“Lokhu kuyadingeka,” esho kakhulu, engakhulumisi muntu. - Lokhu kuyadingeka! Yilokhu elikushoyo: umsebenzi omkhulu wenkampani ukwenza inzuzo ngokuzuzisa abaninimasheya. Awu, cabanga ngakho! Abesabi lutho!
U-Yuliy Dubov, "Ububi Obuncane"
Ngemva kokubona isihloko esinjalo, cishe usuvele unqume ukuthi lesi sihloko siwubuwula noma siwukucasula. Kodwa ungagijimeli eziphethweni: abasebenzi bezinkampani ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi izinkampani ezibambe iqhaza kuhulumeni, ngokuvamile kufanele baqhathanise amapulatifomu ahlukene, okuhlanganisa ahluke ngokuphelele - isibonelo, lawo asesihlokweni.
Yiqiniso, akekho oqhathanisa ama-DBMS ngale ndlela, ngoba amandla abo nobuthakathaka baziwa kahle. Njengomthetho, amapulatifomu axazulula inkinga ethile yohlelo lokusebenza angaphansi kokuqhathaniswa. Esihlokweni ngizobonisa indlela yokusebenza esetshenziswa kuleli cala, kusetshenziswa isibonelo semininingwane yolwazi njengesihloko esijwayeleke ngabafundi beHabr mathupha. Ngakho,
Ukugqugquzela
Uma uqala iphrojekthi yezemfundo noma iphrojekthi yokuzilibazisa, isisusa sokukhetha inkundla singahluka kakhulu: "le yinkundla engiyazi kangcono", "Ngithanda ukuqonda lena", "nansi imibhalo engcono kakhulu" ... Endabeni yenkampani yezohwebo, umbandela wokukhetha uyafana: ngizokhokha malini futhi ngizoyithola ngani le mali.
Ngokwemvelo, ufuna ukukhokha kancane futhi uthole okwengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, udinga ukunquma ukuthi yini ebaluleke kakhulu - ukukhokha kancane noma ukuthola okwengeziwe, futhi unikeze isisindo endaweni ngayinye. Ake sicabange ukuthi isisombululo sekhwalithi ephezulu sibaluleke kakhulu kithi kunesishibhile, futhi sizokwabela isisindo se-40% ku-node "yezindleko", kanye ne-60% ku-node "Amathuba".
Ezinkampanini ezinkulu, okuphambene ngokuvamile kuyiqiniso - isisindo sezindleko asiweli ngaphansi kuka-50%, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezu kuka-60%. Esibonelweni semodeli, konke okubalulekile ukuthi isisindo esiphelele se-node yengane yanoma iyiphi i-node yomzali kufanele ibe ngu-100%.
Izimo zokusika
Iwebhusayithi Kunezinhlelo ezingaba ngu-500 zokuphatha isizindalwazi ezaziwayo. Ngokwemvelo, uma ukhetha iplatifomu eqondiwe kusuka kuzinketho eziningi, ungagcina unesihloko sokubuyekezwa, kodwa hhayi iphrojekthi yokuhweba. Ukuze kuncishiswe indawo yokukhetha, imibandela yokunqanyulwa iyakhiwa, futhi uma inkundla ingazanelisi lezi zindlela zokunquma, ngakho-ke ayicatshangelwa.
Indlela yokunquma ingase ihlobane nezici zobuchwepheshe, isibonelo:
- Iziqinisekiso ze-ACID;
- imodeli yedatha ehlobene;
- Ukusekelwa kolimi lwe-SQL (inothi, lokhu akufani “nemodeli yobudlelwano”);
- kungenzeka ukukala ovundlile.
Kungase kube nemibandela evamile:
- ukutholakala kokusekelwa kwezohwebo eRussia;
- umthombo ovulekile;
- ukutholakala kweplatifomu kuRejista yoMnyango Wezocingo kanye Nezokuxhumana Eziningi;
- ubukhona beplatifomu ngokulinganisa okuthile (ngokwesibonelo, ekhulwini lokuqala lesilinganiso se-db-engines.com);
- ukuba khona kochwepheshe emakethe (isibonelo, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokusesha igama lesiteji ekuqhubekeni kabusha kuwebhusayithi hh.ru).
Phela, kungase kube nemibandela eqondene nebhizinisi:
- ukutholakala kongoti kubasebenzi;
- ukuhambisana nesistimu yokuqapha X noma isistimu yokusekelayo engu-Y, lapho konke ukusekelwa kusekelwe khona...
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kunohlu lwezinqubo zokunqanyulwa. Uma kungenjalo, kuzoba khona uchwepheshe othile (noma “uchwepheshe”) ojabulela ukwethenjwa okukhethekile okuvela kubaphathi ozothi “kungani ungakhethanga inkundla Z, ngiyazi ukuthi iyona engcono kakhulu.”
Isilinganiso sezindleko
Izindleko zesixazululo ngokusobala ziqukethe izindleko zamalayisense, izindleko zokusekela kanye nezindleko zemishini.
Uma amasistimu ecishe abe yisigaba esifanayo (isibonelo, i-Microsoft SQL Server ne-PostgreSQL), ukuze kube lula singacabanga ukuthi inani lemishini yazo zombili izixazululo lizocishe lifane. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ungahloli izinto zokusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela wonge isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Uma kufanele uqhathanise izinhlelo ezihluke ngokuphelele (zithi, Oracle vs. Redis), khona-ke kusobala ukuthi ukuhlola okulungile kuyadingeka ukwenza ukulinganisa (ukubalwa kwenani lemishini). Ukulinganisa uhlelo olungekho kuwumsebenzi ongabongi kakhulu, ngakho basazama ukugwema ukuqhathanisa okunjalo. Lokhu kulula ukwenza: ezimweni ezinqunyiwe, ukulahlekelwa kwedatha ye-zero kanye nemodeli yobudlelwane kubhaliwe, noma ngokuphambene nalokho - umthwalo wezinkulungwane ze-50 zokuthengiselana ngomzuzwana.
Ukuze uhlole amalayisense, kwanele ukubuza umthengisi noma ozakwethu bakhe izindleko zelayisense ngenombolo egxilile yama-cores nosekelo lwesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Njengomthetho, izinkampani sezivele zinobudlelwane obuqinile nabathengisi be-software, futhi uma umnyango wokusebenza kwesizindalwazi awukwazi ukuphendula umbuzo wezindleko ngokwawo, khona-ke incwadi eyodwa yanele ukuthola lolu lwazi.
Abathengisi abahlukene bangase babe namamethrikhi ahlukene okulayisensa: ngenombolo yama-cores, ivolumu yedatha noma inombolo yama-node. Isizinda sokulinda singaba mahhala, noma singanikezwa ilayisensi ngendlela efanayo neyinhloko. Uma kutholwa noma yimuphi umehluko kumamethrikhi, kuzodingeka ukuthi uchaze ukuma kwemodeli ngokuningiliziwe futhi ubale izindleko zamalayisense esitendi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile lokuqhathanisa okulungile yizimo ezifanayo zokusekela. Isibonelo, ukwesekwa kwe-Oracle kubiza u-22% yenani lelayisense ngonyaka, kodwa akudingeki ukhokhele ukusekelwa kwe-PostgreSQL. Ingabe kulungile ukuqhathanisa kanje? Cha, ngoba iphutha elingenakulungiswa uwedwa linemiphumela ehluke ngokuphelele: esimeni sokuqala, ochwepheshe bokusekela bazokusiza ngokushesha ukukulungisa, kodwa esimweni sesibili, kukhona ingozi yokubambezela iphrojekthi noma isikhathi sokuphumula esiqediwe. uhlelo isikhathi esingenamkhawulo.
Ungakwazi ukulinganisa izimo zokubala ngezindlela ezintathu:
- Sebenzisa i-Oracle ngaphandle kokusekelwa (empeleni lokhu akwenzeki).
- Thenga usekelo lwe-PostgreSQL - isibonelo, ku-Postgres Professional.
- Cabangela ubungozi obuhambisana nokuntula ukwesekwa.
Isibonelo, ukubala kwengozi kungase kubukeke kanje: esimeni lapho kuba khona ukwehluleka okubulalayo kwesizindalwazi, isikhathi sokuphumula sesistimu kungaba usuku lwebhizinisi olungu-1. Inzuzo ehlongozwayo ngokusebenzisa lolu hlelo iyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 ze-MNT ngonyaka, izinga lezingozi lilinganiselwa ku-1/400, ngaleyo ndlela ingozi yokuntuleka kokusekelwa ilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-100 ze-MNT ngonyaka. Ngokusobala, “inzuzo ehleliwe” kanye “nesilinganiso semvamisa yengozi” kungamagugu abonakalayo, kodwa kungcono kakhulu ukuba nemodeli enjalo kunokuba ungabi nayo.
Eqinisweni, isistimu ingase ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze izindleko ezihloniphekile zesikhathi eside sokuphumula zingamukeleki, ngakho-ke ukusekelwa kuzodingeka. Uma isikhathi sokuphumula sivunyelwe, khona-ke ukwenqaba ukwesekwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaba yindlela enhle yokonga imali.
Ake sicabange ukuthi ngemva kwazo zonke izibalo, izindleko ze-platform yokusebenza A iminyaka engu-5 ziphenduka izigidi ezingu-800 ze-MNT, izindleko ze-platform B ziyizigidi ezingu-650 ze-MNT, futhi izindleko ze-platform yokusebenza C yi-600 million MNT. I-Platform C, njengomnqobi, ithola iphuzu eligcwele ngentengo, kuyilapho izinkundla A no-B zithola kancane kancane, ngokulingana nokuthi zibiza izikhathi ezingaki. Kulokhu - amaphuzu angu-0.75 no-0.92, ngokulandelana.
Ukuhlola Ithuba
Ukuhlolwa kwamathuba kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningi, inani lawo elinqunyelwe kuphela umcabango womuntu owenza ukuhlola. Inketho enhle ibonakala iwukuhlukanisa amakhono abe ngamaqembu azosebenzisa lawa makhono; esibonelweni sethu, laba ngonjiniyela, abalawuli kanye nezikhulu zokuphepha zolwazi. Ake sicabange ukuthi izisindo zale misebenzi zisatshalaliswa njengo-40:40:20.
Imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ihlanganisa:
- lula ukukhohlisa idatha;
- ukukala;
- ukuba khona kwezinkomba zesibili.
Uhlu lwemibandela, kanye nezisindo zabo, zincike kakhulu. Ngisho nalapho uxazulula inkinga efanayo, lezi zinhlu, izisindo zento, nezimpendulo zizohluka kakhulu kuye ngokwakheka kweqembu lakho. Isibonelo, i-Facebook isebenzisa i-MySQL ukugcina idatha, futhi i-Instagram yakhelwe ku-Cassandra. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi abathuthukisi balezi zinhlelo zokusebenza bagcwalise amathebula anjalo. Umuntu angaqagela kuphela ukuthi uMark Zuckerberg wakhetha imodeli yobudlelwane egcwele ngokugcwele, ekhokha ngesidingo sokusebenzisa i-sharding, kuyilapho u-Kevin Systrom wakha ukulinganisa usebenzisa isiteji, edela kalula ukufinyelela kwedatha.
Imisebenzi yokuphatha ihlanganisa:
- amakhono esistimu yokusekelayo;
- lula ukuqapha;
- lula ukuphathwa kwamandla - amadiski namanodi;
- amandla okuphindaphinda idatha.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imibuzo kufanele ibhalwe ngendlela yobuningi. Ungakwazi ngisho nokuvumelana ngokuthi ungawuhlola kanjani umsebenzi othile. Ake, isibonelo, sizame ukukala amathuluzi okulondoloza sisebenzisa isibonelo samathuluzi ahlinzekwe nge-Oracle DBMS:
Insimbi
Amazwana
nokuhlola
imp/exp
Ilayisha futhi ilayisha idatha
0.1
qala/qeda ukwenza isipele
Ikopisha amafayela
0.3
I-RMAN
Amandla wokukopisha akhuphukayo
0.7
ZDLRA
Ukukopisha okukhuphukayo kuphela, ukutakula okusheshayo ukukhomba
1.0
Uma ingekho indlela yokuhlola ecacile, kunengqondo ukucela ochwepheshe abambalwa ukuthi banikeze izilinganiso bese benza isilinganiso.
Okokugcina, simane siklelise imisebenzi yokuvikela ulwazi:
- ukutholakala kwezinqubomgomo zokuphatha iphasiwedi;
- ikhono lokuxhuma amathuluzi okuqinisekisa angaphandle (i-LDAP, i-Kerberos);
- isibonelo sokufinyelela;
- amakhono okucwaninga;
- ukubethelwa kwedatha kudiski;
- ukubethela ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ngenethiwekhi (TLS);
- ukuvikelwa kwedatha kumlawuli.
Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza
Ngokwehlukana, ngithanda ukuxwayisa ngokusebenzisa imiphumela yanoma yiziphi izivivinyo zomthwalo ongenziwanga nguwe njengezimpikiswano.
Okokuqala, ukwakheka kwedatha kanye nephrofayili yokulayisha yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlolwayo kungase kuhluke kakhulu enkingeni ozoyixazulula. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-10-15 edlule, abathengisi besizindalwazi babethanda ukubukisa ngemiphumela ezuzwe ekuhlolweni kwe-TPC, kodwa manje, kubonakala sengathi, akekho othatha le miphumela ngokungathi sína.
Okwesibili, ukusebenza kwesistimu kuncike kakhulu ekutheni ikhodi yayibhalelwe yiphi inkundla nokuthi ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kuziphi izisetshenziswa. Ngibone izivivinyo eziningi lapho i-Oracle iqhathaniswa ne-PostgreSQL. Imiphumela isukela ekuphakameni okungenamibandela kwesistimu eyodwa kuya ekuphakameni okungenamibandela ngokulinganayo kwenye.
Futhi ekugcineni, okwesithathu, awazi lutho ngokuthi ubani owenze isivivinyo. Zombili lezi ziqu zibalulekile, zithonya ikhwalithi yokusetha i-OS nenkundla, kanye nokugqugquzela, okuthonya imiphumela yokuhlolwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izici ezihlanganisiwe.
Uma ukusebenza kuyisici esibalulekile, zihlole ngokwakho, okungcono ngosizo lwabantu abazolungisa futhi bagcine uhlelo lokukhiqiza.
Umphumela
Okokugcina, umphumela wawo wonke umsebenzi owenziwe kufanele ube isipredishithi lapho zonke izilinganiso zihlanganiswa, ziphindaphindwe futhi zifingqwe:
Njengoba uqonda, ngokushintsha izikali futhi ulungise izilinganiso ungafinyelela noma yimuphi umphumela oyifunayo, kodwa leyo indaba ehluke ngokuphelele...
Source: www.habr.com