Ukuhlasela kweviki: izingcingo zezwi nge-LTE (ReVoLTE)

Kusuka kumhumushi kanye no-TL;DR

1. TL; DR:

   Kubonakala sengathi i-VoLTE ivikeleke kakhulu kunamakhasimende okuqala e-Wi-Fi ane-WEP. I-miscalculation ye-architectural ekhethekile ekuvumela ukuthi u-XOR ithrafikhi kancane futhi ubuyisele ukhiye. Ukuhlaselwa kungenzeka uma useduze nomuntu ofonayo futhi eshaya izingcingo njalo.

2. Siyabonga ngethiphu kanye ne-TL;DR Klukonin

3. Abacwaningi benze uhlelo lokusebenza ukunquma ukuthi inkampani yakho yenethiwekhi isengozini, funda kabanzi lapha. Yabelana ngemiphumela kumazwana, i-VoLTE ivaliwe esifundeni sami ku-Megafon.

Mayelana nomlobi

UMathewu Green.

Ngiyi-cryptographer kanye noprofesa e-Johns Hopkins University. Ngiklame futhi ngahlaziya amasistimu e-cryptographic asetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi angenantambo, amasistimu okukhokha, nezinkundla zokuphepha zokuqukethwe kwedijithali. Ocwaningweni lwami, ngibheka izindlela ezahlukene zokusebenzisa i-cryptography ukuthuthukisa ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi.

Sekuyisikhashana ngabhala ifomethi yokuthunyelwe "ukuhlasela kweviki", kwangicasula. Hhayi ngoba bekungekho ukuhlaselwa, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngoba bekungekho ukuhlaselwa kokuthile okusetshenziswe kabanzi ngokwanele ukungikhipha ebhlokini lombhali.

Kodwa namuhla ngifikile ukuhlasela okuthakazelisayo ebizwa nge-ReVoLTE yamaphrothokholi engijabule kakhulu ngokugetshengwa, okuyizinhlelo ze-LTE zenethiwekhi yeselula (izwi phezu kwezwi). Ngijabule ngalezi zimiso ezithile—nalokhu kuhlasela okusha—ngoba akuvamile ukubona izivumelwano zangempela zenethiwekhi yeselula nokusetshenziswa kugetshengwa. Ikakhulukazi ngoba la mazinga athuthukiswa emakamelweni agcwele intuthu futhi abhalwa emibhalweni enamakhasi ayi-12000 okungeyena wonke umcwaningi ongakwazi ukuyiphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza lokhu kuhlasela kuphoqa abacwaningi ukuthi basebenzise izimiso zomsakazo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngakho-ke, ubungozi obukhulu be-cryptographic bungasabalala emhlabeni wonke, mhlawumbe buzoxhashazwa ohulumeni kuphela, ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umcwaningi aqaphele. Kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile kukhona okuhlukile, futhi ukuhlasela kwanamuhla kungenye yazo.

Ababhali ukuhlaselaAbahlanganyeli: UDavid Rupprecht, uKatharina Kohls, uThorsten Holz noChristina Pöpper baseRuhr-University Bochum kanye neNyuvesi yaseNew York e-Abu Dhabi. Lokhu ukuhlasela okuhle kokufaka kabusha ukhiye kuphrothokholi yezwi okungenzeka ukuthi usuvele uyisebenzisa (kucatshangwa ukuthi uvela esizukulwaneni esidala esisashaya izingcingo sisebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini).

Okokuqala, uhambo olufushane lomlando.

Yini i-LTE ne-VoLTE?

Isisekelo sezindinganiso zethu zesimanje zocingo lwamaselula sabekwa e-Europe emuva kuma-80s ngokwezinga I-Global System Yeselula (I-Global System for Mobile Communications). I-GSM yaba indinganiso yokuqala yocingo lweselula yedijithali enkulu, eyethula izici eziningi eziguquguqukayo, njengokusebenzisa. ukubethela ukuvikela izingcingo. I-GSM yasekuqaleni yayiklanyelwe ngokuyinhloko ukuxhumana ngezwi, nakuba imali ingaba dlulisa enye idatha.

Njengoba ukudluliswa kwedatha kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula, amazinga e-Long Term Evolution (LTE) athuthukiswa ukuze enze lolu hlobo lokuxhumana lube lula. I-LTE isuselwe eqenjini lamazinga amadala afana ne-GSM, EDGE и I-HSPA futhi yakhelwe ukwandisa isivinini sokushintshana kwedatha. Kukhona okuningi komkhiqizo futhi ukudukisa ngamagama angalungilekodwa i-TL;DR iwukuthi i-LTE iwuhlelo lokudlulisa idatha olusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwamaphrothokholi wedatha yamaphakethe amadala kanye nobuchwepheshe bedatha yeselula besikhathi esizayo. 5G.

Yebo, umlando usitshela ukuthi uma sekukhona (IP) umkhawulokudonsa owanele otholakalayo, imiqondo efana nethi “izwi” kanye “nedatha” izoqala ukufiphala. Okufanayo kusebenza kumaphrothokholi amaselula wesimanje. Ukwenza lolu shintsho lube bushelelezi, izindinganiso ze-LTE ziyachaza I-Voice-over-LTE (I-VoLTE), okuyindinganiso ye-IP yokuphatha izingcingo zezwi ngokuqondile ngendiza yedatha ye-LTE, yeqe ingxenye yokudayela yenethiwekhi yeselula ngokuphelele. Njengokujwayelekile Izingcingo ze-VoIP,Izingcingo ze-VoLTE zinganqanyulwa ngu-opharetha wamaselula futhi zixhunywe kunethiwekhi yocingo evamile. Noma (njengoba kuya ngokuya kuvama) bona ingahanjiswa ngqo kusuka kuklayenti elilodwa leselula liye kwelinye, futhi ngisho naphakathi kwabahlinzeki abahlukene.

Njenge-VoIP evamile, i-VoLTE isuselwe kuzivumelwano ezimbili ezidumile ezisekelwe ku-IP: I-Session Initiation Protocol (Iphrothokholi Yokuqalisa Yesikhathi - SIP) yokusetha ucingo, kanye nephrothokholi yezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela (I-Real Time Transport Protocol, okufanele ibizwe nge-RTTP kodwa empeleni ebizwa nge-RTP) ukuze kucutshungulwe idatha yezwi. I-VoLTE futhi yengeza okunye ukulungiselelwa komkhawulokudonsa, njengokucindezelwa kwekhanda.

Kulungile, lokhu kuhlangene ngani nokubethela?

I-LTE, njenge GSM, inesethi evamile yamaphrothokholi e-cryptographic yokubethela amaphakethe njengoba edluliselwa emoyeni. Ngokuyinhloko yakhelwe ukuvikela idatha yakho njengoba ihamba phakathi kwefoni (ebizwa ngokuthi imishini yomsebenzisi, noma i-UE) kanye nombhoshongo weselula (noma nomaphi lapho umhlinzeki wakho enquma ukunqamula uxhumano). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abahlinzeki bamaselula babuka amadivayisi angaphandle okulalela njengezitha. Yebo, kunjalo.

(Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ukuxhumeka kwe-VoLTE kungenzeka ngokuqondile phakathi kwamakhasimende kumanethiwekhi abahlinzeki ahlukene kusho ukuthi iphrothokholi ye-VoLTE ngokwayo inamaphrothokholi okubethela angeziwe futhi okuzithandela angenzeka ezingqimbeni eziphezulu zenethiwekhi. Lokhu akuhambisani nesihloko samanje, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi bangamosha yonke into (sizokhuluma ngabo kafushane ngokulandelayo).

Ngokomlando, ukubethela ku-GSM bekukade kunjalo amaphuzu amaningi abuthakathaka: kubi ama-ciphers, izivumelwano lapho ifoni kuphela egunyazwe khona embhoshongweni (okusho ukuthi umhlaseli angenza umbhoshongo, akhiqize "Stingray") njalo njalo. I-LTE ilungise iziphazamisi eziningi ezisobala ngenkathi igcina ukwakheka okufanayo.

Ake siqale ngokubethela ngokwakho. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ukudalwa kokhiye sekuvele kwenzekile - futhi sizokhuluma ngalokho emzuzwini - bese iphakethe ngalinye ledatha libethelwa kusetshenziswa ukubethela kokusakaza kusetshenziswa into ebizwa ngokuthi "EEA" (okuyinto engenziwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezifana ne-AES ). Empeleni, indlela yokubhala ngemfihlo ilapha CTRnjengoba ngezansi:

I-algorithm enkulu yokubethela yamaphakethe e-VoLTE (umthombo: I-ReVoLTE). I-EEA iyi-cipher, "COUNT" iyikhawunta ye-32-bit, i-"BEARER" iyinkomba yeseshini ehlukile ehlukanisa ukuxhumana kwe-VoLTE nethrafikhi ye-inthanethi evamile. "I-DIRECTION" ikhombisa ukuthi ithrafikhi ibheke ngakuphi - ukusuka e-UE ukuya embhoshongweni noma ngokuphambene nalokho.

Njengoba i-algorithm yokubethela ngokwayo (EEA) ingasetshenziswa kusetshenziswa i-cipher eqinile njenge-AES, mancane amathuba okuthi kube nokuhlasela okuqondile ku-cipher ngokwayo njengalokhu. kwenzeka ngezinsuku ze-GSM. Kodwa-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi ngisho ne-cipher eqinile, lolu hlelo lokubethela luyindlela enhle yokuzidubula onyaweni.

Ikakhulukazi: izinga le-LTE lisebenzisa i-cipher (engagunyaziwe) yokusakaza enemodi ezoba sengozini kakhulu uma isibali - nokunye okokufaka okufana "nomphathi" kanye "nezikhombisi-ndlela" - kusetshenziswa kabusha. Ngolimi lwanamuhla, igama lalo mqondo lithi “ukuhlasela okungakaze kusetshenziswe kabusha,” kodwa ubungozi obungaba khona lapha akuyona into yesimanje. Zidumile futhi zasendulo, kusukela ezinsukwini ze-glam metal ngisho ne-disco.

Ukuhlaselwa kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kumodi ye-CTR kube khona ngisho nalapho Ubuthi sebaziwa

Ukukhuluma iqiniso, izindinganiso ze-LTE zithi, "Sicela ungaphinde uwasebenzise lawa mamitha." Kodwa izindinganiso ze-LTE cishe zingamakhasi angu-7000 ubude, futhi kunoma yikuphi, kufana nokuncenga izingane ukuthi zingadlali ngesibhamu. Bayokwenza nakanjani, futhi kuzokwenzeka izinto ezimbi. Isibhamu esidubulayo kuleli cala siwukuhlasela kokusetshenziswa kabusha kokusakaza kokhiye, lapho imilayezo emibili eyimfihlo ehlukene ithumela u-XOR amabhayithi okhiye okusakaza afanayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu kunomthelela omubi kakhulu ekugcinweni kuyimfihlo kwezokuxhumana.

Iyini i-ReVoLTE?

Ukuhlasela kwe-ReVoLTE kukhombisa ukuthi, empeleni, lo mklamo wokubethela osengozini kakhulu usetshenziswa kabi yihardware yomhlaba wangempela. Ngokukhethekile, ababhali bahlaziya izingcingo ze-VoLTE zangempela ezenziwe kusetshenziswa okokusebenza kwezentengiso futhi babonise ukuthi bangasebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlasela kokufakwa kabusha kokhiye." (Isikweletu esiningi sokuthola le nkinga siya kuso Reise kanye no Lu (U-Raza no-Lu), ababa ngabokuqala ukuveza ubungozi obungase bube khona. Kodwa ucwaningo lwe-ReVoLTE luyiguqula ibe ukuhlasela okungokoqobo).

Ake ngikubonise kafushane ingqikithi yokuhlasela, nakuba kufanele ubheke futhi idokhumenti yomthombo.

Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi uma i-LTE isisungule uxhumano lwedatha yephakethe, umsebenzi wezwi nge-LTE uba yindaba nje yokuhambisa amaphakethe ezwi phezu kwalolo xhumo kanye nayo yonke enye ithrafikhi yakho. Ngamanye amazwi, i-VoLTE izoba umqondo okhona kuphela Izinga lesi-2 [Amamodeli we-OSI - cishe.]. Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele.

Eqinisweni, isendlalelo sesixhumanisi se-LTE sethula umqondo wokuthi "umphathi". Abathwali yizihlonzi zeseshini ezihlukene ezihlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zethrafikhi yephakethe. Ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi evamile (i-Twitter yakho ne-Snapchat) idlula kumphathi oyedwa. Ukusayinda kwe-SIP kwe-VoIP kudlula kwenye, futhi amaphakethe ethrafikhi yezwi acutshungulwa ngokwesithathu. Anginalo ulwazi oluningi ngomsakazo we-LTE nezindlela zomzila wenethiwekhi, kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi kwenziwa ngale ndlela ngoba amanethiwekhi e-LTE afuna ukuphoqelela izindlela ze-QoS (ikhwalithi yesevisi) ukuze ukusakazwa kwephakethe okuhlukile kucutshungulwe emazingeni ahlukene abalulekile: i.e. eyakho isilinganiso sesibili Ukuxhumana kwe-TCP ku-Facebook kungase kube nokubalulekile okuphansi kunezingcingo zakho zezwi zesikhathi sangempela.

Lokhu ngokuvamile akuyona inkinga, kodwa imiphumela imi kanje. Okhiye bokubethela kwe-LTE badalwa ngokuhlukene ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kufakwa "isithwali" esisha. Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kufanele kwenzeke futhi njalo uma ushaya ucingo olusha. Lokhu kuzophumela ekusetshenzisweni kokhiye wokubethela ohlukile kukholi ngayinye, kususe ithuba lokuphinda kusetshenziswe ukhiye ofanayo ukuze ubethele amasethi amabili ahlukene wamaphakethe ekholi yezwi. Ngempela, izinga le-LTE lisho okuthile okufana nokuthi "kufanele usebenzise ukhiye ohlukile njalo uma ufaka isithwali esisha ukuze ubambe ucingo olusha." Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi lokhu kuyenzeka ngempela.

Eqinisweni, ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela kwempilo, izingcingo ezimbili ezihlukene ezenzeka ezindaweni eziseduze zizosebenzisa ukhiye ofanayo - ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi abaphathi abasha begama elifanayo bayalungiswa phakathi kwabo. Ushintsho olungokoqobo kuphela olwenzeka phakathi kwalezi zingcingo ukuthi isibali sokubethela sisethwe kabusha sibe uziro. Ezincwadini lokhu kubizwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlasela kokufakwa kabusha kokhiye. Umuntu angase aphikise ngokuthi lokhu empeleni kuyiphutha lokuqalisa, nakuba kulokhu ubungozi bubonakala busukela kakhulu ezingeni ngokwalo.

Empeleni, lokhu kuhlasela kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kokusakaza kokhiye, lapho umhlaseli angathola khona amaphakethe abethelwe angu-$inline$C_1 = M_1 oplus KS$inline$ kanye ne-$inline$C_2 = M_2 oplus KS$inline$, okuvumela ukubalwa kuka-$inline$ C_1 kanye ne-C_2 = M_1 kanye ne-M_2$inline$. Okungcono nakakhulu, uma umhlaseli azi eyodwa kwe-$inline$M_1$inline$ noma $inline$M_2$inline$, angakwazi ukubuyisela enye ngokushesha. Lokhu kumnika isikhuthazo esinamandla thola enye yezingxenye ezimbili ezingabetheliwe.

Lokhu kusiletha esimweni sokuhlasela esiphelele nesisebenza kakhulu. Cabanga ngomhlaseli ongakwazi ukuvimba ukugcwala kwerediyo phakathi kwefoni eqondiwe kanye nombhoshongo weselula, futhi oba nenhlanhla ngandlela thize yokurekhoda amakholi amabili ahlukene, okwesibili kwenzeke ngokushesha ngemva kokokuqala. Manje ake ucabange ukuthi angaqagela ngandlela thize okuqukethwe okungabethelwe kwenye yezingcingo. Ngokunjalo ukuzola umhlaseli wethu angakwazi ukususa ukubhala ngokuphelele ucingo lokuqala esebenzisa i-XOR elula phakathi kwamasethi amabili amaphakethe.

Yebo, inhlanhla ayihlangene nayo. Njengoba amafoni enzelwe ukwamukela amakholi, umhlaseli ongakwazi ukuzwa ikholi yokuqala uzokwazi ukuqalisa ikholi yesibili ngesikhathi esiphuma ngaso eyokuqala. Le kholi yesibili, uma ukhiye wokubethela ofanayo usetshenziswa futhi ngokusethwa kabusha kwekhawunta kube uziro, kuzovumela idatha engabetheliwe ukuthi itholwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umhlaseli wethu empeleni elawula idatha ngesikhathi socingo lwesibili, angakwazi ukubuyisela okuqukethwe ocingweni lokuqala - sibonga eziningi ezenziwe ngokukhethekile. izinto ezincane,edlala ngecele.

Nasi isithombe sohlelo olujwayelekile lokuhlasela oluthathwe kuso idokhumenti yokuqala:

Uhlolojikelele lokuhlasela kusuka Idokhumenti ye-ReVoLTE. Lolu hlelo luthatha ukuthi izingcingo ezimbili ezahlukene zenziwa kusetshenziswa ukhiye ofanayo. Umhlaseli ulawula i-passive sniffer (phezulu kwesokunxele), kanye nocingo lwesibili, angakwazi ngalo ukushaya ucingo lwesibili ocingweni lwesisulu.

Ngakho ingabe ukuhlasela kuyasebenza ngempela?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lona umbuzo oyinhloko wendatshana mayelana ne-ReVoLTE. Yonke le mibono engenhla inhle ngombono, kodwa ishiya imibuzo eminingi. Njenge:

1. Kungenzeka (kubacwaningi bezemfundo) ukuthi babambe ukuxhumana kwe-VoLTE?
2. Ingabe amasistimu wangempela we-LTE aqala kabusha?
3. Ungakwazi yini ukuqalisa ucingo lwesibili ngokushesha nangokuthembekile ngokwanele ukuze ifoni nombhoshongo ziphinde zisebenzise ukhiye?
4. Noma ngabe ama-system akhiyeka kabusha, ungakwazi ngempela ukwazi okuqukethwe okungabetheliwe ocingweni lwesibili - uma kubhekwa ukuthi izinto ezifana nama-codec kanye ne-transcoding zingashintsha ngokuphelele (bit-by-bit) okuqukethwe kwalolo cingo lwesibili, noma ngabe uyakwazi ukufinyelela "izingcezu". "iphuma efonini yakho yokuhlasela?

Umsebenzi we-ReVoLTE uphendula eminye yale mibuzo ngokuvuma. Ababhali basebenzisa isofthiwe yezentengiselwano-iphinda ilungiseke i-sniffer yokusakaza yomsakazo ebizwa I-Airscope ukuze ubambe ucingo lwe-VoLTE kusukela ohlangothini lwe-downlink. (Ngicabanga ukuthi ukujwayelana nesoftware nokuthola umbono ongemuhle wokuthi isebenza kanjani kwathatha izinyanga ezimpilweni zabafundi abampofu abaphothule - okujwayelekile kulolu hlobo locwaningo lwezemfundo).

Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha ukhiye kusebenze, ucingo lwesibili kwakufanele lwenzeke ngokushesha ngokwanele ngemva kokuba olokuqala luphelile, kodwa hhayi ngokushesha kakhulu—cishe imizuzwana eyishumi kubaqhubi abazame ngabo. Ngenhlanhla, akunandaba ukuthi umsebenzisi uyaluphendula yini ucingo ngalesi sikhathi - "ring" okungukuthi. Uxhumo lwe-SIP ngokwalo luphoqa opharetha ukuthi asebenzise kabusha ukhiye ofanayo.

Ngakho-ke, izinkinga eziningi ezimbi kakhulu ziphathelene nenkinga (4) - ukuthola izingcezu zokuqukethwe okungabethelwe kocingo oluqalwe umhlaseli. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuningi okungenzeka kokuqukethwe kwakho njengoba kuhamba kusuka ocingweni lomhlaseli kuya ocingweni lomhlukumezi ngenethiwekhi yeselula. Isibonelo, amaqhinga angcolile njengokurekhoda kabusha ukusakaza komsindo ofakwe ikhodi, okushiya umsindo ufana, kodwa kuguqule ngokuphelele ukumelwa kwayo kanambambili. Amanethiwekhi e-LTE aphinde asebenzise ukucindezelwa kwesihloko se-RTP, okungashintsha kakhulu iphakethe le-RTP.

Okokugcina, amaphakethe athunyelwe umhlaseli kufanele ahambisane cishe namaphakethe athunyelwe ngesikhathi socingo lokuqala. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga ngoba ukulungisa ukuthula phakathi nocingo kuphumela emilayezweni emifushane (okubizwa nangokuthi umsindo wokunethezeka) engase ingalingani kahle nekholi yoqobo.

Isigaba "ukuhlasela komhlaba wangempela" Kuyafaneleka ukufunda ngokuningiliziwe. Ibhekana nezinkinga eziningi ezingenhla - ikakhulukazi, ababhali bathole ukuthi amanye ama-codec awakhokhwa kabusha, nokuthi cishe u-89% wokumelwa kanambambili kwekholi eqondiwe angatholwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso okungenani kuma-opharetha amabili aseYurophu ahlolwe.

Leli izinga lempumelelo eliphakeme ngokumangalisayo, futhi uma ngingagwegwesi liphakeme kakhulu kunalokho engangikulindele lapho ngiqala ukusebenza kulo mbhalo.

Pho singenzani ukuze sikulungise?

Impendulo esheshayo yalo mbuzo ilula kakhulu: njengoba ingqikithi yokuba sengozini ingukhiye wokusebenzisa kabusha (ukufaka kabusha) ukuhlasela, mane ulungise inkinga. Qinisekisa ukuthi kutholwa ukhiye omusha ocingweni ngalunye, futhi ungalokothi uvumele isibali sephakethe ukuthi sisethe kabusha isibali sibuyele kuqanda usebenzisa ukhiye ofanayo. Inkinga ixazululiwe!

Noma mhlawumbe cha. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini eminingi, futhi, uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ukulungiswa okunjalo ngokwakho akuthembeki kakhulu. Kungaba kuhle uma amazinga angathola indlela evikeleke kakhudlwana yokusebenzisa izindlela zawo zokubethela ezingeyona ingozi ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinkingeni ezinjalo zokuphinda zisetshenziswe.

Enye inketho engenzeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zokubethela lapho ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-nonce kungaholeli emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele. Lokhu kungase kubize kakhulu kwezinye izingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha zamanje, kodwa ngokuqinisekile indawo abaklami bendawo okufanele bacabange ngayo esikhathini esizayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba amazinga e-5G esezothatha umhlaba.

Lolu cwaningo olusha luphinde luphakamise umbuzo ojwayelekile wokuthi kungani ukuhlaselwa okufanayo kwama-damn kuyaqhubeka kuvela ezingeni elilodwa emva kwelinye, eziningi zazo ezisebenzisa imiklamo nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezifanayo. Uma ubhekene nenkinga yokufaka kabusha ukhiye ofanayo kuwo wonke amaphrothokholi asetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-WPA2, awucabangi ukuthi kungase kube isikhathi sokwenza izicaciso zakho nezinqubo zokuhlola ziqine kakhudlwana? Yeka ukuphatha abasebenzisa izindinganiso njengabalingani abacabangayo abanake izexwayiso zakho. Baphathe njengezitha (ezingahlosiwe) ezizokwenza izinto zingahambi kahle.

Noma, ngokunye, singenza lokho izinkampani ezifana ne-Facebook ne-Apple eziqhubeka zikwenza: ukwenza ukubethelwa kwekholi yezwi kwenzeke ezingeni eliphezulu lesitaki senethiwekhi ye-OSI, ngaphandle kokuthembela kubakhiqizi bemishini yamaselula. Singase siphushele ukubethelwa kokugcina kwezingcingo zezwi, njengoba kwenza i-WhatsApp nge-Signal ne-FaceTime, sicabanga ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uvele ame. sikhuphuke. Bese (ngaphandle kwemethadatha ethile) eziningi zalezi zinkinga zizovele zinyamalale. Lesi sixazululo sibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni lapho ngisho nohulumeni abanaso isiqiniseko sokuthi bayabethemba yini abahlinzeki babo bemishini.

Noma singenza lokho izingane zethu esezikwenzile kakade: yeka ukuphendula lezo zingcingo zezwi ezicasulayo.

Source: www.habr.com