Muva nje, izikhangiso ezinjalo ziye zagcwala kuyi-Internet. Naphezu kweholo elimnandi, umuntu akanakuzibamba kodwa abe namahloni ngokuthi ukuhlubuka okunamandla kubhalwe ngaphakathi. Ekuqaleni kucatshangwa ukuthi "i-DevOps" kanye "nonjiniyela" angahlanganiswa ngandlela thize abe igama elilodwa, bese kuba nohlu olungahleliwe lwezidingo, ezinye zazo ezikopishwe ngokucacile esikhaleni se-sysadmin.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe ngithanda ukukhuluma kancane ngokuthi sifike kanjani kuleli phuzu lokuphila, ukuthi iyini ngempela i-DevOps nokuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngayo manje.
Izikhala ezinjalo zingalahlwa ngazo zonke izindlela, kodwa iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi: ziningi zazo, futhi yile ndlela imakethe esebenza ngayo okwamanje. Sibambe ingqungquthela ye-devops futhi sisho ngokukhululekile: “ - hhayi onjiniyela be-DevOps." Lapha, abaningi bazokuthola kuxakile futhi kuyindle: kungani abantu abenza umcimbi wokuthengisa ngokuphelele bephikisana nemakethe. Manje sizochaza konke.
Mayelana namasiko nezinqubo
Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi i-DevOps ayisona isiyalo sobunjiniyela. Konke kwaqala ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezindima okusungulwe ngokomlando akusebenzi ngekhwalithi yemikhiqizo. Uma abahleli behlelo kuphela, kodwa bengafuni ukuzwa lutho mayelana nokuhlola, isofthiwe igcwele izimbungulu. Lapho abaphathi bengenandaba ukuthi isoftware ibhalwa kanjani noma kungani, ukusekelwa kuphenduka isihogo.
Isibonelo, ukuchaza umehluko phakathi komlawuli wesistimu nendlela ye-SRE ekuphathweni kwesevisi . Izifundo ezithakazelisayo zenziwe ngaphakathi - kuyacaca ukuthi onjiniyela abahamba phambili bayakwazi ngandlela thize ukuthumela izinguquko ezintsha ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha kunokukodwa ngehora. Bahlola ngezandla zabo akukho ngaphezu kwe-10% (lokhu kungabonakala kusuka ). Bakwenza kanjani lokhu? “Excel or die” kusho esinye sezihloko zombiko. Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eningiliziwe yalezi zibalo mayelana nokuhlolwa, ungabheka inothi eliyisihluthulelo lika-Baruch Sadogursky. kwenye ingqungquthela yethu, i-Heisenbug.
“Lapho kungekho sivumelwano phakathi kwamaqabane,
Izinto ngeke zibahambele kahle,
Futhi akukho lutho oluyophuma kukho, kuphela ukuhlupheka.
Kwake kwaba khona i-Swan, i-Crayfish kanye ne-Pike..."
Iyiphi ingxenye yabahleli bewebhu ocabanga ukuthi iziqonda ngempela izimo lapho izicelo zabo zisetshenziswa khona ekukhiqizeni? Bangaki abazoya kuma-admins bazame ukuthola ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma i-database iphahlazeka? Futhi yimuphi kubo ozoya kubahloli abacele ukuthi babafundise ukubhala izivivinyo ngendlela efanele? Futhi kukhona nonogada, abaphathi bemikhiqizo, nenqwaba yabanye abantu.
Umqondo ophelele we-DevOps uwukudala ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezindima neminyango. Okokuqala, lokhu akufinyelelwanga ngesoftware ethile emiswe ngobuhlakani, kodwa ngomkhuba wokuxhumana. I-DevOps imayelana namasiko, izinqubo, indlela yokusebenza nezinqubo. Abukho ubungcweti bonjiniyela obungaphendula le mibuzo.
Umbuthano ononya
Savelaphi ngaleso sikhathi isiyalo “sobunjiniyela be-devops”? Sinenguqulo! Imibono ye-DevOps yayimihle—yimihle kangangokuthi baba izisulu zempumelelo yabo. Abanye abaqasha abantu abanomthunzi nabashushumbisi babantu, abanomoya wabo siqu, baqala ukuzungeza lesi sihloko sonke.
Cabanga nje: izolo ubusenza i-shawarma e-Khimki, futhi namuhla usuvele uyindoda enkulu, umqashi omkhulu. Kukhona yonke inqubo yokusesha nokukhetha abazongenela ukhetho, konke akulula, udinga ukukuqonda. Ake sithi inhloko yomnyango ithi: thola uchwepheshe ku-X. Sibeka igama elithi "unjiniyela" ku-X, futhi sesiqedile. Udinga i-Linux? Yebo, lo ungunjiniyela we-Linux, uma ufuna i-DevOps, bese kuba unjiniyela we-DevOps. Lesi sikhala asihlanganisi isihloko kuphela, kodwa nombhalo othile kufanele ufakwe ngaphakathi. Indlela elula ukufaka isethi yamagama angukhiye avela ku-Google, kuye ngomcabango wakho. I-DevOps iqukethe amagama amabili - “Dev” kanye “ne-Ops”, okusho ukuthi sidinga ukuhlanganisa amagama angukhiye ahlobene nabathuthukisi nabaphathi, wonke abe yinqwaba eyodwa. Yile ndlela izikhala ezivela ngayo mayelana nekhono ezilimini zokuhlela ezingama-42 kanye neminyaka engama-20 yokusebenzisa i-Kubernetes ne-Swarm ngasikhathi sinye. Umdwebo osebenzayo.
Yile ndlela isithombe esingenangqondo nesingenasihe seqhawe elithile elithi "devops" sigxile emiqondweni yabantu, abazolungisa wonke umuntu ukuthi amthumele ku-Jenkins, futhi injabulo izofika. O, ukube nje yonke into ibilula kangaka. "Futhi lena futhi indlela ongazingela ngayo abaphathi besistimu," kucabanga u-HR, "igama eliyimfashini, amagama angukhiye ayafana, kufanele bathathe isiyengo."
Isidingo sidala ukunikezwa, futhi zonke lezi zikhala zemfucumfucu zigcwaliswe ngenani elihlanyayo labaphathi bohlelo ababonile: ungenza yonke into ngendlela efanayo nangaphambili, kodwa uthole okuphindwe kaningi ngokuzibiza ngokuthi “ama-devops.” Njengoba nje ulungiselele amaseva nge-SSH ngesandla esisodwa ngesikhathi, uzoqhubeka nokuwalungiselela, kodwa manje lokhu sekungumkhuba we-devops. Lolu uhlobo oluthile lwezenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokwengxenye ehlobene nokubukelwa phansi kwabaphathi bakudala kanye ne-hype ezungeze i-DevOps, kodwa ngokuvamile, okwenzekile, kwenzekile.
Ngakho-ke sinokunikezela kanye nesidingo. Umbuthano ononya oziphakelayo. Yilokhu esilwa nakho (okuhlanganisa nokudala ingqungquthela ye-DevoOops).
Kunjalo, ngaphandle kwabaphathi bohlelo abaziqambe kabusha ngokuthi “ama-devops,” kukhona abanye ababambiqhaza - isibonelo, ama-SRE angochwepheshe noma abathuthukisi be-Infrastructure-as-Code.
Okwenziwa abantu ku-DevOps (ngempela)
Ngakho-ke ufuna ukuqhubekela phambili ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni izinqubo ze-DevOps. Kodwa kanjani ukwenza lokhu, ngasiphi isiqondiso ukubheka? Ngokusobala, akufanele uthembele ngokungaboni ngamagama angukhiye adumile.
Uma kunomsebenzi, othile kufanele awenze. Sesitholile ukuthi laba akubona “onjiniyela be-devops”, pho ngobani? Kubonakala kulungile ukwenza lokhu hhayi ngokwezikhundla, kodwa ngokwezindawo ezithile zomsebenzi.
Okokuqala, ungakwazi ukubhekana nenhliziyo ye-DevOps—izinqubo namasiko. Isiko liyibhizinisi elihamba kancane futhi elinzima, futhi nakuba ngokwesiko kuwumthwalo wabaphathi, wonke umuntu uhileleka ngandlela thize, kusukela kubahleli bezinhlelo kuya kubaphathi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule u-Tim Lister :
“Amasiko anqunywa yizimiso ezibalulekile zenhlangano. Ngokuvamile abantu abakuqapheli lokhu, kodwa njengoba sisebenze ngokubonisana iminyaka eminingi, sijwayele ukukuqaphela. Ungena enkampanini futhi phakathi nemizuzu embalwa uqala ukuzwa ukuthi kwenzekani. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi "ukunambitheka". Ngezinye izikhathi leli phunga lihle ngempela. Kwesinye isikhathi kubangela isicanucanu. (...) Awukwazi ukushintsha isiko kuze kube yilapho kuqondwa amanani nezinkolelo zezenzo ezithile. Ukuziphatha kulula ukukubona, kodwa ukucinga izinkolelo kunzima. I-DevOps iyisibonelo esihle sendlela izinto eziba nzima ngayo. ”
Kukhona futhi ingxenye yezobuchwepheshe yenkinga, kunjalo. Uma ikhodi yakho entsha ihlolwa enyangeni, kodwa ikhishwa kuphela ngemva konyaka, futhi kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba ukuyisheshisa yonke, ungase ungaphili ngemikhuba emihle. Izenzo ezinhle zisekelwa amathuluzi amahle. Isibonelo, ngombono we-Infrastructure-as-Code engqondweni, ungasebenzisa noma yini kusukela ku-AWS CloudFormation ne-Terraform kuya ku-Chef-Ansible-Puppet. Udinga ukwazi futhi ukwazi ukwenza konke lokhu, futhi lokhu sekuvele kuyisiyalo sobunjiniyela. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphambanisi imbangela nomphumela: okokuqala usebenza ngokwemigomo ye-SRE bese usebenzisa lezi zimiso ngendlela yezixazululo ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-SRE iyindlela ebanzi kakhulu engakutsheli ukuthi ungamisa kanjani i-Jenkins, kodwa mayelana nezimiso ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo:
- Ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwezindima neminyango
- Ukwamukela amaphutha njengengxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi
- Ukwenza izinguquko kancane kancane
- Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi nokunye okuzenzakalelayo
- Ukulinganisa konke okungalinganiswa
Lokhu akuyona nje isethi ethile yezitatimende, kodwa ethize . Isibonelo, endleleni yokwamukela amaphutha, uzodinga ukuqonda ubungozi, ulinganise ukutholakala nokungatholakali kwezinsizakalo usebenzisa into efana ne-SLI () kanye ne-SLO (), funda ukubhala ama-postmortems futhi wenze ukubhala kungesabi.
Esiqondisweni se-SRE, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yempumelelo, nakuba ibalulekile. Kudingeka sithuthuke njalo ngokobuchwepheshe, sibheke okwenzeka emhlabeni nokuthi singasetshenziswa kanjani emsebenzini wethu.
Ngokulandelayo, izixazululo ze-Cloud Native manje sezidume kakhulu. Njengoba kuchazwe i-Cloud Native Computing Foundation namuhla, ubuchwepheshe be-Cloud Native buvumela izinhlangano ukuthi zithuthukise futhi ziqhube izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthumayo ezindaweni zanamuhla eziguqukayo, ezifana namafu omphakathi, ayimfihlo, nama-hybrid. Izibonelo zifaka iziqukathi, amameshi esevisi, ama-microservices, ingqalasizinda engashintshi, nama-API amemezelayo. Zonke lezi zindlela zivumela amasistimu ahlanganiswe ngokukhululekile ukuthi ahlale enwebeka, elawuleka, futhi eqapheleka kakhulu. Ukuzenzakalela okuhle kuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi benze izinguquko ezinkulu njalo futhi kube nemiphumela ebikezelwayo ngaphandle kokuwenza umsebenzi. Konke lokhu kusekelwa inqwaba yamathuluzi aziwayo afana ne-Docker ne-Kubernetes.
Le ncazelo eyinkimbinkimbi nebanzi ingenxa yokuthi indawo nayo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthiwa izinguquko ezintsha kulolu hlelo kufanele zengezwe kalula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthola ukuthi ungalwakha kanjani uhlobo lwendawo eneziqukathi lapho izinsiza ezihlanganiswe ngokukhululekile zihlala engqalasizinda echazwe yi-software futhi zilethwa lapho kusetshenziswa i-CI/CD eqhubekayo, futhi kwakhiwe izinqubo ze-DevOps kukho konke lokhu - konke lokhu kudinga okwengeziwe. kunokudla inja.
Kwenziwani ngakho konke lokhu
Wonke umuntu uxazulula lezi zinkinga ngendlela yakhe: isibonelo, ungashicilela izikhala ezijwayelekile ukuze uphule umbuthano ononya. Ungathola ukuthi yimaphi amagama afana ne-DevOps ne-Cloud Native futhi uwasebenzise ngendlela efanele futhi ufinyelele iphuzu. Ungathuthukisa ku-DevOps futhi ubonise izindlela ezifanele ngesibonelo sakho.
Senza inkomfa , okunikeza ithuba lokujula ezintweni esisanda kukhuluma ngazo. Kunamaqembu amaningana emibiko yalokhu:
- Izinqubo namasiko;
- Ubunjiniyela Bokuthenjwa Kwesiza;
- Umdabu Wamafu;
Ungakhetha kanjani lapho ukuya khona? Kukhona iphuzu elicashile lapha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-DevOps imayelana nokusebenzisana, futhi sifuna ngempela ukuthi uhambele izethulo ezivela kumabhulokhi ahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ungumphathi wezokuthuthukiswa oze engqungqutheleni ukuze ugxile emsebenzini owodwa othize, khona-ke akekho okuvimbelayo - ngokusobala, lokhu kuzoba ibhulokhi mayelana nezinqubo namasiko. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi uzoba nokurekhodwa ngemva kwengqungquthela (ngemuva kokugcwalisa ifomu lempendulo), ukuze ukwazi ukubukela izethulo ezingabalulekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokusobala, engqungqutheleni ngokwayo awukwazi ukuhamba ngamathrekhi amathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho-ke sihlela uhlelo ngendlela yokuthi isikhathi ngasinye isikhala sibe nezihloko zakho konke ukunambitheka.
Okusele nje ukuqonda ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze uma ungunjiniyela we-DevOps! Okokuqala, zama ukunquma ukuthi empeleni wenzani. Ngokuvamile bathanda ukubiza leli gama:
- Onjiniyela abasebenza engqalasizinda. Amaqembu emibiko mayelana ne-SRE kanye ne-Cloud Native afaneleka kakhulu kuwe.
- Abaphathi besistimu. Kunzima kakhulu lapha. I-DevOops ayiphathelene nokuphathwa kwesistimu. Ngenhlanhla, kunezingqungquthela eziningi ezinhle kakhulu, izincwadi, izindatshana, amavidiyo aku-inthanethi, njll. esihlokweni sokuphatha uhlelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ungathanda ukuzithuthukisa mayelana nokuqonda isiko nezinqubo, ukufunda mayelana nobuchwepheshe bamafu kanye nemininingwane yokuphila ne-Cloud Native, khona-ke singathanda ukukubona! Cabanga ngalokhu: wenza umsebenzi wokuphatha, bese uzokwenzani? Ukuze ugweme ukuzitholela ngokuzumayo usesimweni esingemnandi, kufanele ufunde manje.
Kukhona enye inketho: uyaphikelela futhi uqhubeke nokusho ukuthi unjalo ikakhulukazi unjiniyela we-DevOps futhi akukho okunye, noma ngabe lokho kusho ukuthini. Bese kufanele sikudumaze, i-DevOops akuyona ingqungquthela yonjiniyela be-DevOps!
Slayida usuka eMunich
I-DevOops 2020 Moscow izoba ngo-Ephreli 29-30 eMoscow, amathikithi aseyatholakala .
Kungenjalo, ungakwazi kuze kube nguFebhuwari 8. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lapho ugcwalisa ifomu, kufanele ukhethe izethameli eziqondiwe ezizohlomula kakhulu embikweni wakho (kukhona isimanga esingcwatshwe phakathi kohlu).
Source: www.habr.com