Ngomhla zi-5 kuNhlolanja walo nyaka, kwavunywa izinga elisha le-10-megabit Ethernet. Yebo, ufunda lokho ngendlela efanele: amamegabhithi ayishumi ngomzuzwana.
Kungani sidinga ijubane eliphansi kangaka ekhulwini lama-21? Ukuze ungene esikhundleni sobuningi bobuchwepheshe obufihliwe ngaphansi kwegama elihehayo elithi "fieldbus"—Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART, njalonjalo. Ziningi kakhulu, azihambelani, futhi kunzima ukuzilungiselela. Kodwa esifuna ukukwenza nje ukuxhuma ikhebula kuswishi, futhi yilokho. Njenge-Ethernet ejwayelekile.
Futhi maduze kuzokwenzeka! Hlangana: “802.3cg-2019 — Izinga le-IEEE le-Ethernet — Isichibiyelo 5: Ukucaciswa Kwesendlalelo Esibonakalayo Nemingcele Yokuphatha kwabangu-10 Mb/s Ukusebenza kanye Nokulethwa Kwamandla Okuhambisanayo Ngaphezulu Kwepheya Elilodwa Elibhalansi Lama-Conductor.”
Yini ekhetheke kangaka ngale Ethernet entsha? Okokuqala, isebenza ngekhebula elilodwa elisontekile, hhayi ezine. Ngakho-ke, inezixhumi ezincane nezintambo ezincane. Futhi ingasebenzisa izintambo ezisontekile ezikhona ezisebenza kuzinzwa nama-actuator.
Ungase uphikise ngokuthi i-Ethernet isebenza kuphela amamitha ayi-100, kuyilapho izinzwa zitholakala kude kakhulu. Ngempela, lokhu kwakuke kwaba yinkinga. Kodwa i-802.3cg isebenza kufika ku-1 km! Ipheya elilodwa nje! Kuhle kakhulu?
Empeleni, kungcono nakakhulu: wona kanye lawo mapheya angaphatha amandla. Yilapho esizoqala khona.
IEEE 802.3bu Amandla phezu Kwemigqa Yedatha (PoDL)
Ngiqinisekile abaningi benu bezwile nge-PoE (Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet) futhi bayazi ukuthi amapheya amabili ezintambo ayadingeka ukuze kudluliselwe amandla. Okokufaka/okuphumayo kwamandla kutholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zama-transformer kupheya ngayinye. Lokhu ngeke kufezwe kusetshenziswa ipheya eyodwa, ngakho-ke bekudingeka indlela ehlukile. Umdwebo ongezansi ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kanjani ngempela. I-Classic PoE iphinde ifakwe ngezinjongo zemifanekiso.
Lapha:
I-PSE - imishini yokuthola amandla
I-PD - idivayisi enikwe amandla (umshini osekugcineni osebenzisa ugesi)
Ekuqaleni, i-802.3bu yayinezigaba zamandla eziyi-10:
Izigaba ezintathu ezinemibandela zamandla kagesi omthombo agqanyiswe ngombala: 12, 24 kanye no-48V.
Igama:
I-Vpse — amandla kagesi kagesi, V
I-Vpd min - i-voltage encane ku-PD, V
I max - esiphezulu samanje emgqeni, A
I-Ppd max - ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kwe-PD, W
Ngokufika kwephrothokholi ye-802.3cg, amakilasi ayi-6 engeziwe:
Ngokwemvelo, ngamadivaysi ahlukahlukene kangaka, i-PSE ne-PD kufanele zivumelane ngesigaba sokuphakelwa kwamandla ngaphambi kokufaka i-voltage egcwele. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-SCCP (Serial Communications Classification Protocol). Lena iphrothokholi enesivinini esiphansi (333 bps) esekelwe ku-1-Wire. Isebenza kuphela lapho amandla amakhulu engasetshenziswanga kulayini (kuhlanganise nemodi yokulala).
Umdwebo webhulokhi ubonisa ukuthi amandla anikezwa kanjani:
- Kusetshenziswa i-current ye-10 mA futhi ukuba khona kwe-4 V zener diode ekugcineni kuyahlolwa.
- isigaba sokuphakelwa kukagesi kuvunyelwana ngaso
- amandla amakhulu anikezwa
- Uma ukusetshenziswa kwehla ngaphansi kuka-10 mA, imodi yokulala iyasebenza (ukunikezwa kwamandla okubekwe eceleni 3.3 V)
- Uma ukusetshenziswa kudlula 1 mA, idivayisi iyaphuma kumodi yokulala.
Awudingi ukufanisa isigaba samandla uma saziwa kusengaphambili. Le nketho ibizwa nge-Fast Startup Mode. Isetshenziswa, isibonelo, ezimotweni, ngoba asikho isidingo sokushintsha ukucushwa kwemishini exhunyiwe.
I-PSE noma i-PD ingakwazi ukuqalisa ukushintshela kumodi yokulala.
Manje ake siqhubekele encazelweni yokudluliswa kwedatha. Kukhona futhi okuthakazelisayo lapho: indinganiso ichaza izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza: ibanga elide kanye nebanga elifushane.
I-10BASE-T1L
Lokhu ukuhluka okufinyeleleka isikhathi eside. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka:
- ububanzi - kufika ku-1 km
- 18AWG (0.8mm2) abaqhubi
- kufika ku-10 izixhumi eziphakathi (kanye nezixhumi ezimbili zokugcina)
- imodi yokusebenza yephoyinti nephuzu
- i-duplex egcwele
- isilinganiso sophawu 7.5 Mbaud
- PAM-3 modulation, 4B3T ikhodi
- isignali ene-amplitude engu-1V (1Vpp) noma i-2.4V
- I-Energy Efficient Ethernet (“ethule/qala kabusha” EEE) isekela
Ngokusobala, le nketho ihloselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni, ezifana nezinhlelo zokulawula ukufinyelela, ezishintshayo zokwakha, namakheshi. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukulawula ama-chiller ophahleni, ama-air conditioner, namafeni. Noma ama-boilers okushisa namaphampu atholakala emakamelweni awusizo. Ngamanye amazwi, inenqwaba yezicelo ngaphandle kwemboni. Ingasaphathwa eye-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT).
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi i-10BASE-T1 ingeyodwa kuphela yezindinganiso ze-Single Pair Ethernet (SPE). Kukhona futhi i-100BASE-T1 (802.3bw) ne-1000BASE-T1 (802.3bp). Kodwa-ke, lezi zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto, ngakho-ke ububanzi bawo bungamamitha angu-15 kuphela (UTP) noma amamitha angu-40 (STP). Kodwa-ke, i-100BASE-T1L yebanga elide isivele ihleliwe. Ngakho, ukuxoxisana okuzenzakalelayo kuzokwengezwa esikhathini esizayo.
Ngenkathi ukuxhumanisa kungasetshenziswa, isixhumi esibonakalayo simenyezelwa “sinesiqalo esisheshayo”: ngaphansi kuka-100 ms kusukela ekunikezeni amandla kuya ekuqaleni kokushintshisana kwedatha.
Enye inketho (ongakukhetha) ukukhulisa i-amplitude yokudlulisela isuka ku-1 iye ku-2.4V ukuze kuthuthukiswe isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-nomsindo, ukunciphisa inani lamaphutha, futhi kumelane nokuphazamiseka kwezimboni.
Futhi, kunjalo, EEE. Lena indlela yokonga amandla ngokuvala isidlulisi uma ingekho idatha ezodluliswa. Umdwebo ubonisa ukuthi ibukeka kanjani:
Ayikho idatha - sithumela umlayezo "Ngilele" bese sinqamula. Ngezinye izikhathi, sivuka futhi sithumele umlayezo "Ngisekhona." Uma idatha ivela, olunye uhlangothi luthola isexwayiso sokuthi "Ngiyavuka" futhi luqala ukudlulisa. Ngamanye amazwi, abemukeli kuphela abahlala besebenza.
Manje ake sibone ukuthi baqhamuke nani ngenguqulo yesibili yezinga.
I-10BASE-T1S
Incwadi yokugcina iyodwa ikwenza kucace ukuthi lena yinqubo yokufinyelela isikhashana. Kodwa kungani idingeka uma i-T1L isebenza amabanga amafushane? Ake sifunde ukucaciswa:
- ibanga lifika ku-15m kumodi yephoyinti nephoyinti
- i-duplex noma i-half duplex
- проводники 24-26AWG (0.2-0.13мм2)
- isilinganiso sophawu 12.5 Mbaud
- I-DME, ikhodi 4B5B
- isignali ene-amplitude ye-1V (1Vpp)
- kufika ku-4 izixhumi eziphakathi (kanye nezixhumi ezimbili zokugcina)
- akukho ukwesekwa kwe-EEE
Kubonakala sengathi akukho okukhethekile. Ngakho ngeyani? Kuhle, ngalokhu:
- ibanga lifika ku-25m kumodi ye-multipoint (kufika ku-8 amafindo)
Futhi lokhu:
- I-PLCA RS (PHY-Level Collision Avoidance Reconciliation Sublayer) imodi yokugwema ukungqubuzana
Futhi lokho kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, akunjalo? Ngoba kusiza kakhulu ukunciphisa inani lezintambo kumakhabethe okulawula, imishini, amarobhothi, kanye nezimoto. Futhi sekukhona iziphakamiso zokuyisebenzisa njengokufaka esikhundleni se-I2C ku amaseva, amaswishi kanye nezinye izinto zikagesi.
Nokho, imodi ye-multipoint inezinkinga zayo. Okuyinhloko indlela yokudlulisela idatha okwabelwana ngayo. Ukushayisana, vele, kuxazululwa kusetshenziswa i-CSMA/CD. Kodwa i-latency ehilelekile akwaziwa. Futhi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, lokhu kubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, indinganiso entsha yengeza amaphuzu amaningi ngemodi ekhethekile ye-PLCA RS (bona isigaba esilandelayo).
I-drawback yesibili ukuthi i-PoDL ayisebenzi ne-multipoint. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla kuzodingeka anikezwe ngekhebula ehlukile noma atholakale endaweni.
Kodwa-ke, i-PoDL iphinde isebenze kumodi yephoyinti-kuya-iphuzu ku-T1S.
I-PLCA RS
Le modi isebenza kanje:
- amanodi asabalalisa izihlonzi phakathi kwawo, indawo ene-ID=0 iba umxhumanisi
- umxhumanisi ukhipha isignali ye-BEACON kunethiwekhi, okubonisa ukuqala komjikelezo omusha wokudlulisa, futhi idlulisa iphakethe layo ledatha
- Ngemva kokudlulisa iphakethe ledatha, ulayini wokudlulisela udlulela endaweni elandelayo
- Uma i-node ingakaqali ukudlulisa phakathi nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kudluliselwe amabhithi angama-20, ulayini uya endaweni elandelayo.
- Uma wonke ama-node edlulise idatha (noma ephuthelwe yithuba lawo), umxhumanisi uqala umjikelezo omusha
Ngokuvamile, lokhu kufana ne-TDMA. Kodwa-ke, umehluko ukuthi i-node ayisebenzisi isikhathi sayo uma ingenalutho lokudlulisa. Futhi usayizi wozimele akachazwanga ngokuqinile, njengoba kuncike kusayizi wephakethe ledatha elidluliswa inodi. Futhi konke lokhu kusebenza phezu kwamafreyimu ajwayelekile angu-802.3 Ethernet (i-PLCA RS iyinketho, ngakho-ke ukuhambisana kuyadingeka).
Imiphumela yokusebenzisa i-PLCA ikhonjiswe kumagrafu angezansi. Eyokuqala ibonisa ukubambezeleka njengomsebenzi womthwalo, eyesibili ibonisa ukuphuma komsebenzi njengenani lamanodi okudlulisa. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukubambezeleka sekunokubikezelwa kakhulu. Futhi esimweni esibi kakhulu, ama-oda amabili obukhulu aphansi kunesimo esibi kakhulu se-CSMA/CD:
Futhi umthamo wesiteshi esimweni se-PLCA uphakeme, njengoba ungasetshenziswa ekuxazululeni ukushayisana:
Izixhumi
Ekuqaleni, sakhetha ezinkethweni eziyisithupha zokuxhuma ezinikezwa izinkampani ezahlukene. Ekugcineni, sixazulule lezi zinketho ezimbili:
Ezimweni ezijwayelekile zokusebenza, isixhumi se-CommScope IEC 63171-1 LC sikhethiwe.
Ezindaweni ezinokhahlo, i-HARTING inikeza umndeni wesixhumi we-IEC 63171-6 (owayekade eyi-61076-3-125). Lezi zixhumi zilinganiselwe ngezilinganiso zokuvikela ukusuka ku-IP20 kuye ku-IP67.
Kunjalo, izixhumi nezintambo kungaba yi-UTP noma i-STP.
Ezenye
Ungasebenzisa ikhebula le-Ethernet elijwayelekile elinamapheya amane, usebenzisa ipheya ngayinye yesiteshi esihlukile se-SPE. Lokhu kugwema isidingo sokusebenzisa izintambo ezine ezihlukene. Kungenjalo, ungasebenzisa ikhebula elinepheya eyodwa futhi ufake iswishi ye-Ethernet yepheya eyodwa ekugcineni okude.
Noma ungaxhuma le swishi ngokuqondile kunethiwekhi yendawo yebhizinisi uma inethiwekhi ye-fiber-optic isivele inwetshiwe ezindaweni ezikude. Xhuma izinzwa lapho, futhi ubuke ukufundwa kwazo lapha. Ngqo kunethiwekhi. Awekho ama-converter esibonakalayo noma amasango adingekayo.
Futhi lezi akudingekile ukuthi kube izinzwa. Kungaba amakhamera evidiyo, ama-intercom, noma amalambu ahlakaniphile. Ama-actuator ama-valve noma ama-turntile ezindaweni zokuhlola.
Ngakho amathemba ayajabulisa. Akunakwenzeka, vele, ukuthi i-SPE izothatha indawo yawo wonke amabhasi. Kodwa kuzothatha ingxenye enkulu kubo. Impela ezimotweni.
P.S. Angikwazanga ukuthola umbhalo ojwayelekile otholakala esidlangalaleni. Ulwazi olungenhla luqoqwe ndawonye ngelethulo ehlukahlukene kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ku-inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, ingase iqukathe okunganembile.
Source: www.habr.com
