Ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni akubona obunye bobuchwepheshe obusemfashinini okumenyezelwa ngabo kuzo zonke izinsimbi. Kufanele kube kunoma iyiphi inkampani ebucayi, yilokho kuphela. Senza isipele amaseva ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ebhange lethu - lona umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi, othokozisayo, okunye okucashile okukhona, kanye nemibono eyiphutha ejwayelekile mayelana nama-backups, efuna ukutshelwa.
Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-20 ngisebenza kulesi sihloko, lapho iminyaka engu-2 edlule ngisePromsvyazbank. Ekuqaleni komkhuba, ngenza izipele cishe ngesandla, ngemibhalo ekopisha amafayela kalula. Kwabe sekuvela amathuluzi alula ku-Windows: insiza ye-Robocopy yokulungiselela amafayela kanye ne-NT Backup ukuze ikopishwe. Kwabe sekufika isikhathi sesoftware ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi i-Veritas Backup Exec, manje ebizwa nge-Symantec Backup Exec. Ngakho-ke bengijwayelene nama-backups isikhathi eside.
Ngamagama alula, ukwenza isipele ukugcina ikhophi yedatha (imishini ebonakalayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, isizindalwazi kanye namafayela) uma kwenzeka kuba njalo. Umcimbi ngamunye uvamise ukuzibonakalisa njengehadiwe noma ukwehluleka okunengqondo futhi kubangele ukulahleka kwedatha. Umsebenzi wesistimu yokusekelayo ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa okuvela ekulahlekeni kolwazi. Ukwehluleka kwehadiwe, isibonelo, ukwehluleka kweseva noma isitoreji lapho isizindalwazi sikhona. Okunengqondo - lokhu ukulahlekelwa noma ukuguqulwa kwengxenye yedatha, okuhlanganisa ngenxa yesici somuntu: basuse ngephutha ithebula, ifayela, baqalisa iskripthi esigwegwile ukuze sisetshenziswe. Kukhona nezidingo zokulawula zokugcina uhlobo oluthile lolwazi isikhathi eside, isibonelo, kuze kufike eminyakeni eminingana.
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezipele ukubuyiselwa kwekhophi egciniwe yolwazi ukuze kusetshenziswe amasistimu okuhlola ahlukahlukene, ama-clones onjiniyela.
Kunezinganekwane ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile ezizungeze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni okufanele zichithwe kudala. Nazi ezidume kakhulu kuzo.
Inganekwane 1. Isipele sekuyisikhathi eside siwumsebenzi omncane ngaphakathi kwezokuphepha noma izinhlelo zokugcina
Amasistimu wokwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ahlala eyikilasi elihlukile lezixazululo, futhi ezimele kakhulu. Banomsebenzi omningi kakhulu okumele bawenze. Eqinisweni, ziwumugqa wokugcina wokuzivikela uma kuziwa ekuthembekeni kwedatha. Ngakho-ke ikhophi yasenqolobaneni isebenza ngesivinini sayo, ngohlelo lwaso. Umbiko wansuku zonke ukhiqizwa amaseva, kukhona izehlakalo ezisebenza njengezibangeli zesistimu yokuqapha.
Futhi, isibonelo sokufinyelela kusistimu yokusekelayo ikuvumela ukuthi unikeze ingxenye yegunya kubaphathi bamasistimu okuqondiwe ukuze ulawule izipele.
Inganekwane 2. Uma kune-RAID, isipele asisadingeki.
Ngokungangabazeki, ama-RAID array kanye nokuphindaphinda kwedatha kuyindlela enhle yokuvikela izinhlelo zolwazi ekuhlulekeni kwehadiwe, futhi uma uneseva yokulinda, ungakwazi ukuhlela ngokushesha ukushintshela kuyo uma kwenzeka umshini omkhulu wehluleka.
Kusukela emaphutheni anengqondo enziwe abasebenzisi bohlelo, ukuphindaphinda nokuphindaphinda akulondolozi. Nasi iseva yokulinda yokubhala emuva - yebo, ingasiza uma kutholwa iphutha ngaphambi kokuthi ivunyelaniswe. Futhi uma isikhathi siphuthelwe? Isipele esifike ngesikhathi kuphela esizosiza lapha. Uma wazi ukuthi idatha ishintshile izolo, ungakwazi ukubuyisela isistimu kuze kube ngayizolo futhi ukhiphe idatha edingekayo kuyo. Njengoba kunikezwe iqiniso lokuthi amaphutha anengqondo yiwona avame kakhulu, isipele esidala esihle sihlala siyithuluzi elifakazelwe nelidingekayo.
Inganekwane 3. Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yinto eyenziwa kanye ngenyanga.
Imvamisa yokusekelayo isilungiselelo esilungisekayo esincike kakhulu ezidingweni zakho zokulondoloza ikhophi. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthola idatha cishe engashintshi futhi engabalulekile ikakhulukazi, ukulahlekelwa kwabo ngeke kubaluleke kakhulu enkampanini.
Ngempela, zingenziwa ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kanye ngenyanga futhi kancane kancane. Kodwa idatha ebaluleke kakhulu igcinwa kaningi, kuye ngenkomba ye-RPO (Recovery point objrective), ebeka ukulahleka kwedatha okuvunyelwe. Lokhu kungaba kanye ngesonto, kanye ngosuku, noma izikhathi ezimbalwa ngehora. Sinalawa malogi okwenziwayo avela ku-DBMS.
Lapho amasistimu efakwa emsebenzini wokuhweba, imibhalo eyisipele kufanele ivunywe, ebonisa amaphuzu abalulekile, inqubo yokuvuselela, inqubo yokubuyisela uhlelo, inqubo yokugcina izipele, nokunye okunjalo.
Inganekwane 4. Umthamo wamakhophi ukhula njalo futhi uthatha noma yisiphi isikhala esabiwe ngokuphelele.
Izipele zinesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokugcinwa. Awenzi mqondo, isibonelo, ukugcina zonke izipele zansuku zonke ezingu-365 phakathi nonyaka. Njengomthetho, kuyamukeleka ukugcina amakhophi nsuku zonke amaviki angu-2, emva kwalokho ashintshwa amasha, futhi inguqulo eyenziwe kuqala ngenyanga ihlala isitoreji isikhathi eside. Nayo, nayo igcinwa isikhathi esithile - ikhophi ngayinye inokuphila konke.
Kukhona ukuvikelwa kokulahleka kwedatha. Umthetho uyasebenza: ngaphambi kokuba ikhophi yasenqolobaneni isuswe, elandelayo kufanele yakhelwe. Ngakho-ke, idatha ngeke isuswe uma isipele singakaqedwa, isibonelo, ngenxa yokungatholakali kweseva. Akuwona kuphela amafreyimu esikhathi ahlonishwayo, kodwa inombolo yamakhophi kusethi nayo iyalawulwa. Uma uhlelo luklanyelwe ukuthi lube nezipele ezimbili ezigcwele, zizohlala zikhona ezimbili, futhi endala izosuswa kuphela lapho enye yesithathu ibhalwa ngempumelelo. Ngakho-ke ukukhula kwevolumu ethathwe ingobo yomlando yokusekelayo kuhlotshaniswa kuphela nokukhula kwenani ledatha evikelwe futhi akuncikile esikhathini.
Inganekwane 5. Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni iqalile - konke kulenga
Kungcono ukusho lokhu: uma konke kulenga, khona-ke izandla zomlawuli azikhuli kusukela lapho. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwekhophi yasenqolobaneni kuncike ezintweni eziningi. Isibonelo, ngesivinini sesistimu yokusekelayo ngokwayo: isivinini se-disk storages, tape library. Kusukela kusivinini samaseva wesistimu yokusekelayo: noma ngabe banesikhathi sokucubungula idatha, ukwenza ukucindezela nokuphindaphinda. Futhi nangejubane lemigqa yokuxhumana phakathi kweklayenti neseva.
Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ingaya ekusakazweni okukodwa noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngokuthi isistimu eyenziwa ikhophi yasenqolobaneni iyakusekela yini ukufunda okuningi. Isibonelo, i-Oracle DBMS ikuvumela ukuthi unikeze izintambo eziningi, ngokuya ngenani lamaphrosesa atholakalayo, kuze kube yilapho izinga lokudlulisa lifinyelela umkhawulo womkhawulokudonsa wenethiwekhi.
Uma uzama ukwenza isipele inombolo enkulu yezintambo, khona-ke kukhona ithuba lokulayisha ngokweqile uhlelo olusebenzayo, luzoqala ngempela ukwehla. Ngakho-ke, inani elilungile lezintambo likhethwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okwanele. Uma ukwehla kancane kokusebenza kubalulekile, khona-ke kukhona inketho enhle kakhulu lapho isipele senziwa hhayi kwiseva yokulwa, kodwa kusukela ku-clone yayo - okubekwe eceleni ku-database terminology. Le nqubo ayiqalisi isistimu yokusebenza eyinhloko. Idatha ingabuyiswa ngokusakaza okuningi, njengoba iseva ayisetshenziselwa ukunakekelwa.
Ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, inethiwekhi ehlukile yenzelwe uhlelo lokusekelayo ukuze isipele singaphazamisi ukukhiqizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithrafikhi ingase ingadluliswa ngenethiwekhi, kodwa nge-SAN.
Sizama ukusabalalisa umthwalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi. Izipele ngokuvamile zenziwa ngamahora angasebenzi: ebusuku, ngezimpelasonto. Futhi, azigijimi zonke ngasikhathi sinye. Izipele zemishini ebonakalayo ziyicala elikhethekile. Inqubo cishe ayinawo umthelela ekusebenzeni komshini ngokwawo, ngakho-ke isipele singasakazwa emini, futhi singahlehlisi yonke into ebusuku. Kunobuqili obuningi, uma ucabangela konke, ukwenza isipele ngeke kuthinte ukusebenza kwezinhlelo.
Inganekwane 6. Sethule uhlelo lokusekelayo - lokho kuwukubekezelela iphutha kuwe
Ungalokothi ukhohlwe ukuthi uhlelo lokusekelayo luwumugqa wokugcina wokuzivikela, okusho ukuthi kufanele kube nezinye izinhlelo ezinhlanu phambi kwalo eziqinisekisa ukuqhubeka, ukutholakala okuphezulu nokubekezelela izinhlekelele kwengqalasizinda ye-IT kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi lwebhizinisi.
Ngethemba ukuthi isipele sizobuyisela yonke idatha futhi siphakamise ngokushesha isevisi ewile akufaneleki. Ukulahleka kwedatha kusukela ngesikhathi sokwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kuya esikhathini sokwehluleka kuqinisekisiwe, futhi idatha ingalayishwa kuseva entsha amahora ambalwa (noma izinsuku, njengoba unenhlanhla). Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ukudala amasistimu aphelele abekezelela amaphutha ngaphandle kokuguqula yonke into ibe isipele.
Inganekwane 7. Ngamisa isipele kanye, ngahlola ukuthi siyasebenza. Kusele ukubheka izingodo kuphela
Lena enye yezinganekwane eziyingozi kakhulu, inkohliso oyibona kuphela ngesikhathi sesigameko. Amalogi ayisipele ngempumelelo akusona isiqinisekiso sokuthi konke kuhambe ngendlela obekufanele ngempela. Kubalulekile ukuhlola ikhophi elondoloziwe ukuze isetshenziswe kusenesikhathi. Okungukuthi, qala inqubo yokutakula endaweni yokuhlola futhi ubheke umphumela.
Futhi okuncane mayelana nomsebenzi womphathi wesistimu
Kumodi eyenziwa mathupha, akekho noyedwa okopishe idatha isikhathi eside. Ama-SRK esimanje angakwazi ukwenza isipele cishe yonke into, kufanele nje ukusethe kahle. Uma iseva entsha yengeziwe, setha izinqubomgomo: khetha okuqukethwe okuzokwenziwa isipele, cacisa izinketho zokulondoloza, futhi usebenzise uhlelo.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, usemningi umsebenzi ngenxa yoxhaxha lwamaseva, okuhlanganisa isizindalwazi, izinhlelo zemeyili, amaqoqo emishini ebonakalayo, kanye namasheya amasheya kokubili ku-Windows ne-Linux / Unix. Izisebenzi ezigcina uhlelo lokusekelayo lusebenza azihlali zingenzi lutho.
Ngokuhlonipha iholide, ngithanda ukufisela bonke abaphathi izinzwa ezinamandla, ukucaca kokunyakaza kanye nesikhala esingapheli sokugcina ama-backups!
Source: www.habr.com