Amakheli e-IP ahlukile angaphezu kwebhiliyoni adlula ku-Cloudflare Network nsuku zonke; inikeza izicelo ze-HTTP ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11 ngomzuzwana; ungaphakathi kuka-100ms ku-95% wabantu be-inthanethi. Inethiwekhi yethu ihlanganisa amadolobha angama-200 emazweni angaphezu kuka-90, futhi ithimba lethu lonjiniyela bakhe ingqalasizinda esheshayo nethembekile.
Siyaziqhenya kakhulu ngomsebenzi wethu futhi sizimisele ukusiza ukwenza i-inthanethi ibe indawo engcono nephephile. Onjiniyela bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha bakwa-Cloudflare banokuqonda okujulile kwamaseva nezingxenye zabo ukuze baqonde futhi bakhethe ihadiwe engcono kakhulu yokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Isitaki sethu sesofthiwe siphatha ikhompyutha enomthwalo omkhulu futhi sincike kakhulu ku-CPU, sidinga onjiniyela bethu ukuthi baqhubeke bethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwe-Cloudflare kuwo wonke amazinga esitaki. Ohlangothini lweseva, indlela elula yokwandisa amandla okucubungula iwukwengeza ama-CPU cores. Uma iseva ingalingana ama-cores amaningi, kulapho idatha engakwazi ukuyicubungula. Lokhu kubalulekile kithi ngoba izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yethu namakhasimende ziyakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukukhula kwezicelo kudinga ukusebenza okwengeziwe okuvela eziphakelini. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kwabo, kwakudingeka sikhulise ukuminyana kwama-cores - futhi yilokhu kanye esikufezile. Ngezansi sinikeza idatha enemininingwane mayelana namaphrosesa amaseva esiwasebenzisile kusukela ngo-2015, okuhlanganisa nenani lama-cores:
-
I-Gen 6
I-Gen 7
I-Gen 8
I-Gen 9
Ukuqalisa
2015
2016
2017
2018
CPU
I-Intel Xeon E5-2630 v3
I-Intel Xeon E5-2630 v4
I-Intel Xeon Silver 4116
I-Intel Xeon Platinum 6162
Ama-cores angokomzimba
2 x 8
2 x 10
2 x 12
2 x 24
TDP
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 150W
I-TDP ngomgogodla ngamunye
10.65W
8.50W
7.08W
6.25W
Ngo-2018, senze igxathu elikhulu enanini eliphelele lama-cores ngeseva ngayinye nge-Gen 9. Umthelela wemvelo wehliswe ngama-33% uma kuqhathaniswa nesizukulwane sesi-8, okusinika ithuba lokukhulisa umthamo namandla ekhompyutha ngerack ngayinye. Izidingo zedizayini zokukhipha ukushisa (, TDP) kushiwo ukugqamisa ukuthi ukonga kwethu kwamandla kuye kwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le nkomba ibalulekile kithi: okokuqala, sifuna ukukhipha ikhabhoni encane emkhathini; okwesibili, sifuna ukusebenzisa kahle amandla avela ezikhungweni zedatha. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi kukhona okumele sikulwele.
Imethrikhi yethu eyinhloko echaza inani lezicelo nge-watt ngayinye. Singakwazi ukwandisa inani lezicelo ngesekhondi ngalinye ngokungeza ama-cores, kodwa sidinga ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwesabelomali sethu samandla. Sikhawulelwe ingqalasizinda yamandla esikhungo sedatha, yona, kanye namamojula ethu okusabalalisa amandla akhethiwe, isinikeza umkhawulo othile ophezulu werekhi ngayinye yeseva. Ukwengeza amaseva ku-rack kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Izindleko zokusebenza zizokhuphuka kakhulu uma seqa umkhawulo wamandla erack ngayinye futhi kufanele sengeze amarack amasha. Kudingeka sikhulise amandla okucubungula kuyilapho sihlala ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanayo lokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okuzokhuphula izicelo nge-watt ngayinye, imethrikhi yethu eyinhloko.
Njengoba ungase uqagele, sifunde ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esigabeni sokuklama. Ithebula elingenhla libonisa ukuthi akufanele sichithe isikhathi sisebenzisa ama-CPU alambele amandla amaningi uma i-TDP ngomongo ngamunye ingaphezulu kwesizukulwane samanje - lokhu kuzoba nomthelela omubi kumethrikhi yethu, izicelo nge-watt ngayinye. Sifunde ngokucophelela amasistimu osekulungele ukuqhutshwa esizukulwaneni sethu X emakethe futhi senza isinqumo. Sisuka kumklamo wethu wamasokhethi angama-48-core Intel Xeon 6162 dual-socket design 48-core AMD EPYC 7642 single-socket design.
-
Intel
AMD
CPU
I-Xeon Platinum 6162
I-EPYC 7642
I-Microarchitecture
"Skylake"
"Zen 2"
Codename
"Skylake SP"
“IRoma”
Inqubo yobuchwepheshe
14nm
7nm
ama-cores
2 x 24
48
Ukuvama
I-1.9 GHz
I-2.4 GHz
L3 Inqolobane/isokhethi
24 x 1.375MiB
16 x 16MiB
Inkumbulo/isokhethi
6 iziteshi, kufika ku-DDR4-2400
8 iziteshi, kufika ku-DDR4-3200
TDP
I-2 x 150W
225W
PCIe/socket
Imizila eyi-48
Imizila eyi-128
ISA
X86-64
X86-64
Kusukela ekucacisweni kuyacaca ukuthi i-chip evela ku-AMD izosivumela ukuthi sigcine inani elifanayo lama-cores ngenkathi sehlisa i-TDP. Isizukulwane sesi-9 sibe ne-TDP ngomongo ngamunye ongu-6,25 W, futhi isizukulwane se-Xth sizoba ngu-4,69 W. Kwehliswe ngo-25%. Ngenxa yokwanda kwemvamisa, futhi mhlawumbe nomklamo olula onesokhethi eyodwa, kungacatshangwa ukuthi i-chip ye-AMD izokwenza kangcono ekusebenzeni. Njengamanje senza izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene nezifaniso ukuze sibone ukuthi i-AMD izokwenza kangcono kangakanani.
Okwamanje, masiqaphele ukuthi i-TDP iyimethrikhi eyenziwe lula evela ekucacisweni komkhiqizi, esiyisebenzise ezigabeni zokuqala zokwakheka kweseva nokukhetha kwe-CPU. Ukusesha okusheshayo kwe-Google kuveza ukuthi i-AMD ne-Intel banezindlela ezihlukile zokuchaza i-TDP, okwenza ukucaciswa kungathembeki. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela kwe-CPU, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kweseva, yilokho esikusebenzisa ngempela lapho senza isinqumo sethu sokugcina.
Ukulungela i-ecosystem
Ukuze siqale uhambo lwethu lokukhetha iphrosesa yethu elandelayo, sibheke inhlobonhlobo yama-CPU avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene abefaneleka kahle isitaki sesofthiwe yethu namasevisi (abhalwe ngo-C, LuaJIT nokuthi Go). Sesivele sichaze ngokuningiliziwe isethi yamathuluzi okulinganisa isivinini . Kulokhu, sisebenzise isethi efanayo - isivumela ukuthi sihlole ukusebenza kahle kwe-CPU ngesikhathi esifanele, ngemuva kwalokho onjiniyela bethu bangaqala ukulungisa izinhlelo zethu kumprosesa othile.
Sihlole amaphrosesa ahlukahlukene ngokubala okubalulekile okuhlukahlukene, izibalo zamasokhethi, namafrikhwensi. Njengoba le ndatshana imayelana nokuthi kungani sazinza ku-AMD EPYC 7642, wonke amashadi akule bhulogi agxila ekutheni amaphrosesa e-AMD asebenza kanjani uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Intel Xeon Platinum 6162 evela. .
Imiphumela ihambisana nezilinganiso zeseva eyodwa ngokuhluka kwephrosesa ngayinye - okungukuthi, ngamaphrosesa amabili angama-24 avela ku-Intel, noma ngephrosesa eyodwa engu-48-core evela ku-AMD (iseva ye-Intel enamasokhethi amabili kanye neseva ye-AMD EPYC neyodwa) . Ku-BIOS sibeka imingcele ehambisana namaseva asebenzayo. Lena i-3,03 GHz ye-AMD kanye ne-2,5 GHz ye-Intel. Ukwenza lula kakhulu, silindele ukuthi ngenani elifanayo lama-cores, i-AMD izokwenza kangcono ngama-21% kune-Intel.
I-Cryptography
Kubukeka kuthembisa i-AMD. Isebenza kangcono ngo-18% ku-cryptography yokhiye womphakathi. Ngokhiye we-symmetric, ilahlekelwa izinketho zokubethela ze-AES-128-GCM, kodwa iyonke yenza okufanayo.
Ukucindezela
Kumaseva asemaphethelweni, sicindezela idatha eningi ukuze songe kumkhawulokudonsa futhi sikhulise isivinini sokulethwa kokuqukethwe. Sidlulisa idatha kumalabhulali e-C zlib kanye ne-brotli. Zonke izivivinyo zenziwa kufayela le-HTML le-blog.cloudflare.com kumemori.
I-AMD iwine ngesilinganiso esingu-29% uma isebenzisa i-gzip. Endabeni ye-brotli, imiphumela iba ngcono nakakhulu ezivivinyweni ezinekhwalithi engu-7, esiyisebenzisela ukucindezela okunamandla. Esivivinyweni se-brotli-9 kukhona ukwehla okubukhali - sichaza lokhu ngokuthi i-Brotli idla inkumbulo eningi futhi ichithe isilondolozi. Kodwa-ke, i-AMD iwina ngemajini enkulu.
Izinkonzo zethu eziningi zibhalwe kokuthi Go. Kumagrafu alandelayo, sihlola kabili isivinini sokubethela nokucindezelwa kokuthi Hamba nge-RegExp emigqeni engu-32 KB sisebenzisa ilabhulali yezintambo.
Bheka i-cryptography
Hamba Ukucindezela
Hamba ku-Regexp
Hamba Izintambo
I-AMD yenza kangcono kuzo zonke izivivinyo nge-Go ngaphandle kwe-ECDSA P256 Sign, lapho yayingemuva ngo-38% - okuyisimanga, uma kubhekwa ukuthi yenze kangcono ngo-24% ku-C. Kuyafaneleka ukuthola ukuthi kwenzakalani lapho. Sekukonke, i-AMD ayinqobi kakhulu, kodwa isakhombisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
I-LuaJIT
Sivame ukusebenzisa i-LuaJIT esitakini. Lona ingcina ebamba zonke izingxenye ze-Cloudflare ndawonye. Futhi siyajabula ukuthi i-AMD nayo iwinile lapha.
Sekukonke, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-EPYC 7642 yenza kangcono kune-Xeon Platinum 6162 ezimbili. I-AMD ilahlekelwa izivivinyo ezimbalwa - isibonelo, i-AES-128-GCM kanye ne-Go OpenSSL ECDSA-P256 Sign - kodwa iwina kuzo zonke ezinye, ngokwesilinganiso kwe-25%.
Ukulingisa Umthwalo Womsebenzi
Ngemva kokuhlola kwethu okusheshayo, siqhube amaseva kwenye isethi yokulingisa lapho kufakwa umthwalo wokwenziwa kusitaki sonqenqema lwesofthiwe. Lapha silingisa umsebenzi wesimo esinezinhlobo ezahlukene zezicelo ezingahlangatshezwana nazo emsebenzini wangempela. Izicelo ziyahlukahluka ngevolumu yedatha, iphrothokholi ye-HTTP noma ye-HTTPS, imithombo ye-WAF, Abasebenzi, nokunye okuguquguqukayo okuningi. Ngezansi ukuqhathaniswa kokuphumayo kwama-CPU amabili ngezinhlobo zezicelo esihlangabezana nazo kakhulu.
Imiphumela eshadini ikalwa ngokuqhathaniswa nesisekelo semishini esekwe ku-Intel yesizukulwane sesi-9, eyenziwe yavama ibe inani elingu-1,0 ku-x-eksisi. Isibonelo, ukuthatha izicelo ezilula ze-10 KB nge-HTTPS, singabona ukuthi i-AMD yenza izikhathi ezingcono izikhathi ezingu-1,5 kune-Intel ngokwezicelo ngomzuzwana. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-AMD yenze kangcono ngama-34% kune-Intel kulezi zivivinyo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-TDP ye-AMD EPYC 7642 eyodwa ingu-225 W, kanti kuma-Intel processors amabili angama-300 W, kuvele ukuthi ngokuya "kwezicelo nge-watt ngayinye" i-AMD ikhombisa imiphumela engcono izikhathi ezi-2 kune-Intel!
Kuleli qophelo, sase sincike ngokusobala ekukhetheni isokhethi elilodwa le-AMD EPYC 7642 njengama-Gen X CPUs wethu wesikhathi esizayo. Besikuthakasele kakhulu ukubona ukuthi amaseva e-AMD EPYC azokwenza kanjani emsebenzini wangempela, futhi ngokushesha sathumela amaningana. amaseva kuya kwezinye kusuka kuzikhungo zedatha.
Umsebenzi wangempela
Isinyathelo sokuqala, ngokwemvelo, kwakuwukulungiselela amaseva ukusebenza ezimeni zangempela. Yonke imishini kumikhumbi yethu isebenza ngezinqubo namasevisi afanayo, okunikeza ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle. Njengezikhungo eziningi zedatha, sinezizukulwane ezimbalwa zamaseva asetshenzisiwe, futhi siqoqa amaseva ethu abe amaqoqo ukuze ikilasi ngalinye liqukathe amaseva cishe wezizukulwane ezifanayo. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kungase kubangele amajika okugaya ahluka phakathi kwamaqoqo. Kodwa hhayi nathi. Onjiniyela bethu bathuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU kuzo zonke izizukulwane ukuze kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-CPU yomshini othile inama-cores angu-8 noma angu-24, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU ngokuvamile kufana nokunye.
Igrafu ikhombisa ukuphawula kwethu ngokufana kokusetshenziswa - awukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwama-AMD CPUs kumaseva esizukulwane se-Gen X kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-Intel processors kumaseva esizukulwane se-Gen 9. Lokhu kusho ukuthi womabili amaseva okuhlola kanye nesisekelo alayishwa ngokulinganayo. . Kuhle. Yilokhu kanye esikulwela kumaseva ethu, futhi sidinga lokhu ukuze siqhathanise kahle. Amagrafu amabili angezansi abonisa inani lezicelo ezicutshungulwe umongo owodwa we-CPU nawo wonke ama-cores ezingeni leseva.
Izicelo ngomongo ngamunye
Izicelo eziya kuseva
Kuyabonakala ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso i-AMD icubungula izicelo ezingama-23%. Akukubi neze! Sivame ukubhala kubhulogi yethu ngezindlela zokwandisa ukusebenza kwe-Gen 9. Futhi manje sinenani elifanayo lama-cores, kodwa i-AMD yenza umsebenzi omningi ngamandla amancane. Kuyacaca ngokushesha ekucacisweni kwenani lama-cores ne-TDP ukuthi i-AMD inikeza isivinini esikhulu ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla okukhulu.
Kodwa njengoba sesishilo, i-TDP ayiyona incazelo ejwayelekile futhi ayifani kubo bonke abakhiqizi, ngakho-ke ake sibheke ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela. Ngokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kweseva ngokuhambisana nenani lezicelo ngomzuzwana, sithole igrafu elandelayo:
Ngokusekelwe ezicelweni ngomzuzwana ngewatt ngayinye echithiwe, amaseva e-Gen X asebenza kuma-AMD processors asebenza kahle ngo-28%. Umuntu angalindela okwengeziwe, njengoba i-TDP ye-AMD iphansi ngo-25%, kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-TDP iyisici esingaqondakali. Sibonile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela kwe-AMD kucishe kufane ne-TDP eshiwo kumafrikhwensi aphezulu kakhulu kunesisekelo; I-Intel ayinakho lokho. Lesi esinye isizathu esenza ukuthi i-TDP ingabi isilinganiso esithembekile sokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ama-CPU avela ku-Intel kumaseva ethu e-Gen 9 ahlanganiswe ohlelweni lwama-node amaningi, kuyilapho ama-CPU asuka ku-AMD esebenza kumaseva ajwayelekile efomu le-1U. Lokhu akuhambisani ne-AMD, njengoba amaseva e-multinode kufanele anikeze ukuminyana okukhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla amancane endaweni ngayinye, kodwa i-AMD isadlula i-Intel mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngenodi ngayinye.
Eziqhathanisweni eziningi kuwo wonke ama-specs, ukulingisa kokuhlola, nokusebenza komhlaba wangempela, ukucushwa kwe-1P AMD EPYC 7642 kusebenze kangcono kakhulu kune-2P Intel Xeon 6162. Kwezinye izimo, i-AMD ingenza kangcono kufikela ku-36%, futhi sikholelwa ukuthi ngokwenza kahle. i-hardware ne-software, singakwazi ukufeza lokhu kuthuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo.
Kuvele ukuthi i-AMD iwinile.
Amagrafu engeziwe abonisa ukubambezeleka okumaphakathi kanye nokubambezeleka kwe-p99 esebenzisa i-NGINX esikhathini samahora angama-24. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinqubo ku-AMD zigijime ngokushesha ngama-25%. Ku-p99 igijima ngo-20-50% ngokushesha kuye ngesikhathi sosuku.
isiphetho
Onjiniyela bakwa-Cloudflare's Hardware and Performance benza inani elibalulekile lokuhlola nokucwaninga ukuze banqume ukucushwa kweseva okungcono kakhulu kumakhasimende ethu. Siyakuthanda ukusebenza lapha ngoba singakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu ezifana nalezi, futhi singakusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zakho ngezinsizakalo ezifana ne-serverless edge computing kanye noxhaxha lwezisombululo zokuphepha ezifana ne-Magic Transit, i-Argo Tunnel, nokuvikelwa kwe-DDoS. . Wonke amaseva kunethiwekhi ye-Cloudflare alungiselelwe ukuthi asebenze ngendlela enokwethenjelwa, futhi sihlala sizama ukwenza isizukulwane ngasinye esilandelayo samaseva sibe ngcono kunangaphambili. Sikholelwa ukuthi i-AMD EPYC 7642 iyimpendulo uma kuziwa kuma-Gen X processors.
Besebenzisa i-Cloudflare Workers, abathuthukisi basakaza izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza kunethiwekhi yethu ekhulayo emhlabeni jikelele. Siyaziqhenya ukuvumela amakhasimende ethu agxile ekubhaleni ikhodi kuyilapho sigxile ekuvikelekeni nasekuthembekeni emafini. Futhi namuhla sijabule kakhulu ukumemezela ukuthi umsebenzi wabo uzosatshalaliswa kumaseva ethu esizukulwane se-Gen X asebenzisa amaphrosesa esizukulwane sesibili se-AMD EPYC.
EPYC 7642 processors, codename "Roma" [Roma]
Ngokusebenzisa i-EPYC 7642 ye-AMD, sikwazile ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwethu nokwenza kube lula ukunweba inethiwekhi yethu emadolobheni amasha. IRoma ayakhiwanga ngosuku olulodwa, kodwa maduzane izosondela kwabaningi benu.
Kule minyaka embalwa edlule besizama ama-chips amaningi e-x86 avela ku-Intel ne-AMD, kanye namaphrosesa avela ku-ARM. Silindele ukuthi laba bakhi be-CPU baqhubeke nokusebenza nathi esikhathini esizayo ukuze sonke sakhe i-inthanethi engcono ndawonye.
Source: www.habr.com