Ukubuyekezwa kokuhlaziya kwezinsongo ze-cybersecurity ezinhlelweni zolwazi lwezokwelapha olufanele esikhathini esisuka ku-2007 kuya ku-2017.

- Zivame kangakanani izinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha eRussia?
- Ungangitshela okwengeziwe mayelana ne-Unified State Health Information System (USSIZ)?
- Ungakwazi yini ukusitshela okwengeziwe ngezici zobuchwepheshe zezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha lwasekhaya?
- Sinjani isimo nge-cybersecurity yohlelo lwasekhaya lwe-EMIAS?
- Sinjani isimo nge-cybersecurity yezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha - ngezinombolo?
– Ingabe amagciwane ekhompyutha angangena emishinini yezokwelapha?
- Ayingozi kangakanani amagciwane e-ransomware emkhakheni wezokwelapha?
– Uma izehlakalo ze-inthanethi ziyingozi kangaka, kungani abakhiqizi bemishini yezokwelapha besebenzisa imishini yabo ngekhompyutha?
- Kungani izigebengu ze-inthanethi zishintshe zisuka emkhakheni wezezimali nezitolo ezidayisayo ziye ezikhungweni zezokwelapha?
- Kungani amacala okutheleleka kwe-ransomware evame kakhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha futhi aqhubeke nokukhula?
- Odokotela, abahlengikazi kanye neziguli ezithintwe yi-WannaCry - kwenzeke kanjani kubo?
– Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingawulimaza kanjani umtholampilo wokuhlinza ngepulasitiki?
– Isigebengu se-inthanethi sebe ikhadi lezokwelapha – kusho ukuthini lokhu kumnikazi walo ofanele?
- Kungani ukwebiwa kwamakhadi ezokwelapha kukhula kangaka isidingo?
– Ikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kokwebiwa kwezinombolo Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi kanye nemboni yokukokotela imibhalo yobugebengu?
- Namuhla kunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana namathemba nokuphepha kwezinhlelo zezobunhloli zokwenziwa. Zihamba kanjani izinto nalokhu emkhakheni wezokwelapha?
- Ingabe umkhakha wezokwelapha ufunde noma yiziphi izifundo esimweni se-WannaCry?
- Izikhungo zezokwelapha zingakuqinisekisa kanjani ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity?

Lokhu kubuyekezwa kumakwe ngencwadi yokubonga evela eMnyangweni Wezempilo waseRussia Federation (bheka isithombe-skrini ngaphansi kwe-spoiler).

Zivame kangakanani izinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha e-Russia?

• Ngo-2006, i-Informatics yaseSiberia (inkampani ye-IT egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha) yabika [38]: "I-MIT Technology Review ngezikhathi ezithile ishicilela uhlu lwendabuko lwezobuchwepheshe obuyishumi obuthembisayo kanye nokuxhumana okuzoba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomuntu ikusasa eliseduze.” umphakathi. Ngo-2006, izikhundla eziyisi-6 kweziyi-10 kulolu hlu zazithathwe ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene ngandlela thize nezindaba zezokwelapha. Unyaka ka-2007 wamenyezelwa ngokuthi “unyaka wokwaziswa ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo” eRussia. Kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2017, ukuguquguquka kokuncika kokunakekelwa kwezempilo kulwazi nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kukhula njalo. "
• Ngo-September 10, 2012, isikhungo solwazi se-Open Systems kanye nesikhungo sokuhlaziya sabika [41] ukuthi ngo-2012, imitholampilo yaseMoscow engu-350 ixhunywe ku-EMIAS (ulwazi lwezokwelapha oluhlanganisiwe kanye nesistimu yokuhlaziya). Kamuva, ngo-Okthoba 24, 2012, umthombo ofanayo wabika [42] ukuthi okwamanje odokotela abayizinkulungwane ezingu-3,8 banezindawo zokusebenza ezizenzakalelayo, futhi izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-1,8 sezivele zazama insizakalo ye-EMIAS. NgoMeyi 12, 2015, umthombo ofanayo wabika [40] ukuthi i-EMIAS isebenza kuyo yonke imitholampilo yomphakathi engama-660 eMoscow futhi iqukethe idatha evela ezigulini ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7.
• Ngomhla zingama-25 kuNhlangulana wezi-2016, umagazini weProfayili washicilela [43] umbono wochwepheshe ovela esikhungweni sokuhlaziya samazwe ngamazwe i-PwC: “I-Moscow ukuphela kwedolobha elikhulu lapho uhlelo oluhlangene lokuphatha imitholampilo yedolobha selusetshenziswe ngokugcwele, kuyilapho isisombululo esifanayo sitholakala kwezinye izindawo. amadolobha omhlaba, okuhlanganisa iNew York neLondon, asesigabeni sezingxoxo kuphela.” "Iphrofayela" iphinde yabika ukuthi kusukela ngoJulayi 25, 2016, i-75% ye-Muscovites (cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-9) ibhaliswe ku-EMIAS, odokotela abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ze-20 basebenza ohlelweni; kusukela kwethulwa lolu hlelo, sekuqashwe odokotela abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-240; Imisebenzi ehlukene engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500 yenziwa nsuku zonke ohlelweni. NgoFebhuwari 10, 2017, i-Ekho Moskvy ibike [39] ukuthi okwamanje eMoscow ngaphezu kwe-97% yokuqokwa kwezokwelapha kwenziwa ngokuqokwa, okwenziwe nge-EMIAS.
• NgoJulayi 19, 2016, uVeronika Skvortsova, uNgqongqoshe Wezempilo weRussian Federation, wathi [11] ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2018, ama-95% ezikhungo zezokwelapha zezwe azoxhunywa ohlelweni oluhlangene lwezempilo lwezwe (USHIS) - ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa kwerekhodi lezokwelapha elihlanganisiwe (EMR). Umthetho ohambisanayo obophezela izifunda zaseRussia ukuthi zixhume ohlelweni usuxoxiwe esidlangalaleni, kwavunyelwana ngawo nazo zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezinentshisekelo futhi uzothunyelwa maduze kuhulumeni. U-Veronika Skvortsova ubike ukuthi ezifundeni ze-83 bahlela ukuqokwa kwe-elektroniki nodokotela; uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuthunyelwa kwe-ambulensi yesifunda yethulwa ezifundeni ze-66; ezifundeni ezingama-81 zezwe kunezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha, lapho ama-57% odokotela axhume izindawo zokusebenza ezizenzakalelayo. [ishumi nanye]

Ungasitshela kabanzi mayelana ne-Unified State Health Information System (USSIZ)?

• I-EGSIZ iyimpande yawo wonke ama-MIS asekhaya (amasistimu olwazi lwezokwelapha). Iqukethe izingcezu zesifunda - i-RISUZ (uhlelo lolwazi lokuphathwa kwezempilo lwesifunda). I-EMIAS, eseshiwo ngenhla, ingenye yamakhophi e-RISUZ (edume kakhulu futhi ethembisa kakhulu). [51] Njengoba kuchazwe [56] ngabahleli bomagazini “Umqondisi Wenkonzo Yolwazi”, i-USSIZ ingqalasizinda ye-IT ye-cloud-network, ukwakhiwa kwezingxenye zesifunda okwenziwa izikhungo zocwaningo eKaliningrad, Kostroma, Novosibirsk, Orel, Saratov, Tomsk namanye amadolobha Russian Federation.
• Umsebenzi we-USSIZ ukuqeda “i-patchwork informatization” yokunakekelwa kwezempilo; ngokuxhumeka kwe-MIS yeminyango eyahlukene, ngamunye wayo, ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwe-Unified State Social Institution, yasebenzisa isofthiwe yayo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, ngaphandle kwanoma yimaphi amazinga ahlanganisiwe amaphakathi. [54] Kusukela ngo-2008, indawo yolwazi lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ehlanganisiwe ye-Russian Federation isekelwe kumazinga angama-26 embonini ye-IT [50]. Ezingu-20 zazo zingezamazwe ngamazwe.
• Umsebenzi wezikhungo zezokwelapha uncike kakhulu ku-MIS, njenge-OpenEMR noma i-EMIAS. I-MIS inikeza ukugcinwa kolwazi mayelana nesiguli: imiphumela yokuxilonga, idatha yemithi enqunyiwe, umlando wezokwelapha, njll. Izingxenye ezivame kakhulu ze-MIS (kusukela ngomhla zingama-30 kuNdasa 2017): I-EHR (Amarekhodi Ezempilo E-elekthronikhi) - uhlelo lwamarekhodi ezokwelapha olusebenza ngogesi olugcina idatha yesiguli ngendlela ehlelekile futhi lugcine umlando waso wezokwelapha. I-NAS (Network Attached Storage) – inethiwekhi yokugcina idatha. I-DICOM (I-Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) iyindinganiso yokukhiqiza nokushintshisana kwezithombe zedijithali kwezokwelapha. I-PACS (Isistimu Yokugcinwa Kwezithombe Nokuxhumana) iwukugcina isithombe nesistimu yokushintshanisa esebenza ngokuvumelana nezinga le-DICOM. Idala, igcine futhi ibone ngeso lengqondo izithombe zezokwelapha namadokhumenti eziguli ezihloliwe. Okuvame kakhulu kumasistimu e-DICOM. [3] Zonke lezi MIS zisengozini yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyberattack okuyinkimbinkimbi, imininingwane yakho etholakala esidlangalaleni.
• Ngo-2015, Zhilyaev P.S., Goryunova T.I. kanye noVolodin K.I., ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe e-Penza State Technological University, bathi [57] esihlokweni sabo mayelana ne-cybersecurity emkhakheni wezokwelapha ukuthi i-EMIAS ihlanganisa: 1) I-CPMM (irekhodi elihlanganisiwe le-electronic medical); 2) irejista yeziguli edolobheni lonke; 3) uhlelo lokuphatha ukugeleza kwesiguli; 4) uhlelo lolwazi lwezokwelapha oludidiyelwe; 5) uhlelo lokubalwa kwezimali oludidiyelwe; 6) uhlelo lokuqoshwa komuntu siqu kokunakekelwa kwezempilo; 7) uhlelo lokuphatha irejista yezokwelapha. Ngokuqondene ne-CPMM, ngokombiko [39] womsakazo we-Ekho Moskvy (Februwari 10, 2017), lesi simiso esincane sakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezindleleni ezihamba phambili zezinga le-OpenEHR, okuwubuchwepheshe obuthuthuka kakhulu lapho amazwe athuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe aqala khona kancane kancane. ezihambayo.
• Abahleli bomagazini i-Computerworld Russia baphinde bachaza [41] ukuthi ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa zonke lezi zinsizakalo komunye nomunye kanye ne-MIS yezikhungo zezokwelapha, i-EMIAS iphinde ihlanganiswe nesofthiwe ye-federal fragment "EGIS-Zdrav" (USIS uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lolwazi) kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi.uhulumeni, okuhlanganisa nezingosi zesevisi zikahulumeni. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ngoJulayi 25, 2016, abahleli bomagazini we-Profile bacacisa [43] ukuthi i-EMIAS okwamanje ihlanganisa izinsizakalo ezimbalwa: isikhungo sesimo, ukubhaliswa kwe-elekthronikhi, i-EHR, incwadi kadokotela kagesi, izitifiketi zekhefu lokugula, isevisi yaselabhorethri nokubalwa komuntu siqu.
• Ngo-Ephreli 7, 2016, abahleli bomagazini othi "Umqondisi Wenkonzo Yolwazi" babike [59] ukuthi i-EMIAS ifikile emakhemisi. Wonke amakhemisi aseMoscow akhipha izidakamizwa ngemiyalelo ekhethwayo yethule “uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kwezidakamizwa kubantu” - M-Apteka.
• NgoJanuwari 19, 2017, umthombo ofanayo wabika [58] ukuthi ngo-2015, ukuqaliswa kwenkonzo yolwazi lwe-radiological ehlanganisiwe (ERS), ehlanganiswe ne-EMIAS, kwaqala eMoscow. Kodokotela abanikeza ukudluliselwa ezigulini ukuze kuxilongwe, amamephu wezobuchwepheshe athuthukiswe ukuze kuhlolwe i-X-ray, i-ultrasound, i-CT ne-MRI, ehlanganiswe ne-EMIAS. Njengoba iphrojekthi ikhula, kuhlelwe ukuxhuma izibhedlela nemishini yazo eminingi enkonzweni. Izibhedlela eziningi zine-MIS yazo, futhi kuzodingeka zihlanganiswe nayo. Abahleli Bephrofayili baphinde bathi ukubona isipiliyoni esihle senhloko-dolobha, izifunda nazo ziba nentshisekelo ekusebenziseni i-EMIAS.

Ungasitshela okwengeziwe ngezici zobuchwepheshe zezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha lwasekhaya?

• Ulwazi lwalesi sigaba luthathwe ekubuyekezweni kokuhlaziya [49] kwe-"Informatics yaseSiberia". Cishe u-70% wezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha zakhelwe phezu kolwazi olugciniwe. Ngo-1999, ama-47% ezinhlelo zolwazi lwezempilo asebenzisa izingosi zolwazi zasendaweni (ideskithophu), eziningi zazo okwakungamathebula e-dBase. Le ndlela ijwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware yezokwelapha kanye nokudalwa kwemikhiqizo ekhetheke kakhulu.
• Minyaka yonke inani lezinhlelo zasekhaya ezisuselwe kulwazi lwedeskithophu liyehla. Ngo-2003, lesi sibalo sasingu-4% kuphela. Namuhla, cishe abekho onjiniyela abasebenzisa amathebula e-dBase. Eminye imikhiqizo yesoftware isebenzisa eyayo ifomethi yesizindalwazi; Zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-electronic pharmacological formularies. Njengamanje, imakethe yasekhaya inohlelo lolwazi lwezokwelapha olwakhiwe ngisho naku-DBMS yayo yokwakhiwa kwe-“client-server”: e-Hospital. Kunzima ukucabanga izizathu eziqondile zezinqumo ezinjalo.
• Lapho kwakhiwa izinhlelo zasekhaya zolwazi lwezokwelapha, ama-DBMS alandelayo asetshenziswa kakhulu: I-Microsoft SQL Server (52.18%), Inqolobane (17.4%), i-Oracle (13%), i-Borland Interbase Server (13%), i-Lotus Notes/Domino (13%) . Uma siqhathanisa: uma sihlaziya yonke isofthiwe yezokwelapha sisebenzisa i-architecture ye-client-server, isabelo se-Microsoft SQL Server DBMS sizoba ngu-64%. Onjiniyela abaningi (17.4%) bavumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-DBMS ambalwa, ngokuvamile okuyinhlanganisela ye-Microsoft SQL Server ne-Oracle. Amasistimu amabili (IS Kondopoga [44] kanye neParacels-A [45]) asebenzisa ama-DBMS amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Wonke ama-DBMS asetshenzisiwe ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo: ezobudlelwano kanye ne-post-relational (egxile entweni). Namuhla, ama-70% ezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha zasekhaya zakhelwe kuma-DBMS ahlobene, kanye nama-30% kwezangemuva kobudlelwano.
• Lapho kwakhiwa izinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha, kusetshenziswe amathuluzi wokuhlela ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, i-DOKA+ [47] ibhalwe nge-PHP ne-JavaScript. I-“E-Hospital” [48] yathuthukiswa endaweni ye-Microsoft Visual C++. I-Amulet - endaweni ye-Microsoft Visual.NET." I-Infomed [46], esebenza ngaphansi kwe-Windows (98/Me/NT/2000/XP), inokwakheka kweseva yeklayenti enamazinga amabili; ingxenye yeklayenti isetshenziswa ngolimi lokuhlela lweDelphi; Ingxenye yeseva ilawulwa yi-Oracle DBMS.
• Cishe u-40% wabathuthukisi basebenzisa amathuluzi akhelwe ku-DBMS. ama-42% asebenzisa intuthuko yawo njengomhleli wombiko; 23% - amathuluzi akhelwe ku-DBMS. Ukuze kwenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuklama nokuhlolwa kwekhodi yohlelo, u-50% wonjiniyela basebenzisa i-Visual Source Safe. Njengesofthiwe yokudala imibhalo, ama-85% onjiniyela basebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-Microsoft - i-Word text editor noma, njengesibonelo, abadali be-e-Hospital, i-Microsoft Help Workshop.
• Ngo-2015, u-Ageenko T.Yu. kanye no-Andrianov A.V., ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe e-Moscow Institute of Technology, bashicilele isihloko [55], lapho bachaza khona ngokuningiliziwe imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yesistimu yolwazi oluzenzakalelayo esibhedlela (GAIS), kuhlanganise nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi evamile yesikhungo sezokwelapha kanye nokucindezela. izinkinga zokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwayo ku-inthanethi. I-GAIS iyinethiwekhi evikelekile lapho i-EMIAS, i-MIS yaseRussia ethembisa kakhulu, isebenza ngayo.
• I-“Informatics of Siberia” ithi izikhungo zocwaningo ezimbili ezigunyazwe kakhulu ezihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-MIS yi-Institute of Software Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (etholakala edolobheni lasendulo laseRussia i-Pereslavl-Zalessky) kanye ne-non-. inhlangano yenzuzo “Isikhwama Sokuthuthukiswa Nokuhlinzekwa Kophiko Lwezempilo Olukhethekile Lokunakekelwa Kwezempilo” 53" (etholakala e-Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk). "Informatics of Siberia" ngokwayo, okungase futhi kufakwe kulolu hlu, itholakala edolobheni Omsk.

Sinjani isimo nge-cybersecurity yohlelo lwasekhaya lwe-EMIAS?

• NgoFebhuwari 10, 2017, uVladimir Makarov, umnakekeli wephrojekthi ye-EMIAS, engxoxweni yakhe yomsakazo we-Ekho Moskvy, wabelane ngombono wakhe [39] wokuthi ayikho into efana ne-cybersecurity ephelele: “Kuhlale kunengozi yokuvuza kwedatha. Kufanele ujwayelane neqiniso lokuthi umphumela wokusebenzisa noma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuthi konke ngawe kungaziwa. Ngisho nezikhulu eziphezulu zezifundazwe zivula amabhokisi e-imeyili.” Mayelana nalokhu, singasho isigameko sakamuva lapho ama-imeyili amalungu angaba ngu-90 ePhalamende lase-UK afakwa engcupheni.
• NgoMeyi 12, 2015, uMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe Bolwazi WaseMoscow wakhuluma [40] ngamaphuzu amane abalulekile e-ISIS (uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokuvikela ulwazi) lwe-EMIAS: 1) ukuvikelwa ngokomzimba - idatha igcinwa kumaseva esimanje atholakala ezakhiweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukufinyelela kuzo. ilawulwa ngokuqinile; 2) ukuvikelwa kwesoftware - idatha idluliselwa ngendlela ebethelwe ngeziteshi zokuxhumana ezivikelekile; ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lungatholakala kuphela esigulini esisodwa ngesikhathi; 3) ukufinyelela okugunyaziwe kudatha - udokotela ukhonjwa ngekhadi lomuntu siqu elihlakaniphile; Esigulini, umazisi wezinto ezimbili unikezwa ngokusekelwe kumshwalense wezempilo oyimpoqo kanye nosuku lokuzalwa.
• 4) Idatha yezokwelapha neyomuntu siqu igcinwa ngokuhlukana, kudathabhesi emibili ehlukene, eqinisekisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuphepha kwabo; Amaseva e-EMIAS aqongelela ulwazi lwezokwelapha ngendlela engaziwa: ukuvakashela udokotela, ama-aphoyintimenti, izitifiketi zokungakwazi ukusebenza, izikhombisi-ndlela, iziqondiso kanye neminye imininingwane; kanye nedatha yomuntu siqu - inombolo yenqubomgomo yomshwalense wezokwelapha oyimpoqo, isibongo, igama lokuqala, igama elichaza igama, ubulili kanye nosuku lokuzalwa - kuqukethwe kudathabheyisi yeSikhwama Somshwalense Wezempilo Oyimpoqo weDolobha laseMoscow; idatha evela kulezi zindawo ezimbili zolwazi ihlanganiswa ngokubukeka kuphela kumonitha kadokotela, ngemva kokuhlonza kwakhe.
• Nokho, naphezu kokubonakala kungangeneki kokuvikelwa okunjalo kwe-EMIAS, ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuhlasela ku-inthanethi, imininingwane yabo esezindaweni zomphakathi, benza kube nokwenzeka ukugebenga ngisho nokuvikela okunjalo. Bheka, isibonelo, incazelo yokuhlaselwa kwesiphequluli esisha se-Microsoft Edge - ngaphandle kwamaphutha esofthiwe kanye nakho konke ukuvikela okutholakalayo okusebenzayo. [62] Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi bikho kwamaphutha kukhodi yohlelo kuyisimo se-utopia ngokwayo. Funda kabanzi ngalokhu esethulweni esithi "Izimfihlo Ezingcolile Zabavikeli Be-Cyber". [63]
• Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okukhulu, umtholampilo we-Invitro wamisa ukuqoqwa kwe-biomaterial kanye nokukhishwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa eRussia, Belarus naseKazakhstan. [64]
• NgoMeyi 12, 2017, iKaspesky Lab yaqopha [60] 45 izinkulungwane zokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber okuphumelelayo kwegciwane le-WannaCry ransomware emazweni we-74; Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuningi kwalokhu kuhlasela kwenzeka endaweni yaseRussia. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva (May 15, 2017), inkampani ye-antivirus i-Avast yaqopha [61] kakade ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber kwezinkulungwane ze-200 ze-WannaCry ransomware virus futhi yabika ukuthi ngaphezu kwesigamu salokhu kuhlasela kwenzeka eRussia. I-BBC News Agency ibike (ngoMeyi 13, 2017) ukuthi eRussia, uMnyango Wezempilo, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, iBhange Elikhulu kanye neKomidi Lokuphenya, phakathi kwabanye, baba yizisulu zaleli gciwane. [61]
• Kodwa-ke, izikhungo zabezindaba zale minyango neminye yaseRussia zigomela ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-cyber kwegciwane le-WannaCry, nakuba kwenzeka, akuphumelelanga. Izincwadi eziningi zolimi lwesiRashiya mayelana nezehlakalo ezingezinhle ze-WannaCry, zikhuluma ngenhlangano eyodwa noma enye yaseRussia, zisheshe zengeze okuthile okufana nalokhu: “Kodwa ngokokwaziswa okungokomthetho, awukho umonakalo owenziwe.” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abezindaba baseNtshonalanga bayaqiniseka ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber yegciwane le-WannaCry ibonakala kakhulu kunalokho okwethulwa emaphephandabeni olimi lwesiRashiya. Abezindaba baseNtshonalanga bayazethemba kulokhu kangangokuthi baze basusa izinsolo eRussia zokubandakanyeka kulokhu kuhlasela kwe-cyber. Ubani ongamethemba kakhulu - abezindaba baseNtshonalanga noma basekhaya - kuyindaba yomuntu siqu yawo wonke umuntu. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinezisusa zazo zokwenza ihaba nokululaza amaqiniso athembekile.

Sinjani isimo nge-cybersecurity yezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha - ngezinombolo?

• Ngomhla lu-1 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, uRebecca Weintrab (udokotela omkhulu we-PhD esibhedlela i-Brigham and Women’s Hospital) kanye noJoram Borenstein (unjiniyela we-cybersecurity), esihlokweni sabo esihlanganyelwe esishicilelwe emakhasini e-Harvard Business Review, bathi [18] inkathi yedijithali isibe kakhulu. kwenziwe lula ukuqoqwa kolwazi lwezokwelashwa idatha kanye nokushintshisana kwamarekhodi ezokwelapha phakathi kwezikhungo zezokwelapha ezihlukene: namuhla, amarekhodi ezokwelapha esiguli aselula futhi ayaphatheka. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinsiza zedijithali ziza ngenani lezingozi ezinkulu ze-cybersecurity ezikhungweni zezempilo.
• Ngomhla zi-3 kuNdasa wezi-2017, isikhungo sezindaba i-SmartBrief sabika [24] ukuthi ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zika-2017, kube nezigameko ezibalelwa ku-250 ze-cybersecurity, ezibangele ukwebiwa kwamarekhodi ayimfihlo angaphezu kwesigidi. U-50% walezi zigameko wenzeke emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi nendawo (okungabandakanyi umkhakha wezempilo). Cishe u-30% ubesemkhakheni wezempilo. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ngoMashi 16, i-ejensi efanayo yabika [22] ukuthi umholi wezigameko ze-cybersecurity ngesikhathi samanje ku-2017 umkhakha wezokwelapha.
• NgoJanuwari 17, 2013, uMichael Greg, uthishanhloko wenkampani ebonisana nge-cybersecurity i-Smart Solutions, wabika [21] ukuthi ngo-2012, u-94% wezikhungo zezokwelapha zaba yizisulu zokuputshuka kolwazi oluyimfihlo. Lokhu kungaphezu kwama-65% kunangowezi-2010-2011. Okubi nakakhulu, ama-45% ezikhungo zezokwelapha abike ukuthi ukwephulwa kolwazi oluyimfihlo kuba kubi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; futhi uvumile ukuthi babe nokuvuza okubi okungaphezu kokuhlanu ngesikhathi sika-2012-2013. Futhi ngaphansi kwengxenye yezikhungo zezokwelapha ziqinisekile ukuthi ukuvuza okunjalo kungavinjelwa, noma okungenani kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi kwenzeka.
• UMichael Greg uphinde wabika [21] ukuthi esikhathini sika-2010-2012, eminyakeni emithathu nje, iziguli ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 zaba izisulu zokwebiwa kwe-EHRs, equkethe ulwazi oluyimfihlo olubucayi: ukuxilongwa, izinqubo zokwelashwa, ulwazi lokukhokha, imininingwane yomshuwalense, umphakathi. umshwalense wenombolo yokuphepha nokunye okuningi. Isigebengu se-inthanethi esintshontsha i-EHR singasebenzisa ulwazi olutholwe kuyo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene (bona isigaba esithi “Ingabe ukwebiwa kwezinombolo Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi kuhlobene kanjani nemboni yobugebengu yokuqola amadokhumenti?”). Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukuvikeleka kwama-EHR ezikhungweni zezokwelapha kuvame ukuba buthaka kakhulu kunokuphepha kwe-imeyili yomuntu siqu.
• NgoSepthemba 2, 2014, uMike Orkut, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe eMIT, wathi [10] izigameko zokutheleleka nge-ransomware ziya ngokuya ziba njalo unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2014, kwakukhona izehlakalo ezingaphezu kuka-600% kunango-2013. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FBI yaseMelika ibike [26] ukuthi amacala angaphezu kuka-2016 okuqolwa kwedijithali kwenzeka nsuku zonke ku-4000 - izikhathi ezine ngaphezu kwe-2015. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akuyona nje inkambiso yokukhula kwezehlakalo zokutheleleka nge-ransomware virus eyethusayo; Ukwanda kancane kancane kokuhlaselwa okuhlosiwe nakho kuyashaqisa. Izinhloso ezivame kakhulu zokuhlaselwa okunjalo yizikhungo zezezimali, abathengisi kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha.
• NgoMeyi 19, 2017, i-ejensi yezindaba ye-BBC ishicilele [23] umbiko we-Verizon ka-2017, ngokusho ukuthi i-72% yezigameko ze-ransomware zenzeka khona emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule isibalo sezehlakalo ezinjalo sikhuphuke ngo-50%.
• NgoJuni 1, 2017, i-Harvard Business Review yashicilela [18] umbiko ohlinzekwe uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu wase-US, owabika ukuthi ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2015 ze-EHR zebiwe ngo-113. Ngo-2016 - ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-16. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naphezu kokuthi uma kuqhathaniswa no-2016 kukhona ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lezehlakalo, umkhuba jikelele usakhula. Ekuqaleni kuka-2017, i-Expirian think tank yathi [27] ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kuyinkomba edume kakhulu yezigebengu ze-inthanethi.
• Ukuvuza kwedatha yesiguli ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha kancane kancane kuba enye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngakho, ngokusho kwe-InfoWatch, eminyakeni emibili edlule (37-2005), yonke inhlangano yesibili yezokwelapha iputshuze ulwazi mayelana neziguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-2006% wokuputshuka kwedatha akwenzeki ngeziteshi zokuxhumana, kodwa ngabantu abathile abathatha ulwazi oluyimfihlo ngaphandle kwenhlangano. Amaphesenti angama-60 kuphela okuvuza kolwazi okwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe. Isixhumanisi esibuthaka kakhulu [40] ku-cybersecurity yezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha ngabantu. Ungasebenzisa imali enkulu ekudaleni izinhlelo zokuphepha, futhi isisebenzi esikhokhelwa kancane sizothengisa ulwazi ngenkulungwane yalezi zindleko.

Ingabe amagciwane ekhompyutha angangena emishinini yezokwelapha?

• Ngomhla ziyi-17 kuMfumfu wezi-2012, uDavid Talbot, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe eMIT, wabika ukuthi imishini yezokwelapha esetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zezokwelapha iya ngokuya isetshenziswa ngekhompyutha, ihlakaniphe ngokwandayo, futhi iguquguquka ngokuya ihlelwa kabusha; futhi ngokwandayo kunomsebenzi wosekelo lwenethiwekhi. Ngenxa yalokho, imishini yezokwelapha iya ngokuya iba sengozini yokuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi kanye nokutheleleka ngegciwane. Inkinga ihlanganiswa yiqiniso lokuthi abakhiqizi ngokuvamile abavumeli ukuthi izinto zabo zokusebenza zilungiswe, ngisho nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo ku-inthanethi.
• Isibonelo, ngo-2009, isikelemu senethiwekhi ye-Conficker saputshuza eSikhungweni Sezokwelapha sase-Beth Israel futhi sathelela ezinye zemishini yezokwelapha lapho, okuhlanganisa indawo yokusebenzela yokunakekela izingane (evela e-Philips) kanye nendawo yokusebenzela ye-fluoroscopy (kusuka ku-General Electric). Ukuvimbela izigameko ezifanayo ukuthi zenzeke esikhathini esizayo, uJohn Halmack, i-CIO yesikhungo sezokwelapha-kanye noprofesa we-PhD e-Harvard Medical School-banqume ukukhubaza ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi yemishini. Kodwa-ke, wayebhekene neqiniso lokuthi imishini "ayikwazanga ukuvuselelwa ngenxa yemikhawulo yokulawula." Kumthathe umzamo omkhulu ukuxoxisana nabakhiqizi ukukhubaza amakhono enethiwekhi. Nokho, ukuya kokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kude nesixazululo esikahle. Ikakhulukazi endaweni yokwanda kokuhlanganiswa nokuncikana kwemishini yezokwelapha. [1]
• Lokhu kusebenza kumishini “ehlakaniphile” esetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zezokwelapha. Kodwa kukhona nemishini yezokwelapha engagqokwayo, ehlanganisa amaphampu e-insulin nama-pacemaker afakiwe. Bachayeka kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kwe-cyber kanye namagciwane ekhompyutha. [1] Njengophawu, kungaphawulwa futhi ukuthi ngoMeyi 12, 2017 (usuku lokunqoba kwegciwane le-WannaCry ransomware), omunye wodokotela abahlinza inhliziyo wabika [28] ukuthi phakathi nokuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo ngokwenza, amakhompiyutha amaningana ahlukumezeka kakhulu - Nokho, ngenhlanhla, wakwazi ukuqeda ngempumelelo umsebenzi.

Ayingozi kangakanani amagciwane e-ransomware emkhakheni wezokwelapha?

• Ngomhla zi-3 kuMfumfu wezi-2016, u-Mohammed Ali, oyi-CEO yenkampani ye-cybersecurity i-Carbonite, wachaza[19] ku-Harvard Business Review ukuthi i-ransomware iwuhlobo lwegciwane lekhompyutha elikhiya umsebenzisi ngaphandle kwesistimu yakhe; kuze kukhokhwe isihlengo. Igciwane le-ransomware libhala ngemfihlo i-hard drive, ngenxa yalokho umsebenzisi alahlekelwa ukufinyelela kolwazi kukhompyutha yakhe, futhi igciwane le-ransomware lifuna isihlengo sokuhlinzeka ngokhiye wokukhipha ukubethela. Ukugwema ukuhlangana nabezomthetho, izigebengu zisebenzisa izindlela zokukhokha ezingaziwa njenge-Bitcoin. [19]
• U-Mohammed Ali uphinde wabika [19] ukuthi abasabalalisi bamagciwane e-ransomware bathole ukuthi inani lesihlengo elingcono kakhulu lapho behlasela izakhamizi ezijwayelekile kanye nabanikazi bamabhizinisi amancane lisuka ku-$300 liye ku-$500. Leli inani abaningi abazimisele ukuhlukana nalo - ababhekene nethemba lokulahlekelwa yikho konke ukonga kwabo kwedijithali. [19]
• Ngo-February 16, 2016, isikhungo sezindaba se-Guardian sabika [13] ukuthi ngenxa yokutheleleka nge-ransomware, abasebenzi bezokwelapha e-Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center balahlekelwe ukufinyelela kumasistimu abo ekhompyutha. Ngenxa yalokhu, odokotela baphoqeleka ukuthi baxhumane nge-fax, abahlengikazi baphoqeleke ukuthi babhale imilando kadokotela emaphepheni akudala ezempilo, iziguli ziphoqeleke ukuthi ziye esibhedlela ukuyolanda imiphumela yokuhlolwa mathupha.
• Ngo-February 17, 2016, abaphathi eHollywood Presbyterian Medical Center bakhiphe [30] isitatimende esilandelayo: “Ngobusuku buka-February 5, abasebenzi bethu balahlekelwa ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi yesibhedlela. Uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha lukhiye amakhompyutha ethu futhi lubethele wonke amafayela ethu. Iziphathimandla zezomthetho zaziswe ngokushesha. Ochwepheshe beCybersecurity basize ukubuyisela ukufinyelela kumakhompyutha ethu. Inani lesihlengo esiceliwe lalingama-bitcoins angu-40 ($17000). Indlela eshesha kakhulu nesebenza kahle kakhulu yokubuyisela amasistimu ethu nemisebenzi yokuphatha kwakuwukukhokha isihlengo njll. thola ukhiye wokukhipha ukubethela. Ukuze sibuyisele ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zesibhedlela, saphoqeleka ukuthi sikwenze lokhu.”
• NgoMeyi 12, 2017, i-New York Times yabika [28] ukuthi ngenxa yesigameko se-WannaCry, ezinye izibhedlela zazikhubazekile kangangokuthi azikwazanga ngisho nokuphrinta amathegi ezingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Ezibhedlela, iziguli zatshelwa, “Ngeke sikwazi ukukusiza ngoba amakhompyutha ethu aphukile.” Lokhu akuvamile ukuzwa emadolobheni amakhulu njengeLondon.

Uma izehlakalo ze-inthanethi ziyingozi kangaka, kungani abakhiqizi bemishini yezokwelapha besebenzisa imishini yabo ngekhompyutha?

• NgoJulayi 9, 2008, uChristina Grifantini, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe be-MIT, waphawula esihlokweni sakhe esithi “Izikhungo Zezokwelapha: I-Age of Plug and Play” [2]: Uhlu olushaqisayo lwamadivayisi ezokwelapha ahlakaniphile ezibhedlela athembisa ukunakekelwa okungcono kwesiguli. Kodwa-ke, inkinga iwukuthi lezi zixhobo ngokuvamile azihambisani nomunye nomunye, ngisho noma zikhiqizwa umenzi ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, odokotela banesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlanganisa yonke imishini yezokwelapha ibe yinethiwekhi eyodwa yekhompyutha.
• NgoJulayi 9, 2009, uDouglas Roseindale, Veterans Health Administration IT Specialist kanye noProfessor we-PhD eHarvard Medical School, wathi [2] isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlanganiswa kwemishini yezokwelapha ngekhompyutha ngala mazwi alandelayo: “Ziningi izinhlelo zobunikazi ezitholakalayo namuhla izakhiwo ezivaliwe, ezivela kubahlinzeki abahlukene - kodwa inkinga ukuthi abakwazi ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye. Futhi lokhu kudala ubunzima ekunakekeleni iziguli.”
• Lapho amadivaysi ezokwelapha enza izilinganiso ezizimele futhi engazishintshi omunye nomunye, awakwazi ukuhlola isimo sesiguli ngokucophelela, ngakho-ke azwakalise i-alamu ngokuphambuka okuncane kwezinkomba kusuka kokujwayelekile, ngaphandle kwesizathu. Lokhu kudala ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kubahlengikazi, ikakhulukazi egunjini labagula kakhulu, lapho kunenqwaba yamathuluzi anjalo azimele. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi nokusekelwa, iyunithi yokunakekelwa okujulile izoba i-madhouse. Ukuhlanganiswa nokusekelwa kwenethiwekhi yendawo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxhumanisa ukusebenza kwemishini yezokwelapha nezinhlelo zolwazi lwezokwelapha (ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisana kwalawa madivaysi nama-EHR eziguli), okuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwenani lama-alamu angamanga. [2]
• Izibhedlela zinemishini eminingi eyisidala, ebizayo engasekeli inethiwekhi. Ngesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlanganiswa, izibhedlela zishintsha kancane kancane le mishini ngezintsha, noma ziyilungise ukuze ihlanganiswe nenethiwekhi iyonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nemishini emisha eyakhiwe kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganiswa, le nkinga ayizange ixazululwe ngokuphelele. Ngoba wonke umkhiqizi wemishini yezokwelapha, eqhutshwa ukuncintisana kwaphakade, ulwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini yayo ingahlanganisana kuphela. Kodwa-ke, iminyango eminingi yezimo eziphuthumayo idinga inhlanganisela ethile yamadivayisi okungekho umkhiqizi oyedwa onganikeza. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umenzi oyedwa ngeke kuxazulule inkinga yokuhambisana. Lena enye inkinga emi endleleni yokuhlanganiswa okuphelele. Futhi izibhedlela zifaka imali eningi ekuyixazululeni. Ngoba uma kungenjalo, imishini engahambelani nomunye izoguqula isibhedlela, nama-alamu aso amanga, sibe indlu yohlanya. [2]
• Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, uPeter Pronovost, udokotela oneziqu ze-PhD kanye nomqondisi ohambisana nokuphepha kwesiguli e-Johns Hopkins Medicine, wabelane [17] ngemicabango yakhe ngesidingo sekhompiyutha yemishini yezokwelapha ku-Harvard Business Review: “Thatha, njengesibonelo. , Umshini osiza ukuphefumula. Imodi efanele yokukhipha umoya yamaphaphu esiguli incike ngokuqondile ekuphakameni kwesiguli. Ubude besiguli bugcinwa ku-EHR. Njengomthetho, izinto zokuphefumula azihlangani ne-EHR, ngakho-ke odokotela kufanele bathole lolu lwazi mathupha, benze izibalo ephepheni, bese bebeka mathupha imingcele yemishini yokuphefumula. Uma izisetshenziswa zokuphefumula kanye ne-EHR bezixhunywe ngenethiwekhi yekhompuyutha, lokhu kusebenza bekungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Inqubo efanayo yokulungisa imishini yezokwelapha ikhona naphakathi kwenqwaba yeminye imishini yezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, odokotela kufanele benze amakhulukhulu okuhlinza nsuku zonke; okuhambisana namaphutha – nakuba kuyivelakancane, kodwa engenakugwenywa.”
• Imibhede emisha yesibhedlela esebenza ngekhompyutha ifakwe isethi yezinzwa zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezikwazi ukuqapha imingcele eyahlukene yesiguli esilele kuyo. Isibonelo, le mibhede, ngokuqapha ukuguquguquka kokunyakaza kwesiguli embhedeni, inganquma ukuthi isiguli sisengozini yokuthuthukisa i-bedsores. Lezi zinzwa zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zibalelwa ku-30% wezindleko zombhede wonke. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwekhompiyutha, le "smart bed" izoba usizo oluncane - ngoba ngeke ikwazi ukuthola ulimi oluvamile namanye amadivaysi ezokwelapha. Isimo esifanayo sibonwa "ngamamonitha ahlakaniphile angenantambo" akala izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, i-MOC, umfutho wegazi, njll. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa yonke le mishini ibe yinethiwekhi yekhompuyutha eyodwa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuqondile nama-EHR eziguli, ngeke isebenziseke kancane. [17]

Kungani izigebengu ze-inthanethi zishintshile zisuka emkhakheni wezezimali nezitolo ezidayisayo ziye ezikhungweni zezokwelapha?

• NgoFebhuwari 16, 2016, uJulia Cherry, umlobeli okhethekile we-Guardian, wabelane ngalokho akubonile ukuthi izikhungo zezokwelapha zikhanga ikakhulukazi izigebengu zama-inthanethi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo zazo zolwazi-sibonga umkhankaso owenziwa yizikhungo zezokwelapha ezweni lonke ukwenza amarekhodi ezempilo abe yidijithali-aqukethe ingcebo yezinto ezihlukahlukene. ulwazi. Kufaka izinombolo zekhadi lesikweletu, ulwazi lomuntu siqu lwesiguli, kanye nolwazi lwezempilo olubucayi. [13]
• Ngomhla zingama-23 kuMbasa, 2014, uJim Finkle, umhlaziyi wezokuphepha ku-inthanethi ovela ejensi yezindaba ye-Reuters, wachaza [12] ukuthi izigebengu zama-inthanethi zizama ukulandela umugqa wokumelana okuncane. Izinhlelo ze-cybersecurity zezikhungo zezokwelapha zibuthakathaka kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa neminye imikhakha esivele iyibonile le nkinga futhi yathatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuphikisa. Yingakho izigebengu zama-inthanethi zikhangwa yizo.
• Ngo-February 18, 2016, uMike Orkut, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe e-MIT, wabika ukuthi isithakazelo sezigebengu ze-cyber emkhakheni wezokwelapha kungenxa yezizathu ezinhlanu ezilandelayo: 1) Izikhungo eziningi zezokwelapha sezivele zidlulisele yonke imibhalo namakhadi abo kwifomu ledijithali; abanye basezinhlelweni zokudluliselwa okunjalo. Lawa makhadi aqukethe ulwazi lomuntu siqu olubaluleke kakhulu emakethe emnyama ye-Darknet. 2) I-Cybersecurity ayiyona into ehamba phambili ezikhungweni zezokwelapha; bavame ukusebenzisa amasistimu aphelelwe yisikhathi futhi abawagcini ngendlela. 3) Isidingo sokufinyelela ngokushesha kudatha ezimweni eziphuthumayo ngokuvamile sidlula isidingo sokuphepha, okwenza izibhedlela zithande ukungakunaki ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi ngisho nalapho zazi ngemiphumela engase ibe khona. 4) Izibhedlela zixhuma amadivayisi amaningi kunethiwekhi yazo, okunikeze abantu ababi izinketho ezengeziwe zokungena kunethiwekhi yesibhedlela. 5) Ukuthambekela kwemithi yomuntu siqu - ikakhulukazi isidingo sokuthi iziguli zibe nokufinyelela okuphelele kuma-EHR azo - kwenza i-MIS ibe okuhloswe ukufinyeleleka kalula ngakho. [14]
• Imikhakha yezokuthengisa nezezimali kade yaba yizinhloso ezidumile ezigebengwini zama-inthanethi. Njengoba ulwazi oluntshontshiwe kulezi zikhungo lugcwala i-Dark Web black market, lushibhile, okwenza kungabi nenzuzo enkulu kubantu ababi ukulintshontsha futhi balidayise. Ngakho-ke, abantu ababi manje sebehlola umkhakha omusha, onenzuzo enkulu. [12]
• Emakethe emnyama ye-Darknet, amakhadi ezokwelapha abaluleke kakhulu kunezinombolo zekhadi lesikweletu. Okokuqala, ngoba angasetshenziswa ukufinyelela ama-akhawunti asebhange futhi athole nemiyalelo yemithi elawulwayo. Okwesibili, ngoba iqiniso lokwebiwa kwekhadi lezokwelapha kanye neqiniso lokusetshenziswa kwalo ngokungemthetho kunzima kakhulu ukulibona, futhi isikhathi esiningi sidlula kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlukunyezwa kuze kube mzuzu wokutholwa kunasesimweni sokuhlukunyezwa kwekhadi lesikweletu. [12]
• NgokukaDell, ezinye izigebengu ze-inthanethi ezimatasatasa zihlanganisa izingcezu zolwazi lwezempilo olukhishwe kumarekhodi ezokwelapha antshontshiwe nenye idatha ebucayi, njll. Baqoqa iphakethe lamadokhumenti omgunyathi. Lawa maphakheji abizwa ngokuthi “fullz” kanye ne-“kitz” ku-darknet black market jargon. Intengo yephakheji enjalo idlula u-$1000. [12]
• Ngo-April 1, 2016, u-Tom Simont, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe e-MIT, wathi [4] umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinsongo ze-cyber emkhakheni wezokwelapha ubunzima bemiphumela abayithembisayo. Isibonelo, uma ulahlekelwa ukufinyelela ku-imeyili yakho yomsebenzi, uzophatheka kabi ngokwemvelo; nokho, ukulahlekelwa ukufinyelela kumarekhodi ezokwelapha aqukethe ulwazi oludingekayo ukwelapha iziguli kungenye indaba ngokuphelele.
• Ngakho-ke, kuma-cybercriminals - abaqonda ukuthi lolu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu kodokotela - umkhakha wezokwelapha uwumgomo okhangayo kakhulu. Bakhanga kakhulu kangangokuthi bahlala betshala izimali ezibalulekile - ekwenzeni amagciwane abo e-ransomware athuthuke kakhulu; ukuhlala isinyathelo esisodwa phambili emzabalazweni wayo waphakade nezinhlelo zokulwa namagciwane. Amanani ahlaba umxhwele emali abawaqongelela nge-ransomware abanika ithuba lokusebenzisa imali eningi kulokhu kutshalwa kwezimali, futhi ikhokha kahle. [4]

Kungani izifo ze-ransomware zanda futhi ziqhubeka nokwanda emkhakheni wezokwelapha?

• Ngomhla zi-1 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, u-Rebecca Weintrab (isikhulu sezokwelapha se-PhD e-Brigham and Women's Hospital) kanye no-Joram Borenstein (unjiniyela we-cybersecurity) bashicilela [18] ku-Harvard Business Review imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo oluhlanganyelwe mayelana ne-cybersecurity emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Imilayezo ebalulekile evela ocwaningweni lwabo yethulwe ngezansi.
• Ayikho inhlangano evikelekile ekugetshengeni. Leli iqiniso esiphila kulo, futhi leli qiniso labonakala ikakhulukazi lapho igciwane le-WannaCry ransomware liqhuma maphakathi noMeyi 2017, lathelela izikhungo zezokwelapha nezinye izinhlangano emhlabeni jikelele. [18]
• Ngo-2016, abaphathi emtholampilo omkhulu, i-Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, bathola ngokungalindelekile ukuthi balahlekelwe ukufinyelela olwazini kumakhompyutha abo. Odokotela abakwazanga ukufinyelela kuma-EHR eziguli zabo; futhi ngisho nemibiko yakho siqu. Lonke ulwazi kumakhompyutha abo lwalubethelwe ngegciwane le-ransomware. Yize yonke imininingwane yomtholampilo ibanjwe abahlaseli, odokotela baphoqeleka ukuthi baqondise amakhasimende kwezinye izibhedlela. Babhala konke ephepheni amasonto amabili baze banquma ukukhokha isihlengo esasifunwa abahlaseli - $17000 (ama-bitcoins angu-40). Akukwazanga ukulandelela inkokhelo, njengoba isihlengo sakhokhwa ngohlelo lokukhokha lwe-Bitcoin olungaziwa. Ukube ochwepheshe be-cybersecurity babezwile eminyakeni embalwa edlule ukuthi abenzi bezinqumo bazodideka ngokushintsha imali ibe yi-cryptocurrency ukuze bakhokhele umthuthukisi waleli gciwane isihlengo, bebengeke bakholwe. Nokho, namuhla yilokho kanye okwenzekile. Abantu bansuku zonke, osomabhizinisi abancane kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu bonke bangaphansi kosongo lwe-ransomware. [19]
• Mayelana nobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ama-imeyili obugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi aqukethe izixhumanisi ezinonya nezinanyathiselwa awasathunyelwa egameni lezihlobo zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezifuna ukukushiyela ingxenye yomcebo wazo ukuze uthole ulwazi oluyimfihlo. Namuhla, ama-imeyili obugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi ayimiyalezo elungiselelwe kahle, ngaphandle kwama-typos; evame ukufihlwa njengemibhalo esemthethweni enamalogo namasignesha. Ezinye zazo azihlukaniseki ezincwadini zebhizinisi ezijwayelekile noma ezazisweni ezisemthethweni zokubuyekezwa kwezicelo. Kwesinye isikhathi abenzi bezinqumo abathintekayo ekukhetheni abasebenzi bathola izincwadi ezivela kulowo ozobhapathizwa othembisayo ezinombiko onamathiselwe encwadini, equkethe igciwane le-ransomware. [19]
• Kodwa-ke, ubunjiniyela bezenhlalo obuphambili abububi kangako. Okubi nakakhulu ukuthi ukwethulwa kwegciwane le-ransomware kungenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza okuqondile komsebenzisi. Amagciwane e-Ransomware angasakazeka ngezimbobo zokuphepha; noma ngezicelo zefa ezingavikelekile. Okungenani masonto onke, kuvela uhlobo olusha lwe-ransomware virus; futhi inani lezindlela amagciwane e-ransomware angena ngazo ezinhlelweni zekhompiyutha likhula njalo. [19]
• Isibonelo, mayelana ne-WannaCry ransomware virus... Ekuqaleni (May 15, 2017), ochwepheshe bezokuphepha bafika esiphethweni [25] sokuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthelela uhlelo lwezempilo lukazwelonke lwase-UK ukuthi izibhedlela zisebenzisa inguqulo yakudala ye-Windows yokusebenza. uhlelo - XP (izibhedlela zisebenzisa lolu hlelo ngoba imishini eminingi yasesibhedlela ebizayo ayihambisani nezinguqulo ezintsha ze-Windows). Nokho, ngemva kwesikhashana (May 22, 2017) kwavela [29] ukuthi umzamo wokusebenzisa i-WannaCry ku-Windows XP ngokuvamile uholela ekuphahlazekeni kwekhompyutha, ngaphandle kokutheleleka; futhi ingxenye enkulu yemishini enamagciwane yayisebenza i-Windows 7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi igciwane le-WannaCry lisakazeka ngobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, kodwa kamuva kwavela ukuthi leli gciwane lisakazeka ngokwalo, njengesibungu senethiwekhi, ngaphandle kosizo lwabasebenzisi.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinjini zokusesha ezikhethekile ezingacingi amasayithi aku-inthanethi, kodwa okokusebenza ngokomzimba. Ngazo ungathola ukuthi iyiphi indawo, lapho esibhedlela, iyiphi imishini exhunywe kunethiwekhi. [3]
• Esinye isici esibalulekile ekwandeni kwamagciwane e-ransomware ukufinyelela ku-cryptocurrency ye-Bitcoin. Ukuba lula kokuqoqa izinkokhelo ngokungaziwa emhlabeni wonke kubhebhezela ukwanda kobugebengu bamakhompuyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokudlulisela imali kubakhwabanisi, ngaleyo ndlela ukhuthaza ukuqolwa kwakho ngokuphindaphindiwe. [19]
• Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izigebengu ze-inthanethi ziye zafunda ukuthatha ngisho nalezo zinhlelo ezinokuvikelwa kwesimanje okusetshenzisiwe kanye nezibuyekezo zakamuva zesofthiwe; kanye nezindlela zokutholwa kanye nokuhunyushwa kwekhodi (lapho izinhlelo zokuphepha zisebenzela khona) azisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi; ikakhulukazi uma ukuhlasela kuhlosiwe futhi kuyingqayizivele. [19]
• Nokho, kusekhona indlela ephumelelayo yokulwa namagciwane e-ransomware: isekela idatha ebalulekile. Ukuze uma kunenkinga, idatha ingabuyiselwa kalula. [19]

Odokotela, abahlengikazi kanye neziguli ezithintekile yi-WannaCry - kwenzeke kanjani kubo?

• Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlaba wezi-2017, uSarah Marsh, intatheli ye-Guardian, uxoxisane nabantu abambalwa ababeyizisulu ze-WannaCry ransomware virus ukuze baqonde ukuthi lesi sigameko senzeke kanjani [5] kwabahlukunyeziwe (amagama ashintshiwe ngenxa yezizathu zobumfihlo):
• Sergey Petrovich, udokotela: Angikwazanga ukunikeza ukunakekelwa okufanele ezigulini. Noma ngabe abaholi bazama kangakanani ukukholisa umphakathi ukuthi izehlakalo ze-inthanethi aziphazamisi ukuphepha kweziguli, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Asikwazanga ngisho ukuthatha ama-X-ray lapho amasistimu ethu ekhompuyutha ehluleka. Futhi cishe ayikho inqubo yezokwelapha ephelele ngaphandle kwalezi zithombe. Isibonelo, ngalobu busuku obumangalisayo bengibona isiguli futhi ngangidinga ukusithumela i-x-ray, kodwa njengoba amasistimu ethu ekhompuyutha ayekhubazekile, angikwazanga ukwenza kanjalo. [5]
• UVera Mikhailovna, isiguli esinomdlavuza webele: Ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ngase ngiphakathi nendawo esibhedlela, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba nokuhlasela kwe-cyber. Futhi nakuba isimiso sase siphelile kakade, kwadingeka ngichithe amahora amaningana engeziwe esibhedlela, ngilindele ukuba ekugcineni nginikezwe umuthi. Inkinga yavela ngenxa yokuthi ngaphambi kokukhipha imithi, abasebenzi bezokwelapha bayayihlola ukuthi iyahambisana yini nemiyalelo, futhi lokhu kuhlola kwenziwa ngamasistimu ekhompyutha. Iziguli ezazilandela umugqa ngemva kwami ​​zase zisendlini kakade ukuze zilashwe ngamakhemikhali; imithi yabo nayo isivele ilethiwe. Kodwa njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwazo nezindlela zokupheka, inqubo yahlehliswa. Ukwelashwa kweziguli ezisele ngokuvamile kuhlehliselwa usuku olulandelayo. [5]
• Tatyana Ivanovna, umhlengikazi: NgoMsombuluko, asikwazanga ukubuka ama-EHR eziguli kanye nohlu lwama-aphoyintimenti ahlelelwe namuhla. Bengisemsebenzini ekwamukelweni kwezicelo kule mpelasonto, ngakho ngoMsombuluko, lapho isibhedlela sethu siba yisisulu sokuhlaselwa ku-inthanethi, kwadingeka ngikhumbule ukuthi ubani okufanele eze ku-aphoyintimenti. Amasistimu wolwazi wesibhedlela sethu avaliwe. Asikwazanga ukubheka amarekhodi ezokwelapha, asikwazanga ukubheka imiyalelo yezidakamizwa; ayikwazanga ukubuka amakheli esiguli kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana; ukugcwalisa amadokhumenti; hlola imiphumela yokuhlolwa. [5]
• Evgeniy Sergeevich, umqondisi wesistimu: Ngokuvamile ngoLwesihlanu ntambama kuba matasa kakhulu. Kwaba njalo ngoLwesihlanu. Isibhedlela besigcwele phama, abasebenzi basesibhedlela abawu-5 bebesemsebenzini bezothola izicelo zocingo, nezingcingo zabo bezingapheli. Wonke amasistimu ethu ekhompiyutha ayesebenza kahle, kodwa cishe ngo-15:00 p.m., zonke izikrini zekhompyutha zaba mnyama. Odokotela bethu nabahlengikazi balahlekelwe ukufinyelela kuma-EHR eziguli, futhi izisebenzi eziphendula izingcingo azikwazanga ukufaka izicelo kukhompyutha. [5]

Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingawulimaza kanjani umtholampilo wokuhlinza ngepulasitiki?

• Njengoba kubikiwe i-Guardian [6], ngoMeyi 30, 2017, iqembu lezigebengu elithi "Tsar's Guard" lishicilele imininingwane eyimfihlo yeziguli eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 zomtholampilo wokuhlinza epulasitiki waseLithuania "Grozio Chirurgija". Kubandakanya nezithombe eziyimfihlo ezithathwe ngaphambi, ngesikhathi nangemva kokusebenza (ukugcinwa kwazo kuyadingeka ngenxa yemininingwane yomsebenzi womtholampilo); kanye nokuskenwa kwamapasi kanye nezinombolo zokuphepha komphakathi. Njengoba umtholampilo unegama elihle namanani aphansi, izinsizakalo zawo zisetshenziswa izakhamuzi zamazwe angama-60, kuhlanganise nosaziwayo abadumile emhlabeni wonke [7]. Bonke bebeyizisulu zalesi sigameko se-inthanethi.
• Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, ngemva kokugenca amaseva emtholampilo futhi beba idatha kubo, "abaqaphi" bafuna isihlengo sama-bitcoins angu-300 (cishe amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-800). Abaphathi bomtholampilo benqaba ukubambisana "nabalindi," futhi bahlala beqinile ngisho nalapho "abaqaphi" benciphisa inani lesihlengo kuma-bitcoins angu-50 (cishe amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-120). [6]
• Njengoba sebelahlekelwe ithemba lokuthola isihlengo emtholampilo, “onogada” banquma ukushintshela kumakhasimende awo. NgoMashi, bashicilela izithombe zeziguli eziyi-150 emtholampilo [8] ku-Darknet ukuze basabise abanye ukuthi bafune imali. "Abalindi" bacele isihlengo kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-2000 euros, ngenkokhelo nge-Bitcoin, kuye ngokuthi udumo lwesisulu kanye nokusondelana kolwazi oluntshontshiwe. Isibalo esiqondile seziguli ezaboshwa asaziwa, kodwa izisulu ezimbalwa zithinte amaphoyisa. Manje, ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, onogada bashicilele idatha eyimfihlo yamanye amaklayenti ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. [6]

Isigebengu se-inthanethi sebe ikhadi lezokwelapha - kusho ukuthini lokhu kumnikazi walo ofanele?

• Ngomhla zi-19 kuMfumfu wezi-2016, u-Adam Levine, uchwepheshe we-cybersecurity ophethe isikhungo socwaningo se-CyberScout, waphawula [9] ukuthi siphila esikhathini lapho amarekhodi ezokwelapha aseqalile ukufaka inani elithusayo lolwazi olusondelene ngokweqile: ngezifo, ukuxilonga, ukwelashwa. , nezinkinga zempilo. Uma kusezandleni ezingalungile, lolu lwazi lungasetshenziselwa ukuzuza emakethe emnyama ye-Darknet, yingakho izigebengu ze-inthanethi zivame ukukhomba izikhungo zezokwelapha.
• NgoSepthemba 2, 2014, uMike Orkut, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe eMIT, wathi [10]: “Ngenkathi izinombolo zekhadi lesikweletu ezebiwe kanye nezinombolo zokuphepha komphakathi ngokwazo ziya ngokuya zifunwa kakhulu emakethe emnyama yewebhu - amarekhodi ezokwelapha, ingcebo yolwazi lomuntu siqu, lapho ngentengo enhle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunikeza abantu abangenamshwalense ithuba lokuthola usizo lwezempilo abebengeke bakwazi ukukukhokhela.”
• Ikhadi lezokwelapha elintshontshiwe lingasetshenziswa ukuthola usizo lwezokwelapha egameni lomnikazi ofanele wekhadi. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhadi lezokwelapha lizoqukatha idatha yezokwelapha yomnikazi walo ofanele kanye nedatha yezokwelapha yesela. Ukwengeza, uma isela lithengisela abantu besithathu amakhadi ezokwelapha antshontshiwe, ikhadi lingase lingcole nakakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho efika esibhedlela, umnikazi ongokomthetho wekhadi uzifaka engozini yokuthola usizo lwezokwelapha oluyosekelwe ohlotsheni lwegazi lomunye umuntu, umlando wezokwelapha womunye umuntu, uhlu lomunye umuntu lokusabela komzimba, njll. [9]
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, isela lingase lisebenzise umkhawulo womshwalense womnikazi wekhadi lezokwelapha elifanele, okuyovimbela lona osanda kuthola usizo lwezokwelapha oludingekayo lapho kudingeka. Ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Phela, izinhlelo eziningi zomshuwalense zinemikhawulo yonyaka ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinqubo nokwelashwa. Futhi ngokuqinisekile ayikho inkampani yomshuwalense ezokukhokhela ngokuhlinzwa okubili kwe-appendicitis. [9]
• Lisebenzisa ikhadi lezokwelapha elintshontshiwe, isela lingasebenzisa kabi imiyalelo. Nakuba encisha umnikazi ofanele ithuba lokuthola umuthi odingekayo lapho ewudinga. Phela, imiyalelo yemithi ngokuvamile inomkhawulo. [9]
• Ukunciphisa ukuhlasela kwe-cyberattack kumakhadi esikweletu nawedebithi akunzima kangako. Ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kuyinkinga kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngokweba nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-EHR, ubugebengu bucishe bungabonakali. Uma iqiniso lobugebengu litholwa, ngokuvamile lisesimweni esiphuthumayo kuphela, lapho imiphumela ingaba yingozi ngempela empilweni. [9]

Kungani ukwebiwa kwamakhadi ezokwelapha kuwumkhuba owanda kangaka?

• NgoMashi 2017, Isikhungo Sokulwa Nokwebiwa Kobunikazi sabika ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-25% wokuputshuka kwedatha okuyimfihlo kwenzeka ezikhungweni zezokwelapha. Lokhu kwephulwa kwemithetho kubiza izikhungo zezokwelapha ukulahlekelwa minyaka yonke ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5,6. Nazi izizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani ukwebiwa kwamakhadi ezokwelapha kuwumkhuba okhulayo. [18]
• Amakhadi ezokwelapha ayinto eshisa kakhulu emakethe emnyama ye-Darknet. Amakhadi ezokwelapha athengiswa lapho ngo-$50 lilinye. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izinombolo zamakhadi esikweletu zithengiswa ngo-$1 lilinye ku-Dark Web—zishibhe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunamakhadi ezokwelapha. Isidingo samakhadi wezokwelapha siphinde siqhutshwe yiqiniso lokuthi ayinto esebenzisekayo ezinsizeni zokukhohlisa zemibhalo yobugebengu eyinkimbinkimbi. [18]
• Uma umthengi wamakhadi ezokwelapha engatholakali, umhlaseli angasebenzisa ikhadi lezokwelapha ngokwakhe futhi enze ukweba kwendabuko: amakhadi ezokwelapha aqukethe ulwazi olwanele lokuvula ikhadi lesikweletu, ukuvula i-akhawunti yasebhange noma ukuboleka imali isisulu. [18]
• Njengoba ephethe ikhadi lezokwelapha elintshontshiwe, isibonelo, isigebengu se-inthanethi singahlasela ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi (ngokomfanekiso, silole umkhonto wobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi), sizenze ibhange: “Sawubona, siyazi ukuthi uzohlinzwa. . Ungakhohlwa ukukhokhela izinsizakalo ezihlobene ngokulandela lesi sixhumanisi. " Bese ucabanga: "Kulungile, njengoba bazi ukuthi ngizohlinzwa kusasa, mhlawumbe incwadi evela ebhange ngempela." Uma umhlaseli ehluleka ukubona amandla amakhadi ezokwelapha antshontshiwe, angasebenzisa igciwane le-ransomware ukuze akhiphe imali esikhungweni sezokwelapha - ukuze abuyisele ukufinyelela kumasistimu avinjiwe nedatha. [18]
• Izikhungo zezokwelapha zibambezelekile ukwamukela izinqubo ze-cybersecurity esezivele zisungulwe kwezinye izimboni, okuyinto exakayo njengoba izikhungo zezokwelapha kudingeka zigcine imfihlo yezokwelashwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zezokwelapha ngokuvamile zinezabelomali ezincane kakhulu ze-cybersecurity kanye nezingcweti eziqeqeshwe kancane kakhulu zezokuphepha ku-inthanethi kune, isibonelo, izikhungo zezezimali. [18]
• Izinhlelo ze-IT zezokwelapha zihlobene eduze nezinsizakalo zezezimali. Isibonelo, izikhungo zezokwelapha zingaba nezinhlelo zokonga ezishintshayo eziphuthumayo, ezinamakhadi azo okukhokha noma ama-akhawunti okulondoloza - abambe isamba sezibalo eziyisithupha. [18]
• Izinhlangano eziningi zibambisana nezikhungo zezokwelapha futhi zinikeze abasebenzi bazo uhlelo lwezempilo olulodwa. Lokhu kunikeza umhlaseli ithuba, ngokugebenga izikhungo zezokwelapha, ukuze athole ukufinyelela olwazini oluyimfihlo lwamakhasimende ezinkampani esikhungo sezokwelapha. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi umqashi ngokwakhe angenza njengomhlaseli - ukuthengisa buthule idatha yezokwelapha yabasebenzi bakhe kubantu besithathu. [18]
• Izikhungo zezokwelapha zinamaketango amaningi okuhlinzeka kanye nohlu olukhulu lwabahlinzeki abaxhumene nabo ngedijithali. Ngokugebenga izinhlelo ze-IT zesikhungo sezokwelapha, umhlaseli angakwazi futhi ukuthatha amasistimu abahlinzeki. Ukwengeza, abahlinzeki abaxhumene nesikhungo sezokwelapha ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwedijithali ngokwabo bayindawo esilingayo yokungena kumhlaseli ezinhlelweni ze-IT zesikhungo sezokwelapha. [18]
• Kwezinye izindawo, ukuphepha sekube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke abahlaseli kuye kwadingeka bahlole umkhakha omusha - lapho ukuthengiselana kwenziwa ngezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezisengozini kanye nesofthiwe esengozini. [18]

Ingabe ukuntshontshwa kwenombolo Yezokuphepha Komphakathi kuhlobene kanjani nemboni yokukhohlisa yamadokhumenti obugebengu?

• Ngomhla zingama-30 kuMasingana, 2015, isikhungo sezindaba sikaTom's Guide sachaza [31] ukuthi ukukhohlisa kwedokhumenti evamile kwehluka kanjani kokuhlanganiswayo. Ngendlela yakhona elula, ukukhohlisa kwedokhumenti kubandakanya umkhohlisi ovele azenze omunye umuntu esebenzisa igama lakhe, Inombolo Yokuphepha Komphakathi (SSN), nolunye ulwazi lomuntu siqu. Iqiniso elinjalo lokukhwabanisa litholwa ngokushesha futhi kalula. Ngendlela ehlangene, abantu ababi badala ubuntu obusha ngokuphelele. Ngokwenza idokhumenti, bathatha i-SSN yangempela futhi bengeze izingcezu zolwazi lomuntu siqu oluvela kubantu abambalwa abahlukene kuyo. Lesi silo saseFrankenstein, esihlanganiswe ndawonye sisuka emininingwaneni yomuntu siqu yabantu abahlukene, kunzima kakhulu ukusibona kunokukhwabanisa okulula kwedokhumenti. Njengoba umkhonyovu esebenzisa olunye ulwazi lwesisulu ngasinye, umkhonyovu wakhe ngeke uthinte abanikazi abafanele balezo zingcezu zolwazi lomuntu siqu. Isibonelo, lapho ebuka umsebenzi we-SSN yakhe, umnikazi wayo osemthethweni ngeke athole lutho olusolisayo lapho.
• Abantu ababi bangasebenzisa inunu yabo yaseFrankenstein ukuthola umsebenzi noma ukuboleka imali [31], noma ukuvula izinkampani zamagobolondo [32]; ukuthenga, ukuthola izincwadi zokushayela kanye namaphasipoti [34]. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ngisho nasendabeni yokuthatha imali ebolekiwe, kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela iqiniso lokukhohlisa kwemibhalo, ngakho-ke uma amabhange eqala ukwenza uphenyo, khona-ke umnikazi wezomthetho walokhu noma lolo lwazi lomuntu siqu. cishe uzobizwa aziphendulele, futhi hhayi umdali we-monster yaseFrankenstein.
• Osomabhizinisi abangathembekile bangasebenzisa inkohliso yemibhalo ukuze bakhohlise abakweletwayo - ngokwakha okuthiwa. ibhizinisi lama-sandwich. Ingqikithi yesamishi lebhizinisi ukuthi osomabhizinisi abangathembekile bangakha imininingwane engamanga eminingana futhi bazethule njengamakhasimende ebhizinisi labo - ngaleyo ndlela benze ukubukeka kwebhizinisi eliphumelelayo. Lokhu kubenza bathandeke kakhulu kubabolekisi babo futhi kubavumela ukuba bajabulele imigomo encomekayo yokuboleka. [33]
• Ukwebiwa nokusetshenziswa budedengu kolwazi lomuntu siqu ngokuvamile akunakwa umnikazi walo ofanele isikhathi eside, kodwa kungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kuye ngesikhathi esingafanele. Isibonelo, umnikazi we-SSN osemthethweni angafaka isicelo sezinzuzo Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi futhi anqatshelwe ngenxa yemali engenayo eningi ewumphumela wesemishi lebhizinisi elenziwe elasebenzisa i-SSN yabo. [33]
• Kusukela ngo-2007 kuze kube namuhla, ibhizinisi lobugebengu elibiza izigidigidi zamadola omgunyathi wemibhalo esekwe ku-SSN selidume kakhulu [34]. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abakhwabanisi bakhetha lawo ma-SSN angasetshenziswa ngokugcwele abanikazi bawo abafanelekile - lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-SSN ezingane nabantu abashonile. Ngokusho kwesikhungo sezindaba i-CBC, ngo-2014 izigameko zanyanga zonke zazibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni, kanti ngo-2009 zazingekho ngaphezu kwekhulu ngenyanga. Ukukhula okunamandla kwalolu hlobo lokukhwabanisa - futhi ikakhulukazi umthelela wako olwazini lomuntu siqu lwezingane - kuzoba nemiphumela emibi kubantu abasha esikhathini esizayo. [100]
• Ama-SSN ezingane asetshenziswa izikhathi ezingu-50 ngaphezu kwama-SSN amadala kulo mkhonyovu. Le ntshisekelo kuma-SSN ezingane isukela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-SSN ezingane ngokuvamile awasebenzi kuze kube okungenani iminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Lokho. Uma abazali bezingane ezincane bengawubeki umunwe wabo ku-SSN yabo, ingane yabo ingase yenqatshelwe ilayisense lokushayela noma imali mboleko yabafundi esikhathini esizayo. Kungase futhi kube nzima ukuqashwa uma ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi we-SSN ongabazisayo lutholakala kumqashi ongase abe umqashi. [34]

Namuhla kunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana namathemba nokuphepha kwezinhlelo zezobunhloli zokwenziwa. Zihamba kanjani izinto nalokhu emkhakheni wezokwelapha?

• Kumagazini kaJuni 2017 we-MIT Technology Review, umhleli oyinhloko wephephabhuku onguchwepheshe bezobunhloli bokwenziwa ushicilele isihloko sakhe esithi “The Dark Side of Artificial Intelligence”, ephendule lo mbuzo ngokuningiliziwe. Amaphuzu abalulekile esihlokweni sakhe [35]:
• Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-Artificial Intelligence (AI) ziyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi nonjiniyela abaziklamayo abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi i-AI yenza kanjani isinqumo esithile. Namuhla nasesikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, akunakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwe-AI olungahlala luchaza izenzo zalo. Ubuchwepheshe "bokufunda ngokujulile" bubonise ukuthi busebenza kahle kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo zeminyaka yamuva: ukuqashelwa kwesithombe nezwi, ukuhumusha ulimi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha. [35]
• Amathemba abalulekile abekwe ku-AI yokuxilonga izifo ezibulalayo kanye nokwenza izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezomnotho; futhi i-AI kulindeleke ukuthi ibe yisizinda kwezinye izimboni eziningi. Nokho, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke - noma okungenani akufanele kwenzeke - kuze kube yilapho sithola indlela yokwenza uhlelo lokufunda olujulile olungachaza izinqumo ezizenzayo. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke sikwazi ukubikezela ngokuqondile ukuthi lolu hlelo luzohluleka nini - futhi maduze luzohluleka nakanjani. [35]
• Le nkinga isiphuthuma manje, futhi esikhathini esizayo izoba yimbi kakhulu. Kungaba izinqumo zezomnotho, ezempi noma zezokwelapha. Amakhompiyutha asebenza kuwo amasistimu e-AI ahambisanayo azihlele ngokwawo, futhi ngendlela yokuthi asinayo indlela yokuqonda “okusengqondweni yawo.” Singathini ngabasebenzisi bokugcina, lapho nonjiniyela abaklama lezi zinhlelo bengakwazi ukuqonda nokuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo. Njengoba izinhlelo ze-AI zithuthuka, singase siwele umugqa maduze—uma singakenzi—lapho sizodinga ukweqa ukholo ekuthembeleni ku-AI. Yiqiniso, njengoba singabantu, thina ngokwethu asikwazi njalo ukuchaza iziphetho zethu, futhi ngokuvamile sithembele entuthukweni. Kodwa ingabe singayivumela imishini ukuba icabange ngendlela efanayo - engalindelekile futhi engachazeki? [35]
• Ngo-2015, i-Mount Sinai Medical Center eNew York City yagqugquzelwa ukusebenzisa umqondo wokufunda okujulile kudathabhesi yayo ebanzi yamarekhodi esiguli. Isakhiwo sedatha esisetshenziswa ukuqeqesha isistimu ye-AI sasihlanganisa amakhulukhulu amapharamitha asethwa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, ukuxilonga, ukuhlolwa namanothi kadokotela. Uhlelo olwacubungula lawa marekhodi lwabizwa ngokuthi “Isiguli Esijulile”. Waqeqeshwa esebenzisa amarekhodi eziguli eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-700. Lapho kuhlolwa okurekhodiwe okusha, kubonakale kuwusizo kakhulu ekubikezeleni izifo. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana nochwepheshe, i-Deep Patient yathola izimpawu zifihlwe kumarekhodi ezokwelapha - i-AI eyayikholelwa ukuthi isiguli sasiphezu kwezinkinga ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza wesibindi. Siye sahlola ngaphambilini izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubikezela, ezazisebenzisa amarekhodi ezokwelapha eziguli eziningi njengedatha yokuqala, kodwa imiphumela "Yesiguli Esijulile" ayikwazi ukuqhathaniswa nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezimpumelelo ezingalindelekile ngokuphelele: "Isiguli Esijulile" kuhle kakhulu ukubikezela ukuqala kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo njenge-schizophrenia. Kodwa njengoba imithi yesimanje ingenawo amathuluzi okubikezela, umbuzo uphakama ukuthi i-AI yakwazi kanjani ukwenza lokhu. Nokho, iThe Deep Patient ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuthi ikwenza kanjani lokhu. [35]
• Ngokufanelekile, amathuluzi anjalo kufanele achazele odokotela ukuthi bafinyelela kanjani esiphethweni esithile - ukusho, ukuthethelela ukusetshenziswa komuthi othile. Nokho, izinhlelo zesimanje zobuhlakani bokwenziwa ngeshwa azikwazi ukwenza lokhu. Singadala izinhlelo ezifanayo, kodwa asazi ukuthi zisebenza kanjani. Ukufunda okujulile kuholele izinhlelo ze-AI empumelelweni yokuqhuma. Njengamanje, izinhlelo ezinjalo ze-AI zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ezimbonini ezifana nezokwelapha, ezezimali, ezokukhiqiza, njll. Mhlawumbe lena uhlobo lobuhlakani uqobo - ukuthi ingxenye yayo kuphela engachazwa ngokunengqondo, kuyilapho ikakhulukazi yenza izinqumo ezizenzakalelayo. Kodwa lokhu kuzoholelani lapho sivumela izinhlelo ezinjalo ukuthi zihlole umdlavuza futhi zenze amasu ezempi? [35]

Ingabe umkhakha wezokwelapha ufunde noma yiziphi izifundo ku-WannaCry?

• Ngomhla zingama-25 kuNhlaba wezi-2017, isikhungo sezindaba se-BBC sabika [16] ukuthi esinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokudebeselela ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity kumishini yezokwelapha egqokekayo amandla abo ekhompyutha aphansi, ngenxa yezidingo eziqinile zosayizi wabo. Ezinye izizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile ngokulinganayo: ukuntula ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokubhala ikhodi evikelekile kanye nokucindezela izikhathi zokugcina zokukhishwa komkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Emlayezweni ofanayo, i-BBC yaphawula [16] ukuthi ngenxa yocwaningo lwekhodi yohlelo lwesinye sezihlinzeki zenhliziyo, kwatholakala ubuthakathaka obungaphezu kuka-8000 kuyo; kanye nokuthi naphezu kokusabalala komphakathi mayelana nezindaba ze-cybersecurity ezivezwe isigameko se-WannaCry, kuphela i-17% yabakhiqizi bemishini yezokwelapha abathathe izinyathelo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka ku-inthanethi kwemishini yabo. Ngokuqondene nezikhungo zezokwelapha ezikwazile ukugwema ukungqubuzana ne-WannaCry, kuphela ama-5% azo ayekhathazekile ngokuxilonga ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity kwemishini yabo. Le mibiko iza ngemuva nje kokuthi izinhlangano zezempilo ezingaphezu kuka-60 e-UK zibe yizisulu zokuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi.
• NgoJuni 13, 2017, inyanga ngemva kwesigameko se-WannaCry, u-Peter Pronovost, udokotela one-PhD kanye nomqondisi ohlangene wezokuphepha kwesiguli e-Johns Hopkins Medicine, waxoxa [17] ku-Harvard Business Review ngezinselele ezicindezelayo zokuhlanganiswa kwezokwelapha ngekhompyutha. - akashongo lutho mayelana ne-cybersecurity.
• Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, inyanga ngemva kwesigameko se-WannaCry, u-Robert Pearl, udokotela oneziqu zobudokotela kanye nomqondisi wezikhungo ezimbili zezokwelapha, exoxa [15] emakhasini e-Harvard Business Review ngezinselelo zesimanje abathuthukisi nabasebenzisi bezokwelapha. Izinhlelo zokuphatha ze-EHR, - Akazange asho lutho mayelana ne-cybersecurity.
• Ngomhla zingama-20 kuNhlangulana wezi-2017, inyanga ngemva kwesigameko se-WannaCry, iqembu lososayensi abaneziqu zobudokotela abavela e-Harvard Medical School, abaphinde babe yizinhloko zezigaba ezibalulekile ze-Brigham and Women's Hospital, bashicilele imiphumela yabo [20] emakhasini Ingxoxo yetafula le-Harvard Business Review ngesidingo sokwenza imishini yezokwelapha ibe yesimanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokunakekelwa kwesiguli. Ithebula eliyindilinga lixoxe ngamathemba okunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi kodokotela kanye nokunciphisa izindleko ngokuthuthukisa izinqubo zobuchwepheshe kanye ne-automation ephelele. Abamele izikhungo zezokwelapha zase-US ezihamba phambili ezingama-34 babambe iqhaza etafuleni eliyindilinga. Bexoxa ngokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwemishini yezokwelapha, ababambiqhaza babeke amathemba aphezulu kumathuluzi aqagelayo namadivayisi ahlakaniphile. Akukho nelilodwa igama elashiwo mayelana ne-cybersecurity.

Izikhungo zezokwelapha zingakuqinisekisa kanjani ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity?

• Ngo-2006, inhloko ye-Directorate of Special Communications Information Systems ye-FSO yaseRussia, uLieutenant General Nikolai Ilyin, wathi [52]: "Indaba yokuphepha kolwazi ibaluleke kakhulu namuhla kunangaphambili. Inani lobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo landa kakhulu. Ngeshwa, namuhla izindaba zokuphepha kolwazi azihlali zicatshangelwa esigabeni sokuklama. Kuyacaca ukuthi izindleko zokuxazulula le nkinga zivela kumaphesenti angu-10 kuya kwangu-20 wezindleko zesistimu ngokwayo, futhi ikhasimende alifuni njalo ukukhokha imali eyengeziwe. Okwamanje, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukuvikelwa kolwazi okuthembekile kungenziwa kuphela esimweni sendlela ehlanganisiwe, lapho izinyathelo zenhlangano zihlanganiswa nokwethulwa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha zobuchwepheshe.
• Ngomhla zi-3 kuMfumfu wezi-2016, u-Mohammed Ali, owayeyisisebenzi esibalulekile se-IBM kanye no-Hewlett Packard, futhi manje oyinhloko yenkampani i-Carbonite, esebenza ngezixazululo ze-cybersecurity, wabelane [19] emakhasini we-Harvard Business Review ngokuphawula kwakhe mayelana nesimo. nge-cybersecurity emkhakheni wezokwelapha: “Ngenxa yokuthi i-ransomware ivame kakhulu futhi umonakalo ungabiza kakhulu, ngihlala ngimangala lapho ngikhuluma nama-CEO futhi ngithola ukuthi abacabangi kangako ngakho. Okungcono kakhulu, i-CEO ithumela izindaba ze-cybersecurity emnyangweni we-IT. Nokho, lokhu akwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okusebenzayo. Kungakho ngihlala ngikhuthaza ama-CEO ukuthi: 1) afake ukuncishiswa kwe-ransomware njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlangano; 2) buyekeza isu elifanele le-cybersecurity okungenani kanye ngonyaka; 3) bandakanya yonke inhlangano yakho emfundweni efanele."
• Ungakwazi ukuboleka izixazululo ezisunguliwe emkhakheni wezezimali. Isiphetho esiyinhloko [18] umkhakha wezezimali esisithathile kusukela kusiphithiphithi se-cybersecurity yilesi: “Isici esisebenza kahle kakhulu se-cybersecurity ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi. Ngoba namuhla imbangela enkulu yezehlakalo ze-cybersecurity yisici somuntu, ikakhulukazi ukuthambekela kwabantu ekuhlaselweni kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi. Yize ukubethela okuqinile, umshwalense wengozi ye-cyber, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi, ukwenza amathokheni, ukuqoshwa kwamakhadi, i-blockchain kanye ne-biometrics yizinto okuthi, nakuba ziwusizo, zingezesibili.”
• NgoMeyi 19, 2017, i-ejensi yezindaba ye-BBC yabika [23] ukuthi e-UK, ngemuva kwesigameko se-WannaCry, ukuthengiswa kwesofthiwe yezokuphepha kukhuphuke ngo-25%. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe be-Verizon, ukuthengwa kokwesaba kwesofthiwe yezokuphepha akuyona into edingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity; Ukuze uqinisekise, udinga ukulandela ukuzivikela okusebenzayo, hhayi ukusabela.

PS Usithandile lesi sihloko? Uma kunjalo, sicela uyithande. Uma ngenani lokuthandwa (ake sithole i-70) ngibona ukuthi abafundi be-Habr banesithakazelo kulesi sihloko, ngemva kwesikhashana ngizolungiselela ukuqhubeka, ngokubuyekezwa kwezinsongo zakamuva nakakhulu ezinhlelweni zolwazi lwezokwelapha.

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