Incazelo ye-DevOps iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele siqale ingxoxo ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kunezincwadi eziyinkulungwane ku-Habré yedwa ngalesi sihloko. Kepha uma ufunda lokhu, cishe uyazi ukuthi iyini i-DevOps. Ngoba angifuni. Sanibonani igama lami ngingu Alexander Titov (@), futhi sizokhuluma nje nge-DevOps futhi ngizokwabelana ngolwazi lwami.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ngicabanga ukuthi ngingayenza kanjani indaba yami ibe wusizo, ngakho kuzoba nemibuzo eminingi lapha - leyo engizibuza yona, naleyo engiyibuza amaklayenti enkampani yethu. Ngokuphendula le mibuzo, ukuqonda kuyathuthuka. Ngizokutshela ukuthi kungani i-DevOps idingeka ngokombono wami, ukuthi iyini, futhi, esikhundleni sami, nokuthi ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi udlulela ku-DevOps futhi ngokombono wami. Iphuzu lokugcina kuzoba ngemibuzo. Ngokuziphendula ngokwakho, ungaqonda ukuthi inkampani yakho iya ngase-DevOps noma ngabe kukhona izinkinga ngandlela thize.
Ngesinye isikhathi ngangigibele amagagasi okuhlanganiswa nokutholwa. Ngiqale ngasebenzela inkampani encane ebizwa nge-Qik, ngase ngithengwa inkampani enkulu kancane ebizwa ngokuthi iSkype, eyabe yathengwa inkampani enkulu kancane ebizwa ngeMicrosoft. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaqala ukubona ukuthi umbono we-DevOps wawuguquka kanjani ezinkampanini ezinosayizi abahlukahlukene. Ngemva kwalokho, ngaba nesithakazelo ekubhekeni i-DevOps ngombono wemakethe, futhi mina nozakwethu sasungula inkampani i-Express 42. Sekuyiminyaka engu-6 manje sihamba ngamagagasi emakethe.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngingomunye wabahleli bomphakathi we-DevOps waseMoscow kanye nomhleli we-DevOps-Days 2017, kodwa angizange ngihlele i-2018. I-Express 42 isebenza nezinkampani eziningi. Sikhulisa i-DevOps lapho, sibheke ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani, sifinyelela iziphetho, sihlaziye, sitshele wonke umuntu iziphetho zethu, futhi siqeqeshe abantu kuzinqubo ze-DevOps. Ngokuvamile, senza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuze sikhulise ulwazi lwethu nolwazi mayelana nalokhu.
Kungani i-DevOps
Umbuzo wokuqala ohlupha wonke umuntu futhi njalo uthi kungani? Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-DevOps imane nje iwukuzenzakalela noma into efanayo zonke izinkampani esezivele zinayo.
- BesineContinuous Integration - lokhu kusho ukuthi besesivele sine-DevOps, futhi kungani zonke lezi zinto zidingeka? Bazijabulisa phesheya, kodwa baphazamisa umsebenzi wethu!
Eminyakeni engu-9 yokuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye nendlela yokusebenza, sekuvele kwacaca ukuthi lokhu akukona ukukhalipha kokumaketha, kodwa akukacaci kahle ukuthi kungani kudingeka. Njenganoma yiliphi ithuluzi nenqubo, i-DevOps inemigomo ethile egcina iyifezile.
Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba uyashintsha. Uyaqhela endleleni yebhizinisi, lapho izinkampani ziqonda ngqo emaphusheni azo, njengoba kwacula i-classic yethu yaseSt.
Empeleni, konke okuku-IT kufanele kwakhiwe ngokwale ndlela. Lapha i-IT isetshenziswa kuphela ukwenza izinqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo.
I-automation ayishintshi kaningi, ngoba uma inkampani yehla ngendlela enyathelwe kahle, yini engashintsha? Iyasebenza - ungayithinti. Manje izindlela emhlabeni ziyashintsha, futhi leyo ebizwa nge-Agile iphakamisa ukuthi iphuzu lokuphela B alibonakali ngokushesha.
Lapho inkampani idlula emakethe, isebenza neklayenti, ihlola njalo imakethe futhi ishintsha iphuzu lokugcina B. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho inkampani ishintsha isiqondiso sayo kaningi, iphumelela kakhulu ekugcineni, ngoba ikhetha izindawo eziningi zemakethe.
Isu liboniswa inkampani ethokozisayo engisanda kufunda ngayo. I-One Box Shave iyisevisi yokubhalisela ukuletha izinsingo kanye nezinsiza zokushefa ebhokisini. Bayakwazi ukwenza ngokwezifiso "ibhokisi" labo kumakhasimende ahlukene. Lokhu kwenziwa isofthiwe ethile, ebese ithumela i-oda efektri yaseKorea ekhiqiza umkhiqizo.
Lo mkhiqizo uthengwe ngabakwa-Unilever ngo-$1 billion. Manje isiqhudelana noGillette futhi ithathe ingxenye enkulu yabathengi emakethe yaseMelika. I-One Box Shave ithi:
- 4 izindwani? Ingabe uzimisele? Ukudingani lokhu?Akuthuthukisi izinga lokushefa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ukhilimu okhethwe ngokukhethekile, iphunga elimnandi kanye nensingo yekhwalithi ephezulu enama-blade amabili kuxazulula izinkinga eziningi kakhulu kunalezo eziyisiphukuphuku ze-4 Gillette blades! Sizofika ku-10 maduze?
Yile ndlela umhlaba oshintsha ngayo. Abakwa-Unilever bathi banohlelo olupholile lwe-IT olukuvumela ukuthi wenze lokhu. Ekugcineni kubukeka njengomqondo Isikhathi sokuya emakethe,okungekho muntu oseke wakhuluma ngakho.
Iphuzu le-Time-to-market akukona ukuthi sisebenzisa kaningi kangakanani. Ungakwazi ukuphakela kaningi, kodwa imijikelezo yokukhishwa izoba yinde. Uma imijikelezo yokukhululwa yezinyanga ezintathu ibekwe phezu komunye nomunye, iwashintsha ngeviki, kuvela ukuthi inkampani ibonakala ihambisa kanye ngesonto. Futhi kusukela embonweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina kuthatha izinyanga ezi-3.
Isikhathi sokuya emakethe simayelana nokunciphisa isikhathi kusuka embonweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina.
Kulokhu, isofthiwe isebenzisana nemakethe. Lena yindlela iwebhusayithi ye-One Box Shave esebenzisana ngayo neklayenti. Abanabo abathengisi - iwebhusayithi nje lapho izivakashi zichofoza khona futhi zenze izifiso. Ngakho-ke, udinga njalo ukuthumela into entsha kusayithi futhi uyibuyekeze ngokuhambisana nezifiso zakho. Isibonelo, eNingizimu Korea bagunda ngokuhlukile kunaseRussia, futhi bathanda iphunga elingelona likaphayini, kodwa, isibonelo, izaqathe ne-vanilla.
Njengoba kudingekile ukushintsha ngokushesha okuqukethwe kwesayithi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kushintsha kakhulu. Ngesofthiwe, kufanele sithole ukuthi ikhasimende lifunani. Ngaphambilini, sakufunda lokhu ngezindlela ezithile ezizungezayo, isibonelo, ngokuphatha ibhizinisi. Sabe sesiyiklama, safaka izidingo ohlelweni lwe-IT, futhi yonke into yayipholile. Manje sekwehlukile—isofthiwe iklanywe yiwo wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza kule nqubo, okuhlanganisa nonjiniyela, ngoba bafunda ngokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe ukuthi imakethe isebenza kanjani futhi baphinde babelane ngemininingwane yabo nebhizinisi.
Isibonelo, e-Qik, ngokuzumayo safunda ukuthi abantu bathanda ngempela ukulayisha uhlu loxhumana nabo kuseva, futhi basinikeze uhlelo lokusebenza. Ekuqaleni asizange sicabange ngakho. Enkampanini yakudala, wonke umuntu ubezonquma ukuthi lesi yisiphazamisi, njengoba i-spec ayishongo ukuthi kufanele isebenze kahle futhi empeleni yasetshenziswa ngokubhakwa uhhafu, bebezosivala lesi sici bathi: “Akekho okudingayo lokhu, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukusebenza okuyinhloko kuyasebenza.” . Futhi inkampani yezobuchwepheshe ibona lokhu njengethuba futhi iqala ukushintsha isofthiwe ngokuhambisana nalokhu.
Ngo-1968, insizwa engumbono, uMelvin Conway, yakha umbono olandelayo.
Inhlangano edala isistimu ivinjelwa idizayini ephinda uhlaka lokuxhumana lwaleyo nhlangano.
Ngokuningiliziwe, ukuze ukhiqize izinhlelo zohlobo oluhlukile, kufanele futhi ube nesakhiwo sokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwenkampani yohlobo oluhlukile. Uma isakhiwo sakho sokuxhumana siphezulu, lokhu ngeke kukuvumele ukuthi udale amasistimu anganikeza inkomba ephezulu kakhulu ye-Time-to-Market.
Funda can . Kubalulekile ukuqonda isiko noma ifilosofi ye-DevOps ngoba okuwukuphela kwento eshintsha ngokuyisisekelo ku-DevOps ukwakheka kokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu.
Ngokombono wenqubo, ngaphambi kwe-DevOps, zonke izigaba: ukuhlaziya, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuhlola, ukusebenza, bekuqondile.
Endabeni ye-DevOps, zonke lezi zinqubo zenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Isikhathi sokuya emakethe yiyona ndlela kuphela engenziwa ngayo. Kubantu abasebenza enqubweni yakudala, lokhu kubukeka ku-cosmic, futhi ngokuvamile kunjalo-njalo.
Ngakho kungani udinga i-DevOps?
Okokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wedijithali. Uma ungenawo umkhiqizo wedijithali enkampanini yakho, i-DevOps ayidingeki - ibaluleke kakhulu.
I-DevOps inqoba imikhawulo yesivinini yokukhiqizwa kwesofthiwe elandelanayo. Kuyo, zonke izinqubo zenzeka kanyekanye.
Ubunzima buyanda. Uma abavangeli be-DevOps bekutshela ukuthi kuzokwenza kube lula kuwe ukukhulula isofthiwe, lokho kuwubuwula.
Nge-DevOps, izinto zizoba nzima kakhulu.
Engqungqutheleni esesikhundleni sika-Avito, ungabona ukuthi kunjani ukuhambisa isitsha se-Docker-umsebenzi ongenangqondo. Ubunkimbinkimbi buba nzima; kufanele ugibele amabhola amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
I-DevOps ishintsha ngokuphelele inqubo nenhlangano enkampanini - ngokunembe kakhudlwana, akuyona i-DevOps eshintshayo, kodwa umkhiqizo wedijithali. Ukuze ufike ku-DevOps, usadinga ukushintsha ngokuphelele le nqubo.
Imibuzo kachwepheshe
Unani? Imibuzo ongazibuza yona ngenkathi usebenza enkampanini futhi uthuthuka njengochwepheshe.
Ingabe unalo isu lokudala umkhiqizo wedijithali? Uma kukhona, sekuvele kuhle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkampani yakho ibheke ku-DevOps.
Ingabe inkampani yakho isivele idala umkhiqizo wedijithali? Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukukhuphukela kwelinye izinga futhi wenze izinto ngokuthakazelisa kakhulu, futhi ngokubuka kwe-DevOps. Ngikhuluma ngokwalo mbono kuphela.
Ingabe inkampani yakho ingelinye labaholi bemakethe endaweni enomkhiqizo wedijithali? I-Spotify, Yandex, Uber yizinkampani eziseqophelweni eliphezulu lokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe manje.
Zibuze le mibuzo, futhi uma zonke izimpendulo zingezinhle, mhlawumbe akufanele wenze i-DevOps kule nkampani. Uma isihloko se-DevOps sikuthakasela ngempela, mhlawumbe... kufanele uthuthele kwenye inkampani? Uma inkampani yakho ifuna ukungena ku-DevOps, kodwa uphendule ngokuthi “Cha” kuyo yonke imibuzo, khona-ke kufana nalowo bhejane omuhle ongasoze washintsha.
inhlangano
Njengoba ngike ngasho, ngokomthetho kaConway, inhlangano enkampanini iyashintsha. Ngizoqala ngalokho okuvimbela i-DevOps ukuthi ingangeni ngaphakathi kwenkampani ngokombono wenhlangano.
Inkinga "yemithombo"
Igama lesiNgisi elithi "Silo" lihunyushwe lapha ngesiRashiya ngokuthi "kahle". Iphuzu lale nkinga ukuthi akukho ukushintshana kolwazi phakathi kwamaqembu. Ithimba ngalinye lingena lijule kulwazi lwalo, ngaphandle kokwakha imephu evamile ukuze liyizule.
Ngandlela-thile, lokhu kungikhumbuza umuntu osanda kufika eMoscow futhi ongakazi ukuthi angahamba kanjani kumephu ye-metro. Ama-Muscovite ajwayele ukwazi kahle kakhulu indawo yawo, futhi azulazula kulo lonke elaseMoscow esebenzisa imephu ye-metro. Lapho ufika eMoscow okokuqala, awunalo leli khono, futhi uvele udidekile.
I-DevOps ihlongoza ukunqoba lesi sikhathi sokudideka nokudala imephu yokusebenzisana efanayo yayo yonke iminyango ihlangene.
Zimbili izici ezithiya lokhu.
Umphumela wesistimu yokuphatha yebhizinisi. Yakhelwe “emithonjeni” yohlelo oluhlukene. Isibonelo, kukhona ama-KPI athile ezinkampanini ezisekela lolu hlelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchopho bomuntu okuthola kunzima ukweqa imingcele yobuchwepheshe babo futhi bazulazule lonke uhlelo lungena endleleni. Akulungile nje. Cabanga ukuthi uzithola usesikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Bangkok - ngeke uthole indlela yakho ngokushesha lapho. I-DevOps nayo inzima ukuyizulazula, yingakho abantu bethi udinga ukuthola umhlahlandlela ukuze ufike lapho.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inkinga "yemithombo" kanjiniyela ogcwele umoya we-DevOps, ufunde uFowler kanye nenqwaba yezinye izincwadi, ivezwe ngokuthi. “imithombo” ayikuvumeli ukuthi wenze izinto “ezisobala”. Sivame ukuhlangana ngemuva kwe-DevOps Moscow, sikhulume sodwa, futhi abantu bayakhononda:
- Besifuna ukwethula i-CI, kodwa kwavela ukuthi abaphathi bebengayidingi.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba CI и Inqubo yokulethwa okuqhubekayo zisemngceleni wokuhlolwa okuningi. Ngokumane ungayinqobi inkinga “yemithombo” ezingeni lenhlangano, ngeke ukwazi ukuqhubekela phambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenzani futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kudabukisa kangakanani.
Umhlanganyeli ngamunye enqubeni enkampanini: abathuthukisi be-backend kanye ne-frontend, ukuhlola, i-DBA, ukusebenza, inethiwekhi, izimba ngendlela yabo, futhi akekho onemephu evamile ngaphandle komphathi, obaqapha ngandlela thize futhi abaphathe ngokusebenzisa "ukuhlukanisa." futhi anqobe” indlela.
Abantu balwela ezinye izinkanyezi noma amafulege, wonke umuntu uzimbela owakhe ubuchwepheshe.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kuphakama umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa konke lokhu ndawonye futhi kwakhiwe ipayipi elivamile, futhi asisekho isidingo sokulwela izinkanyezi namafulege, kuphakama umbuzo: yini okufanele siyenze? Kudingeka sivumelane ngandlela-thile, kodwa akekho owasifundisa ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa kanjani esikoleni. Sifundiswe kusukela esikoleni: ibanga lesishiyagalombili - wow! - uma kuqhathaniswa nebanga lesikhombisa! Kuyafana lapha.
Ingabe kuyafana enkampanini yakho?
Ukuze uhlole lokhu, ungazibuza le mibuzo elandelayo.
Ingabe amaqembu asebenzisa amathuluzi avamile futhi anikele ezinguqulweni kulawa mathuluzi avamile?
Kukangaki amaqembu ahlela kabusha—abanye ochwepheshe beqembu elithile baya kwelinye iqembu? Kusendaweni ye-DevOps lapho lokhu kuba yinto evamile, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi umuntu akakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi wenzani enye indawo yobuchwepheshe. Uthuthela komunye umnyango, usebenza khona amasonto amabili ukuze azenzele ibalazwe lokukhuluma nokusebenzisana nalo mnyango.
Kungenzeka yini ukudala ikomidi loshintsho futhi ushintshe okuthile? Noma ingabe idinga isandla esinamandla sokuphatha okuphezulu nezikhombisi-ndlela? Ngisanda kubhala ku-Facebook ukuthi ibhange elilodwa elingaziwa lisebenzisa kanjani amathuluzi ngama-oda: sibhala umyalo, siwusebenzisa unyaka wonke, futhi sibone ukuthi kwenzekani. Lokhu, yebo, yinde futhi idabukisa.
Kubaluleke kangakanani ukuthi abaphathi bathole izimpumelelo zabo ngaphandle kokucabangela izimpumelelo zenkampani?
Uma uziphendulela le mibuzo, kuzocaca ukuthi unayo yini inkinga enjalo enkampanini yakho.
Ingqalasizinda njengekhodi
Ngemuva kokuthi le nkinga idluliselwe, umkhuba wokuqala obalulekile, ngaphandle kwalokho okunzima ukuqhubekela phambili ku-DevOps, kunjalo ingqalasizinda njengekhodi.
Ezikhathini eziningi, ingqalasizinda njengekhodi ibonwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Masiguqule yonke into nge-bash, asizimboze ngemibhalo ukuze abaphathi babe nomsebenzi omncane wezandla!
Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso.
Ingqalasizinda njengekhodi isho ukuthi uchaza uhlelo lwe-IT osebenza nalo ngendlela yekhodi ukuze uhlale uqonda isimo salo.
Ngokuhlanganyela namanye amaqembu, nidala imephu ngendlela yekhodi wonke umuntu angayiqonda futhi angayizulazula futhi azulazule. Akunandaba ukuthi kwenziwani - Chef, Ansible, Salt, noma ukusebenzisa amafayela e-YAML ku-Kubernetes - awukho umehluko.
Engqungqutheleni, uzakwabo ovela ku-2GIS ukhulume ngokuthi benze kanjani into yabo yangaphakathi ku-Kubernetes, echaza ukwakheka kwezinhlelo ngazinye. Ukuze uchaze amasistimu angu-500, ayedinga ithuluzi elihlukile elikhiqiza leyo ncazelo. Uma kukhona le ncazelo, wonke umuntu angabheka omunye nomunye, aqaphe izinguquko, ukuthi ungayishintsha kanjani futhi uyithuthukise, yini engekho.
Vumelana, izikripthi ze-bash ngazinye ngokuvamile azinikezi lokhu kuqonda. Kwenye yezinkampani engangisebenza kuzo, kwakunegama elithi “bhala kuphela” umbhalo - lapho umbhalo usubhaliwe, kodwa akusakwazi ukusifunda. Ngicabanga ukuthi nawe lokhu uyakwazi.
Ingqalasizinda njengoba injalo ikhodi ikhodi echaza isimo samanje sengqalasizinda. Amathimba amaningi omkhiqizo, ingqalasizinda, namasevisi asebenza ndawonye kule khodi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wonke adinga ukuqonda ukuthi le khodi isebenza kanjani.
Ikhodi igcinwa ngokuvumelana nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokusebenza ngekhodi.: ukuthuthukiswa ngokubambisana, ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi, i-XP-programming, ukuhlola, ukudonsa izicelo, i-CI yengqalasizinda yekhodi - konke lokhu kufanelekile futhi kungasetshenziswa.
Ikhodi iba ulimi olujwayelekile kubo bonke onjiniyela.
Ukushintsha ingqalasizinda kukhodi akuthathi isikhathi esiningi. Yebo, kungaba nesikweletu sobuchwepheshe kukhodi yengqalasizinda futhi. Ngokuvamile amaqembu abhekana nakho cishe unyaka nesigamu ngemva kokuqala ukusebenzisa “ingqalasizinda njengekhodi” ngendlela yeqoqo lemibhalo noma i-Ansible, ayibhala njengekhodi yesipaghetti, aphinde ajikijele imibhalo ye-bash kungxube!
ezibalulekile: Uma ungakayizami le nto, khumbula lokho Ansible is not bash! Funda imibhalo ngokucophelela, funda lokho abakubhalayo ngakho.
Ingqalasizinda njengekhodi iwukuhlukaniswa kwekhodi yengqalasizinda ibe izendlalelo ezihlukile.
Enkampanini yethu, sihlukanisa izendlalelo eziyisisekelo ezi-3, ezicacile futhi ezilula, kodwa kungase kube nezinye zazo. Ungabheka ikhodi yakho yengqalasizinda bese usho ukuthi unaso yini lesi simo noma cha. Uma zingekho izendlalelo ezigqanyisiwe, kuzomele uthathe isikhathi futhi wenze kabusha kancane.
isendlalelo sesisekelo - yile ndlela i-OS, izipele nezinye izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi ezicushwa ngayo, isibonelo, ukuthi i-Kubernetes isetshenziswa kanjani ezingeni eliyisisekelo.
Izinga lesevisi - lawa amasevisi owanikeza unjiniyela: ukugawula njengesevisi, ukuqapha njengesevisi, isizindalwazi njengesevisi, ibhalansi njengesevisi, umugqa njengesevisi, Ukulethwa Okuqhubekayo njengesevisi - inqwaba yezinsizakalo iqembu ngalinye ingahlinzeka ngentuthuko. Konke lokhu kudinga ukuchazwa kumamojula ahlukene ohlelweni lwakho lokuphatha ukucushwa.
Isendlalelo lapho izicelo zenziwa khona futhi ichaza ukuthi zizovela kanjani phezu kwezendlalelo ezimbili zangaphambilini.
Lawula imibuzo
Ingabe unayo inqolobane evamile yengqalasizinda enkampanini yakho? Ingabe ulawula isikweletu sobuchwepheshe kungqalasizinda yakho? Ingabe usebenzisa izinqubo zokuthuthukisa endaweni yokugcina ingqalasizinda? Ingabe ingqalasizinda yakho isikiwe yaba izingqimba? Ungahlola umdwebo we-Base-service-APP. Kunzima kangakanani ukwenza ushintsho?
Uma uthola ukuthi kuthatha usuku nesigamu ukwenza izinguquko, kusho ukuthi unesikweletu sobuchwepheshe futhi udinga ukusebenza kuso. Usanda kuthola isikweletu sobuchwepheshe kukhodi yakho yengqalasizinda. Ngikhumbula izindaba eziningi ezinjalo lapho, ukuze uguqule i-CCTL ethile, udinga ukubhala kabusha ingxenye yekhodi yengqalasizinda, ngoba ubuciko kanye nesifiso sokuzenzakalela konke kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi yonke into igqwalile yonke indawo, zonke izibambo zisusiwe, futhi kuyadingeka ukwenza kabusha.
Ukulethwa Okuqhubekayo
Ake siqhathanise idebhithi nekhredithi. Okokuqala kuza incazelo yengqalasizinda, okungaba yisisekelo. Awudingi ukuchaza yonke into ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa incazelo ethile eyisisekelo iyadingeka ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza nayo. Uma kungenjalo, akucaci ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngokuletha okuqhubekayo okulandelayo. Zonke lezi zinqubo zenzeka kanyekanye uma uza ku-DevOps, kodwa udinga ukuqala ngokuqonda lokho onakho nokuthi ungakuphatha kanjani. Lona kanye umkhuba wengqalasizinda njengekhodi.
Uma sekucacile ukuthi unendlela yokuyiphatha, uqala ukuthola ukuthi ungayithumela kanjani ikhodi yonjiniyela ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngisho ukuthi, kanye nomthuthukisi, sikhumbula ngenkinga "yemithombo", okungukuthi, akubona abantu ngabanye abaqhamuka nalokhu, kodwa iqembu.
Lapho sikhona Vanya Evtukhovich wabona incwadi yokuqala Jez Thobekile namaqembu ababhali "Ukulethwa Okuqhubekayo", eyanyatheliswa ngo-2009, sacabanga isikhathi eside mayelana nendlela yokuhumusha isihloko sayo olimini lwesiRashiya. Babefuna ukuyihumusha ngokuthi “Ukulethwa Njalo”, kodwa, ngeshwa, yahunyushwa ngokuthi “Ukulethwa Okuqhubekayo”. Kubonakala kimi ukuthi kukhona into Russian kangaka, nengcindezi, egameni lethu.
Ukuletha ngokungaguquki kusho
Ikhodi esenqolobaneni yomkhiqizo ingalandwa njalo emkhiqizweni. Angase angakhishwa, kodwa uhlale ekulungele lokho. Ngakho-ke, uhlala ubhala ikhodi enomuzwa onzima wokuchaza wokukhathazeka ngaphansi komsila wakho. Ivamise ukuvela uma ukhipha ikhodi yengqalasizinda. Lo muzwa wokungakhululeki kuhloswe ukuba ube khona - udala izinqubo zobuchopho ezikuvumela ukuthi ubhale ikhodi ngokuhlukile. Lokhu kufanele kubhalwe emithethweni engaphakathi kwentuthuko.
Ukuze ulethe ngokungaguquki, udinga ifomethi ye-artifact esebenzisa inkundla yengqalasizinda. Uma uphonsa "imfucuza yomsebenzi obalulekile" endaweni yesikhulumi sengqalasizinda yamafomethi ahlukahlukene, khona-ke iba munye, kunzima ukuyigcina, futhi kuphakama inkinga yezikweletu zobuchwepheshe. Ifomethi ye-artifact idinga ukuvumelanisa - lona futhi umsebenzi oyiqoqo: sonke sidinga ukuhlangana, sikhwabanise ubuchopho bethu futhi siqhamuke nale fomethi.
I-artifact ithuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo futhi ishintsha ukuze ifanele indawo yokukhiqiza njengoba ihamba epayipini lokulethwa. Uma i-artifact ihamba eduze kwepayipi, ihlale ihlangabezana nezinto ezithile ezingalungile zayo, ezifana nalokho okuhlangana ne-artifact oyifaka ekukhiqizeni. Uma ekuthuthukisweni kwe-classical lokhu kwenziwa umlawuli wesistimu owenza ukukhishwa, khona-ke enqubweni ye-DevOps lokhu kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi: lapha bakuhlola ngokuhlolwa okuthile, lapha bakuphonsa kuqoqo le-Kubernetes, elifana kakhulu noma elingaphansi. ekukhiqizeni, base bethula ukuhlolwa komthwalo kungazelelwe.
Lokhu kucishe kufane nomdlalo we-Pac-Man - i-artifact idlula uhlobo oluthile lwendaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukulawula ukuthi ikhodi iyahamba ngempela yini endabeni nokuthi ingabe ixhumene ngandlela thize nokukhiqizwa kwakho. Izindaba ezivela ekukhiqizweni zingahudulwa ngaphakathi kwenqubo Yokulethwa Okuqhubekayo: bekunjena lapho okuthile kuwa, manje ake sihlele lesi simo ngaphakathi ohlelweni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhodi izodlula kulesi simo, futhi ngeke uhlangabezane nale nkinga ngokuzayo. Uzofunda ngakho kusenesikhathi kakhulu kunokuba ifike kuklayenti lakho.
Amasu ahlukene okuthunyelwa. Isibonelo, usebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-AB noma ama-canary deployments ukuze uhlole ikhodi ngendlela ehlukile kumaklayenti ahlukene, uthole ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ikhodi isebenza kanjani ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunalapho ikhishwa kubasebenzisi abayizigidi eziyi-100.
"Ukuletha ngokungaguquki" kubukeka kanjena.
Inqubo yokulethwa kwe-Dev, CI, Test, PreProd, Prod akuyona indawo ehlukile, lezi izigaba noma iziteshi ezinezibalo ezingashi lapho i-artifact yakho idlula khona.
Uma unekhodi yengqalasizinda echazwa njenge-Base Service APP, iyasiza ungakhohlwa zonke izimo, futhi uwabhale futhi ngendlela yekhodi yale artifact, thuthukisa i-artifact futhi uyishintshe njengoba uhamba.
Imibuzo yokuzihlola
Isikhathi esisuka encazelweni yesici ukuya ekukhiqizweni singaphansi kweviki ezimweni ezingu-95%? Ingabe ikhwalithi ye-artifact iyathuthuka esigabeni ngasinye sepayipi? Ingabe ikhona indaba ngemuva kwayo? Ingabe usebenzisa amasu ahlukene okuthunyelwa?
Uma zonke izimpendulo zinguyebo, kusho ukuthi upholile ngendlela emangalisayo! Bhala izimpendulo zakho kumazwana - ngizojabula).
Impendulo
Lona umkhuba onzima kunayo yonke. Engqungqutheleni ye-DevOpsConf, uzakwabo wakwa-Infobip, ekhuluma ngakho, wayedidekile kancane emazwini akhe, ngoba lona ngempela umkhuba oyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokuthi udinga ukuqapha kanjani yonke into!
Ngokwesibonelo, kudala, lapho ngisebenza eQik futhi sabona ukuthi kwakudingeka siqaphe yonke into. Senze lokhu, futhi manje sinezinto eziyi-150 ku-Zabbix ezihlala zigadwa. Kwakwethusa, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe wayesonta umunwe ethempelini lakhe:
- Guys, kungani udlwengula iseva ngento engacacile?
Kodwa-ke kwenzeka isigameko esibonisa ukuthi leli yisu elihle kakhulu.
Enye yezinkonzo iqale ukuphahlazeka njalo. Ekuqaleni, ayizange iphahlazeke, ngokuthakazelisayo, ikhodi ayizange yengezwe lapho, ngoba yayingumthengisi oyisisekelo, owayengenakho ukusebenza kwebhizinisi - ivele ithumele imilayezo phakathi kwezinsizakalo ezihlukene. Isevisi ayizange ishintshe izinyanga ezingu-4, futhi kungazelelwe yaqala ukuphahlazeka ngephutha elithi "Segmentation Fault".
Sashaqeka, savula amashadi ethu ku-Zabbix, futhi kwavela ukuthi isonto nengxenye edlule, ukuziphatha kwezicelo kusevisi ye-API esetshenziswa yilo broker kwashintsha kakhulu. Okulandelayo sabona ukuthi imvamisa yokuthumela uhlobo oluthile lomyalezo ishintshile. Kamuva sathola ukuthi lawa bekungamaklayenti e-android. Sabuza:
— Guys, kwenzekani kini ngesonto nesigamu elidlule?
Ekuphenduleni, sezwa indaba ethokozisayo yokuthi bayiklame kanjani kabusha i-UI. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani azosho ngokushesha ukuthi ushintshe umtapo wezincwadi we-HTTP. Kumakhasimende e-Android, kufana nokushintsha insipho endlini yangasese - awakhumbuli nje. Njengomphumela, ngemva kwemizuzu engu-40 yengxoxo, sithole ukuthi babeyishintshile ilabhulali ye-HTTP, futhi izikhathi zayo ezizenzakalelayo zase zishintshile. Lokhu kubangele ukuziphatha kwethrafikhi kuseva ye-API ukuthi ishintshe, okuholele esimweni esibangele umjaho phakathi komthengisi, futhi yaqala ukuphahlazeka.
Ngaphandle kokuqapha okujulile ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukuvula lokhu. Uma inhlangano isenenkinga “yemithombo”, lapho wonke umuntu ejikijelana ngemali, lokhu kungaphila iminyaka. Uvele uqalise kabusha iseva ngoba ayikho indlela yokulungisa inkinga. Uma uqapha, ulandelela, ulandelela zonke izehlakalo onazo, futhi usebenzisa ukuqapha njengokuhlola - bhala ikhodi bese ukhombisa ngokushesha ukuthi uyiqapha kanjani, futhi nangendlela yekhodi (sesivele sinengqalasizinda njengekhodi), konke kuyacaca ukuthi kanjani entendeni yesandla. Ngisho nezinkinga ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zilandelelwa kalula.
Qoqa lonke ulwazi mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ku-artifact esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yokulethwa - hhayi ekukhiqizeni.
Layisha ukuqapha ku-CI, futhi ezinye izinto eziyisisekelo zizovele zibonakale lapho. Kamuva uzozibona ku-Test, PredProd, kanye nokuhlola kokulayisha. Qoqa ulwazi kuzo zonke izigaba, hhayi amamethrikhi kuphela, izibalo, kodwa futhi namalogi: ukuthi isicelo sikhishwe kanjani, okudidayo - ukuqoqa konke.
Ngale kwalokho kuzoba nzima ukukucacisa. Sengike ngasho ukuthi i-DevOps iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuze ubhekane nalokhu bunzima, udinga ukuba nezibalo ezinhle.
Imibuzo yokuzithiba
Ingabe ukuqapha kwakho kanye nokungena kuyithuluzi lakho lokuthuthukisa? Lapho ubhala ikhodi, ingabe abathuthukisi bakho, kuhlanganise nawe, bacabanga ngendlela yokuyiqapha?
Ingabe uyezwa ngezinkinga kumakhasimende? Ingabe uliqonda kangcono iklayenti ngokuqapha nokugawula imithi? Ingabe uluqonda kangcono uhlelo ngokuqapha nokugawula imithi? Ingabe ushintsha uhlelo ngoba nje ubone ukuthi umkhuba ohlelweni uyakhula futhi uyaqonda ukuthi kwamanye amaviki angu-3 konke kuzobe kufile?
Uma usunalezi zingxenye ezintathu, ungacabanga ngokuthi iyiphi inkundla yengqalasizinda onayo enkampanini yakho.
Inkundla yengqalasizinda
Iphuzu akukhona ukuthi lena isethi yamathuluzi ahlukene yonke inkampani enawo.
Iphuzu lenkundla yengqalasizinda ukuthi wonke amaqembu asebenzisa la mathuluzi futhi awathuthukise ndawonye.
Kuyacaca ukuthi kunamaqembu ahlukene anesibopho sokuthuthukiswa kwezingcezu ngazinye zesikhulumi sengqalasizinda. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, wonke unjiniyela unesibopho sokuthuthukisa, ukusebenza, kanye nokukhuthaza inkundla yengqalasizinda. Ezingeni langaphakathi liba yithuluzi elivamile.
Wonke amaqembu athuthukisa inkundla yengqalasizinda futhi ayiphathe ngokunakekela njenge-IDE yawo. Ku-IDE yakho ufaka ama-plugin ahlukene ukwenza yonke into ibe yinhle futhi isheshe, futhi ulungiselele okhiye abashisayo. Uma uvula i-Sublime, i-Atom noma i-Visual Studio Code, amaphutha ekhodi avela lapho futhi uqaphela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukusebenza nhlobo, uzizwa udabukile ngokushesha futhi ugijime ukulungisa i-IDE yakho.
Phatha inkundla yakho yengqalasizinda ngendlela efanayo. Uma uqonda ukuthi kukhona okungalungile ngakho, shiya isicelo uma ungakwazi ukuzilungisa ngokwakho. Uma kukhona into elula, hlela ngokwakho, thumela isicelo sokudonsa, abafana bazoyicabangela futhi bangeze. Lena indlela ehluke kancane kumathuluzi obunjiniyela ekhanda lonjiniyela.
Inkundla yengqalasizinda iqinisekisa ukudluliselwa kwe-artifact isuka ekuthuthukisweni iye kuklayenti ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi. I-IP ihlelwe ngesethi yezindaba ezenzeka kukhodi ekukhiqizeni. Phakathi neminyaka yokuthuthuka, ziningi zalezi zindaba, ezinye zazo zihlukile futhi zihlobene nawe kuphela - akunakwenzeka uku-google.
Kuleli qophelo, inkundla yengqalasizinda iba inzuzo yakho yokuncintisana, ngoba inento eyakhelwe kuyo engekho ethuluzini lesimbangi. Lapho ujula i-IP yakho, iba nkulu inzuzo yakho yokuncintisana ngesikhathi sokuya emakethe. Ivela lapha inkinga yokukhiya umthengisi: Ungathatha inkundla yomunye umuntu, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lomunye umuntu, ngeke uqonde ukuthi lubaluleke kangakanani kuwe. Yebo, akuzona zonke izinkampani ezingakha isiteji njenge-Amazon. Lona umugqa onzima lapho isipiliyoni senkampani sihambisana nesikhundla sayo emakethe, futhi ukukhiya komthengisi akunakusetshenziswa lapho. Lokhu kubalulekile futhi ukucabanga ngakho.
Lolu hlelo
Lona umdwebo oyisisekelo wenkundla yengqalasizinda ozokusiza ukuthi umise yonke imikhuba nezinqubo enkampanini ye-DevOps.
Ake sibheke ukuthi ihlanganisani.
Isistimu ye-orchestration yensiza, ehlinzeka nge-CPU, inkumbulo, idiski ezinhlelweni zokusebenza nezinye izinsiza. Ngaphezu kwalokhu - izinsiza ezisezingeni eliphansi: ukuqapha, ukugawulwa kwemithi, Injini ye-CI/CD, isitoreji se-artifact, ingqalasizinda njengekhodi yesistimu.
Izinkonzo ezisezingeni eliphezulu: Isizindalwazi njengesevisi, imigqa njengesevisi, Ibhalansi Yokulayisha njengesevisi, ukushintsha usayizi wesithombe njengesevisi, imboni Yedatha Enkulu njengesevisi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu - iphayiphi eliletha ikhodi eguquliwe njalo kuklayenti lakho.
Uthola ulwazi mayelana nokuthi isofthiwe yakho isebenza kanjani kuklayenti, ishintshe, inikeze le khodi futhi, uthole ulwazi - futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthuthukise kokubili inkundla yengqalasizinda kanye nesofthiwe yakho.
Emdwebeni, ipayipi lokulethwa liqukethe izigaba eziningi. Kodwa lokhu kuwumdwebo wohlelo olunikezwa njengesibonelo - asikho isidingo sokuphinda ngamunye ngamunye. Izigaba zisebenzisana nezinsizakalo njengamasevisi - isitini ngasinye seplathifomu sinomlando waso: ukuthi izinsiza zabiwa kanjani, ukuthi isicelo sethulwa kanjani, sisebenza ngezinsiza, sigadwe, sishintshiwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yesikhulumi iphethe indaba, bese uzibuza ukuthi ngabe lesi sitini siphethe yiphi indaba, mhlawumbe kufanele ilahlwe esikhundleni senkonzo yomuntu wesithathu. Isibonelo, kungenzeka yini ukufaka i-Okmeter esikhundleni sesitini? Mhlawumbe abafana sebevele bathuthukise lobu buchwepheshe kakhulu kunathi. Kodwa mhlawumbe akunjalo - mhlawumbe sinolwazi oluyingqayizivele, sidinga ukufaka i-Prometheus futhi siyithuthukise ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukudalwa kwesikhulumi
Lena inqubo yokuxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi. Uma unezinqubo eziyisisekelo, uqala ukuxhumana phakathi konjiniyela abahlukene nochwepheshe abathuthukisa izidingo namazinga, futhi bahlale bewashintsha abe amathuluzi nezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Isiko esinalo ku-DevOps libalulekile lapha.
Ngesiko, yonke into ilula kakhulu. imayelana nokusebenzisana nokuxhumana., okungukuthi, isifiso sokusebenza ensimini efanayo nomunye nomunye, isifiso sokusebenzisa insimbi eyodwa ndawonye. Ayikho isayensi ye-rocket lapha - yonke into ilula kakhulu, i-banal. Isibonelo, sonke sihlala esakhiweni futhi sisigcina sihlanzekile - izinga elinjalo lesiko.
Unani?
Futhi, imibuzo ongazibuza yona.
Ingabe inkundla yengqalasizinda inikezelwe? Ubani onesibopho sokuthuthukiswa kwawo? Ingabe uyaziqonda izinzuzo zokuncintisana zenkundla yakho yengqalasizinda?
Udinga ukuhlale uzibuza le mibuzo. Uma okuthile kungadluliselwa ezinsizeni zezinkampani zangaphandle, kufanele kukhishwe; uma isevisi yenkampani yangaphandle iqala ukuvimba ukunyakaza kwakho, udinga ukwakha uhlelo ngaphakathi kwakho.
Ngakho-ke, i-DevOps...
... lolu uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, kufanele lufake:
- Umkhiqizo wedijithali.
- Amamojula ebhizinisi athuthukisa lo mkhiqizo wedijithali.
- Amaqembu omkhiqizo abhala ikhodi.
- Izinqubo Zokulethwa Okuqhubekayo.
- Amapulatifomu njengesevisi.
- Ingqalasizinda njengesevisi.
- Ingqalasizinda njengekhodi.
- Imikhuba ehlukene yokugcina ukwethembeka, eyakhelwe ku-DevOps.
- Umkhuba wempendulo ochaza konke.
Ungasebenzisa lo mdwebo, wengeze kuwo lokho osuvele unakho enkampanini yakho ngandlela thize: ingabe ithuthukile noma isadinga ukuthuthukiswa.
Kuzophela emasontweni ambalwa . njengengxenye ye-RIT++. Woza engqungqutheleni, lapho uzothola khona imibiko eminingi epholile mayelana nokulethwa okuqhubekayo, ingqalasizinda njengekhodi kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-DevOps. , umnqamulajuqu wentengo Meyi 20
Source: www.habr.com