Emisebenzini eminingi, ukubambezeleka phakathi kweklayenti neseva kubalulekile, isibonelo emidlalweni ye-inthanethi, umhlangano wevidiyo/izwi, i-IP telephony, i-VPN, njll. Uma iseva ikude kakhulu neklayenti ezingeni lenethiwekhi ye-IP, khona-ke ukubambezeleka (okubizwa ngokuthi "ping", "lag") kuzophazamisa umsebenzi.
Ukuba seduze kwendawo kweseva akuhlali kulinganisa ukusondela kuleveli yomzila we-IP. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, iseva kwelinye izwe kungenzeka "iseduze" nawe kuneseva edolobheni lakho. Konke ngenxa yezici zendlela nokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi.
Indlela yokukhetha iseva eseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kuwo wonke amaklayenti angaba khona? Kuyini ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi ye-IP? Indlela yokuqondisa iklayenti kuseva eseduze? Ake sithole esihlokweni.
Ukulinganisa ukubambezeleka
Okokuqala, ake sifunde ukukala ukubambezeleka. Lo msebenzi awulula njengoba ungase ubonakale ngoba ukubambezeleka kungase kuhluke kumaphrothokholi ahlukene nosayizi bephakethe. Ungase futhi uphuthelwe imicimbi yesikhashana, efana namadiphu ahlala ama-millisecond ambalwa.
I-ICMP - i-ping evamile
Sizosebenzisa insiza ye-Unix ping; ikuvumela ukuthi usethe mathupha izikhawu phakathi kokuthumela amaphakethe, inguqulo ye-ping yeWindows engakwazi ukuyenza. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba uma kukhona ukuma okude phakathi kwamaphakethe, ungase ungaboni ukuthi kwenzekani phakathi kwawo.
Usayizi wephakheji (inketho -s) - ngokuzenzakalelayo, insiza ye-ping ithumela amaphakethe angama-byte angama-64 ngosayizi. Ngamaphakethe amancane kangaka, izenzakalo ezenzeka ngamaphakethe amakhulu zingase zingabonakali, ngakho-ke sizosetha usayizi wephakethe kumabhayithi angu-1300.
Isikhawu phakathi kwamaphakethe (option -i) β isikhathi phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwedatha. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, amaphakethe athunyelwa kanye ngomzuzwana, lokhu kude kakhulu, izinhlelo zangempela zithumela amakhulu nezinkulungwane zamaphakethe ngomzuzwana, ngakho-ke sizobeka isikhawu sibe yisekhondi elingu-0.1. Uhlelo aluvumeli okuncane.
Ngenxa yalokho, umyalo ubukeka kanje:
ping -s 1300 -i 0.1 yandex.ru
Lo mklamo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone isithombe esingokoqobo sokulibaziseka.
I-ping nge-UDP ne-TCP
Kwezinye izimo, uxhumano lwe-TCP lucutshungulwa ngokuhlukile kunamaphakethe e-ICMP, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, izilinganiso zingahluka kuye ngephrothokholi. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi umsingathi umane angaphenduli ku-ICMP, futhi i-ping evamile ayisebenzi. Yilokhu umninikhaya akwenza ukuphila kwakhe konke, ngokwesibonelo. microsoft.com.
Okusetshenziswayo kusukela kubathuthukisi besithwebuli esidumile i-nmap bangakhiqiza noma yimaphi amaphakethe. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukukala ukubambezeleka.
Njengoba i-UDP ne-TCP zisebenza kwezithize, sidinga βukungenaβ imbobo ethile. Ake sizame ukufaka i-TCP 80, okungukuthi, imbobo yeseva yewebhu:
$ sudo nping --tcp -p 80 --delay 0.1 -c 0 microsoft.com
Starting Nping 0.7.80 ( https://nmap.org/nping ) at 2020-04-30 13:07 MSK
SENT (0.0078s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
SENT (0.1099s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.2068s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.2107s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.3046s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.3122s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.4247s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=42 id=0 iplen=44 seq=2876862274 win=64240 <mss 1398>
Max rtt: 112.572ms | Min rtt: 93.866ms | Avg rtt: 101.093ms
Raw packets sent: 4 (160B) | Rcvd: 3 (132B) | Lost: 1 (25.00%)
Nping done: 1 IP address pinged in 0.43 seconds
Ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-nping ithumela amaphakethe ama-4 nezitobhi. Inketho c0 inika amandla ukuthumela okungapheli kwamaphakethe; ukumisa uhlelo, udinga ukucindezela u-Ctrl+C. Izibalo zizoboniswa ekugcineni. Siyabona ukuthi isilinganiso se-rtt (isikhathi sokubuya nokubuya) singu-101ms.
I-MTR - i-traceroute kuma-steroids
Uhlelo I-My Traceroute iyinsiza ethuthukisiwe yokulandelela imizila kumsingathi okude. Ngokungafani ne-traceroute yesistimu evamile (ku-Windows lena insiza ye-tracert), ingabonisa ukubambezeleka kumsingathi ngamunye ochungechungeni lwephakethe. Ingakwazi futhi ukulandelela imizila hhayi nge-ICMP kuphela, kodwa futhi nge-UDP ne-TCP.
$ sudo mtr microsoft.com
(Kuchofozeka) isixhumi esibonakalayo sohlelo lwe-MTR. Ukulandelela umzila ku-microsoft.com kuqalile
I-MTR ikhombisa ngokushesha i-ping kumsingathi ngamunye ochungechungeni, futhi idatha ivuselelwa njalo ngenkathi uhlelo lusebenza futhi izinguquko zesikhashana zingabonakala.
Isithombe-skrini sibonisa ukuthi i-node #6 inokulahlekelwa kwephakethe, kodwa empeleni lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba amanye ama-routers angavele alahle amaphakethe nge-TTL ephelelwe yisikhathi futhi angabuyisi impendulo yephutha, ukuze idatha yokulahlekelwa kwephakethe inganakwa lapha.
I-WiFi vs ikhebula
Lesi sihloko asihambisani ngokuphelele nesihloko, kodwa ngombono wami sibaluleke kakhulu kumongo wokulibaziseka. Ngiyithanda ngempela i-WiFi, kodwa uma nginethuba elincane lokuxhuma ku-inthanethi ngentambo, ngizoyisebenzisa. Ngihlale ngibayekile abantu ukusebenzisa amakhamera e-WiFi.
Uma udlala abathwebuli bezithombe abazimisele ku-inthanethi, usakaza ividiyo, noma uhweba esihwebeni: sicela usebenzise i-inthanethi ngekhebula.
Nasi isivivinyo esibonakalayo sokuqhathanisa i-WiFi noxhumo lwekhebula. Lena i-ping kurutha ye-WiFi, okungukuthi, ngisho ne-inthanethi okwamanje.
(Clickable) Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-ping nomzila we-WiFi ngekhebula nange-WiFi
Kuyabonakala ukuthi nge-WiFi ukubambezeleka kungu-1ms ubude futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuba namaphakethe anokulibaziseka ngokuphindwe kashumi! Futhi lesi yisikhathi esifushane kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umzila ofanayo ukhiqiza ukubambezeleka okuzinzile kwe-<1ms.
Esibonelweni esingenhla, i-WiFi 802.11n ku-2.4GHz isetshenziswa, ikhompuyutha ephathekayo kuphela nefoni okuxhumeke endaweni yokufinyelela ye-WiFi. Ukube bekunamaklayenti amaningi endaweni yokufinyelela, imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu. Yingakho ngimelene kakhulu nokushintsha wonke amakhompyutha asehhovisi ku-WiFi uma kungenzeka ukuthi ngifinyelele kuwo ngentambo.
Ukuxhumana kwe-IP
Ngakho-ke, sifunde ukulinganisa ukubambezeleka kuseva, ake sizame ukuthola iseva eseduze kakhulu nathi. Ukuze senze lokhu, singabheka ukuthi umzila womhlinzeki wethu usebenza kanjani. Kulula ukusebenzisa isevisi kulokhu
Uma sifinyelela isayithi, sibona ukuthi ikheli lethu le-IP lingelohlelo oluzimele .
Ngokubheka igrafu yokuxhumana yezinhlelo ezizimele, singabona ukuthi abahlinzeki bezinga eliphezulu abahlinzeki bethu baxhumeke kuphi emhlabeni wonke. Ichashazi ngalinye liyachofozeka, ungangena futhi ufunde ukuthi hlobo luni lomhlinzeki.
Igrafu yokuxhumana yamasistimu azimele womhlinzeki
Usebenzisa leli thuluzi, ungafunda ukuthi iziteshi zanoma yimuphi umhlinzeki, okuhlanganisa nokusingathwa, zakhiwe kanjani. Bona ukuthi yibaphi abahlinzeki exhunywe kubo ngokuqondile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka ikheli le-IP leseva ekusesheni bgp.he.net bese ubheka igrafu yesistimu yayo yokuzimela. Ungaqonda futhi ukuthi isikhungo sedatha esisodwa noma umhlinzeki wokusingatha uxhumeke kanjani kwesinye.
Amaphuzu amaningi okushintshaniswa kwethrafikhi ahlinzeka ngethuluzi elikhethekile elibizwa ngokuthi ingilazi yokubuka, ekuvumela ukuthi uhlabe futhi ulandelele usuka kumzila othile endaweni yokushintshanisa.
Ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ku-MGTS
Ngakho-ke, lapho sikhetha iseva, singabona kusengaphambili ukuthi izobukeka kanjani kusuka kumaphuzu ahlukene wokushintshaniswa kwethrafikhi. Futhi uma amakhasimende ethu okungenzeka atholakala endaweni ethile, singathola indawo efanelekile yeseva.
Khetha iseva eseduze
Sinqume ukwenza lula inqubo yokuthola iseva efanelekile yamakhasimende ethu futhi sakha ikhasi elinokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kwezindawo eziseduze: .
Uma uvakashela ikhasi, umbhalo ukala ukubambezeleka ukusuka kusiphequluli sakho kuya kuseva ngayinye futhi sikubonisa kumephu esebenzisanayo. Uma uchofoza isikhungo sedatha, ulwazi olunemiphumela yokuhlolwa luyavezwa.
Inkinobho ikuyisa ekhasini lokuhlola ukubambezeleka kwazo zonke izikhungo zethu zedatha. Ukuze ubuke imiphumela yokuhlolwa, chofoza indawo yesikhungo sedatha kumephu
Source: www.habr.com