyinketho evamile. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa konjiniyela be-Astra Linux okuhloswe ngaso esigabeni sebhizinisi kuyaqondakala futhi kunengqondo.

Ngokuqondene nokushiyeka, kungenzeka ukuthi kube yiqiniso kulabo abajwayele ukusebenza ne-Linux, njengoba ngaphandle kwe-Astra Linux "Ukhozi" iseduze kakhulu ne-Windows kune-Linux. 

I-Astra Linux "Eagle" Common Edition ibukeka ingena esikhundleni esihle senguqulo yehhovisi yeWindows njengengxenye yoshintsho lukahulumeni lwesoftware yamahhala, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kungase kubonakale kufana nokonga.

Kusuka enkampanini ye-Astra Linux: sihlala sixhumana nabasebenzisi bohlelo lwethu lokusebenza. Sibhalwa njalo mayelana nokuvela kwabo - hhayi kuphela yilabo abasanda kushintshela ku-OS yethu, kodwa nabasebenzisi asebesebenzise isofthiwe yethu isikhathi eside. Uma unemininingwane olungele ukwabelana ngayo nokuchaza ulwazi lwakho lomsebenzisi ne-Astra, bhala kumazwana nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana.

Source: www.habr.com