Sikhuluma ngabantu besikhathi esizayo abachaza usuku olukhulu lwe-organic. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, inani ledatha yebhayoloji engahlaziywa liye landa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokulandelana kofuzo lomuntu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, sasingenakucabanga ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngokoqobo egazini lethu, sasingakwazi ukuthola imvelaphi yethu, sihlole ukuthi umzimba uyosabela kanjani emithini ethile, ngisho nokushintsha ufuzo lwethu lwezinto eziphilayo.
Lesi sihloko kanye nezinye zivela kuqala ku kuwebhusayithi yethu. Kujabulele ukufunda.
Izibaluli ze-bioinformatician ezimaphakathi ziyefana nezo zomhleli - amehlo abomvu, ukuma okugobile kanye namamaki avela ezinkomishini zekhofi kudeskithophu. Kodwa-ke, kuleli thebula umsebenzi awukho kuma-algorithms abstract kanye nemiyalo, kodwa kukhodi yemvelo ngokwayo, engasitshela okuningi ngathi kanye nomhlaba osizungezile.
Ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha babhekana nenani elikhulu ledatha (isibonelo, imiphumela yokulandelana kwe-genome yomuntu oyedwa ithatha cishe amagigabhayithi ayi-100). Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula ulwazi olunjalo kudinga izindlela namathuluzi eSayensi Yedatha. Kunengqondo ukuthi isazi sezinto eziphilayo esiphumelelayo akufanele siqonde ibhayoloji nekhemistri kuphela, kodwa futhi nezindlela zokuhlaziya idatha, izibalo kanye nezibalo - lokhu kwenza umsebenzi wakhe ube yivelakancane futhi ube yimfuneko. Ochwepheshe abanjalo badingeka ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yemithi emisha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa. Ama-Tech giants afana ne-IBM ne-Intel , enikezelwe ocwaningweni lwe-bioinformatics.
Yini edingekayo ukuze ube yi-bioinformatics?
- I-Biology neKhemistry (izinga lenyuvesi);
- I-Matstat, i-algebra yomugqa, ithiyori yamathuba;
- Izilimi zokuhlela (i-Python ne-R, ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-C++);
- Okwe-structural bioinformatics: ukuqonda ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nethiyori yezibalo ezihlukene.
Ungangena emkhakheni we-bioinformatics nakho kokubili isizinda sebhayoloji nolwazi lokuhlela kanye nezibalo. Okwangaphambili, ukusebenza ngezinhlelo ze-bioinformatics esenziwe ngomumo kufanelekile, ekugcineni, iphrofayili ye-algorithmic yokukhethekile.
Yini eyenziwa yi-bioinformatics?
I-bioinformatics yesimanje ihlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amabili amakhulu - i-structural bioinformatics kanye ne-sequence bioinformatics. Esimweni sokuqala, sibona umuntu ehlezi phambi kwekhompuyutha futhi eqhuba izinhlelo ezisiza ukutadisha izinto eziphilayo (isibonelo, i-DNA noma amaprotheni) ekubukeni kwe-3D. Bakha amamodeli wekhompiyutha akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi i-molecule yesidakamizwa izosebenzisana kanjani nephrotheni, ukuthi isakhiwo sendawo yephrotheni sibukeka kanjani kuseli, yiziphi izakhiwo ze-molecule ezichaza ukusebenzisana kwayo nezakhiwo zamaselula, njll.
Izindlela ze-Structural bioinformatics zisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kokubili kwisayensi yezemfundo nasembonini: kunzima ukucabanga inkampani eyenza imithi engakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kochwepheshe abanjalo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela zamakhompiyutha zenze lula kakhulu inqubo yokufuna imithi engase ibe khona, okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi kube inqubo eshesha kakhulu futhi eshibhile.
I-RNA polymerase encike kwe-SARS-CoV-2 RNA (kwesobunxele), kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwayo ne-RNA duplex.
Yini i-genome?
I-genome yilona lonke ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo sofuzo lwento ephilayo. Cishe kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, umthwali we-genome yi-DNA, kodwa kukhona izinto eziphilayo ezidlulisela ulwazi lwazo lwefa ngendlela ye-RNA. I-genome idluliselwa kusuka kubazali kuya ezinganeni, futhi phakathi nale nqubo yokudlulisela, amaphutha abizwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungenzeka.
Ukusebenzisana kwesidakamizwa i-remdesivir ne-RNA polymerase encike ku-RNA yegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2.
I-Sequence bioinformatics iphathelene nezinga eliphakeme lokuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo - ukusuka kuma-nucleotide ngamanye, i-DNA nezakhi zofuzo, kuye kuma-genomes wonke kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwazo.
Cabanga ngomuntu obona phambi kwakhe iqoqo lezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu (kodwa hhayi ezilula, kodwa ezinofuzo noma i-amino acid) futhi abheke amaphethini kuzo, azichaze futhi aziqinisekise ngezibalo, esebenzisa izindlela ze-computer. I-Sequence bioinformatics ichaza ukuthi yikuphi ukuguqulwa okuhlobene nesifo esithile noma kungani izinto eziyingozi zinqwabelana egazini lesiguli. Ngokungeziwe kudatha yezokwelapha, izazi ze-bioinformatics ezilandelanayo zicwaninga amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke, umehluko wesibalo sabantu phakathi kwamaqembu ezilwane, kanye nezindima nemisebenzi yezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Ngenxa yalesi sayensi, kungenzeka ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa futhi ufunde izindlela zebhayoloji ezichaza isenzo sazo.
Isibonelo, ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwe-bioinformatics, kutholwe futhi kwachazwa izinguquko eziholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-cystic fibrosis, isifo se-monogenic esibangelwa ukuwohloka kwesakhi sofuzo sesinye seziteshi ze-chloride. Futhi manje sesazi kangcono kakhulu ukuthi ubani oyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu somuntu nokuthi okhokho bethu bazinza kanjani emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu, ngokufunda i-genome yakhe, angathola ukuthi umndeni wakhe uvelaphi nokuthi ungowaluphi uhlanga. Abaningi bangaphandle (, ) kanye nesiRashiya (, ) izinsizakalo zikuvumela ukuthi uthole le nsizakalo ngentengo ephansi (cishe ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20).
Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhlolwa kwe-DNA yemvelaphi kanye nokuhlangana kwabantu abavela ku-MyHeritage.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwesibalo se-DNA evela ku-23andMe.
Ifundwa kanjani i-genome?
Namuhla, ukulandelana kwe-genome kuyinqubo evamile ezobiza noma ubani cishe ruble ayizinkulungwane (kuhlanganise eRussia). Ukuze ufunde i-genome yakho, udinga nje ukunikela ngegazi elivela emthanjeni endaweni yokucwaninga ekhethekile: emasontweni amabili uzothola umphumela ophelile ngencazelo enemininingwane yezici zakho zofuzo. Ngokungeziwe ku-genome yakho, ungahlaziya ama-genome e-microbiota yakho yamathumbu: uzofunda izici zamabhaktheriya ahlala ohlelweni lwakho lokugaya, futhi uthole nezeluleko kuchwepheshe wezokudla okunomsoco.
I-genome ingafundwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene, enye yeziyinhloko manje yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo". Ukwenza le nqubo, amasampula ezinto eziphilayo kufanele aqale atholwe. Wonke amangqamuzana omzimba ane-genome efanayo, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile igazi lithathwa ukuze kufundwe i-genome (lokhu kulula kakhulu). Amangqamuzana abe esebhidliza ahlukanise i-DNA nakho konke okunye. Ngemva kwalokho, i-DNA ewumphumela ihlukaniswa ibe izingcezu eziningi ezincane futhi ama-adaptha akhethekile βathungwaβ kuzo zonke izingxenye zawo - ukulandelana kwama-nucleotide okwaziwayo okwenziwe ngokwenziwa. Khona-ke izintambo ze-DNA zihlukaniswa, futhi izintambo ezinezintambo ezilodwa zixhunywe kusetshenziswa ama-adaptha epuleti elikhethekile lapho ukulandelana kwenziwa khona. Ngesikhathi sokulandelana, ama-nucleotide ahambisanayo abhalwe nge-fluorescently ayengezwa ngokulandelana kwe-DNA. I-nucleotide ngayinye enelebuli, lapho inamathiselwe, ikhipha umsebe wokukhanya we-wavelength ethile, eqoshwa kuyi-computer. Lena yindlela ikhompiyutha efunda ngayo ukulandelana okufushane kwe-DNA yokuqala, ebese ihlanganiswa ibe igenome yokuqala kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms akhethekile.
Isibonelo sedatha elandelanayo i-bioinformatics esebenza nayo: ukuqondanisa kokulandelana kwe-amino acid.
Basebenza kuphi i-bioinformatics futhi bahola malini?
Indlela ye-bioinformatics ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhlokoβimboni nesayensi. Umsebenzi wokuba usosayensi we-bioinformatics uvamise ukuqala ngesikhundla sokuthweswa iziqu esikhungweni esikhulu. Ekuqaleni, izazi ze-bioinformatics bathola iholo eliyisisekelo ngokusekelwe esikhungweni sabo, inani lezibonelelo ababamba iqhaza kuzo, kanye nenani lezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nazoβizindawo abaqashwe kuzo ngokusemthethweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani lezibonelelo nezinhlangano ezihlangene liyakhula, futhi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa yokusebenza endaweni yezemfundo, i-bioinformatics ithola kalula iholo elijwayelekile (ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-70-80), kodwa okuningi kuxhomeke ekukhuthaleni nasekusebenzeni kanzima. Ochwepheshe be-bioinformatics abanolwazi kakhulu bagcina sebesebenzisa amalebhu abo ezindaweni zabo ezikhethekile.
Ufundela kuphi i-bioinformatics?
- Moscow State University - Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics
- I-HSE - Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha ku-Biology and Medicine (Uhlelo lwe-Master)
- I-MIPT - Umnyango we-Bioinformatics
- I-Institute of Bioinformatics (NPO)
Ngokungafani ne-academy, akekho embonini ozochitha isikhathi sakhe efundisa isisebenzi amakhono adingekayo, ngakho ukufika lapho kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu. Indlela yomsebenzi ye-bioinformamatician embonini iyahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngobungcweti bayo nendawo. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaholo kulo mkhakha ayashintshashintsha ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane, kuye ngokuthi isipiliyoni kanye nekhono.
Izazi ze-bioinformatics ezidumile
Umlando we-bioinformatics ungalandelelwa emuva ku-Frederick Sanger, usosayensi oyiNgisi owathola uMklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry ngo-1980 ngokuthola kwakhe indlela yokufunda ukulandelana kwe-DNA. Kusukela lapho, izindlela zokufunda ngokulandelana ziye zaba ngcono minyaka yonke, kodwa indlela "yokulandelana kwe-Sanger" yasebenza njengesisekelo salo lonke ucwaningo olwengeziwe kule ndawo.
Ngendlela, izinhlelo eziningi ezidalwe ososayensi baseRussia manje sezisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke - isibonelo, i-genome assembler. , - St. Petersburg, esungulwe e-St. Petersburg Institute, isiza ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuthi bahlanganise ukulandelana kwe-DNA emifushane kube ukulandelana okukhulu ukuze bakhe kabusha ama-genome okuqala ezinto eziphilayo.
Okutholakele kanye nempumelelo ye-bioinformatics
Namuhla, izazi ze-bioinformatics zithola izinto eziningi eziwusizo. Ngeke kwenzeke ukucabanga ukuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa ze-coronavirus ngaphandle kokucacisa i-genome yayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-bioinformatics eyinkimbinkimbi yezinqubo ezenzeka phakathi nalesi sifo. Amazwe ngamazwe Ososayensi abasebenzisa i-genomics yokuqhathanisa nezindlela zokufunda zomshini bakwazile ukuqonda ukuthi i-coronavirus ifana ngani namanye amagciwane.
Kuvele ukuthi esinye salezi zici ukuqiniswa kwezimpawu zendawo ye-nuclear (NLS) yamagciwane e-pathogenic ayenzeka ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lolu cwaningo lungasiza ukutadisha izinhlobo zamagciwane ezingaba yingozi kubantu esikhathini esizayo, futhi mhlawumbe ziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi yokuvimbela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi ze-bioinformatics zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlela i-genome, ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwe-CRISPR/Cas9 (ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe kumasosha omzimba. ). Ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwe-bioinformatics yokwakheka kwalawa maprotheni kanye nokuthuthuka kwawo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kwalolu hlelo kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlela ama-genomes wezinto eziningi eziphilayo (kuhlanganise nabantu).
Ungathola umsebenzi owufunayo kusukela ekuqaleni noma ku-Level Up ngokuya ngamakhono neholo ngokuthatha izifundo ze-inthanethi ze-SkillFactory:
Izifundo ezengeziwe
Source: www.habr.com