Ingabe ukhona okhumbula u-Erwise? I-Viola? Sawubona? Masikhumbule.
Lapho u-Tim Berners-Lee efika e-CERN, ilabhorethri edumile yase-Europe ye-particle physics, ngo-1980, waqashwa ukuze abuyekeze izinhlelo zokulawula zama-accelerator ambalwa. Kodwa umsunguli wekhasi lewebhu lesimanje wabona inkinga cishe ngokushesha: izinkulungwane zabantu zazilokhu ziza futhi ziya esikhungweni socwaningo, abaningi babo ababesebenza lapho okwesikhashana.
"Kube yinselelo impela kubahleli bezinhlelo zenkontileka ukuzama ukuqonda izinhlelo, ezingabantu kanye nezibalo, eziphethe le nkundla yokudlala," kubhala uBerners-Lee ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. "Imininingwane eminingi ebalulekile ibikhona emakhanda abantu kuphela."
Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sakhe esikhululekile, wabhala isofthiwe yokulungisa lokhu kushiyeka: uhlelo oluncane alubiza ngokuthi i-Enquire. Ivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe “ama-node”—amakhasi anenkomba afana nekhadi agcwele ulwazi kanye nezixhumanisi eziya kwamanye amakhasi. Ngeshwa, lolu hlelo lokusebenza, olubhalwe ngo-Pascal, lusebenze ku-OS yobunikazi ye-CERN. “Idlanzana labantu elibone lolu hlelo libone kuwumqondo omuhle kodwa akekho olisebenzisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-disc yalahleka, futhi nayo i-Enquire yasekuqaleni. "
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uBerners-Lee wabuyela eCERN. Kulokhu wethule kabusha iphrojekthi yakhe ye-World Wide Web ngendlela ezokwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwayo. Ngo-Agasti 6, 1991, washicilela incazelo ye-WWW eqenjini le-alt.hypertext usenet. Uphinde wakhipha ikhodi yelabhulali ye-libWWW, ayibhala nomsizi wakhe uJean-François Groff. Umtapo wolwazi uvumele ababambiqhaza ukuthi bazenzele ezabo iziphequluli zewebhu.
“Umsebenzi wabo—iziphequluli ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu ezihlukene ezinyangeni ezingu-18—usindise iphrojekthi ye-Web eyayinenselele ngezimali futhi wethula umphakathi wabathuthukisi bewebhu,” kwaphawula umkhosi wokugubha iminyaka eminingi e-Computer History Museum eMountain View, eCalifornia. Ezaziwa kakhulu iziphequluli zakuqala kwakuyi-Mosaic, eyabhalwa ngu-Marc Andreessen kanye no-Eric Bina we-National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Ngokushesha uMosaic waba yi-Netscape, kodwa kwakungesona isiphequluli sokuqala. Imephu eqoqwe imnyuziyamu inikeza umbono wezinga lomhlaba wonke lephrojekthi yokuqala. Okumangazayo ngalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zakuqala ukuthi sezivele ziqukethe izici eziningi zeziphequluli zakamuva. Futhi nali uhambo lwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphequlula iwebhu njengoba zazinjalo ngaphambi kokuba zidume.
Iziphequluli ezivela ku-CERN
Isiphequluli sokuqala sika-Tim Berners-Lee, i-WorldWideWeb kusukela ngo-1990, kwakuyisiphequluli kanye nomhleli. Ube nethemba lokuthi amaphrojekthi esiphequluli sesikhathi esizayo azoya ngale ndlela. I-CERN ihlanganise ukukhiqizwa kokuqukethwe kwayo. Isithombe-skrini sibonisa ukuthi ngo-1993 izici eziningi zeziphequluli zesimanje zase zikhona lapho.
Umkhawulo oyinhloko wesofthiwe ukuthi yayisebenza ku-NeXTSstep OS. Kodwa ngokushesha ngemva kwe-WorldWideWeb, umfundi we-CERN wezibalo uNicola Pellow wabhala isiphequluli esingasebenza kwezinye izindawo, okuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi aku-UNIX kanye ne-MS-DOS. Ngaleyo ndlela, “wonke umuntu wayekwazi ukungena kuyi-Internet,” kuchaza isazi-mlando se-Internet uBill Stewart, “ngaleso sikhathi empeleni eyayihlanganisa nencwadi yocingo ye-CERN.”
Isiphequluli sewebhu sangaphambi kwesikhathi se-CERN, ca. 1990
Ngobuhlakani
Kwabe sekufika u-Erwise. Yabhalwa ngabafundi abane basekolishi laseFinland ngo-1991, futhi yakhululwa ngo-1992. I-Erwise ibhekwa njengesiphequluli sokuqala esinesithombe esibonakalayo. Wayekwazi nokubheka amagama ekhasini.
UBerners-Lee ubuyekeze i-Erwise ngo-1992. Uphawule ikhono layo lokuphatha amafonti ahlukene, ukudwebela izixhumanisi, kukuvumela ukuthi uchofoze kabili isixhumanisi ukuze ugxumele kwamanye amakhasi, futhi usekele amawindi amaningi.
“Ngaphandle kwalokho kubukeka kuhlakaniphe kakhulu,” ememezela, nakuba kukhona okungaqondakali kukho, “ibhokisi eliyinqaba elizungeze igama elilodwa embhalweni, njengenkinobho noma ifomu lokukhetha. Nakuba engeyena oyedwa noma omunye - mhlawumbe lokhu kuyinto yezinguqulo ezizayo. "
Kungani isicelo singazange siqale? Engxoxweni eyakamuva, omunye wabadali be-Erwise waphawula ukuthi iFinland yayisesimweni esibucayi ngaleso sikhathi. Babengekho abatshalizimali bezingelosi kuleli.
“Ngaleso sikhathi, besingeke sikwazi ukwakha ibhizinisi elisekelwe kwa-Erwise,” echaza. “Ukuphela kwendlela yokwenza imali bekuwukuqhubeka nentuthuko ukuze abakwaNetscape bagcine besithenga.” Nokho, singafinyelela ezingeni likaMose wokuqala ngomsebenzi omncane nje owengeziwe. Besidinga ukuqeda i-Erwise futhi siyikhiphe ezinkundleni eziningi."
Isiphequluli se-Erwise
ViolaWWW
yakhululwa ngo-April 1992. Unjiniyela u-Pei-Yuan Wei wayibhala eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Berkeley, esebenzisa ulimi lokubhala lwe-Viola olusebenza ngaphansi kwe-UNIX. U-Wei akazange adlale i-cello, "kuvele kwenzeka ngenxa yesifinyezo esihehayo" I-Visual Interactive Object-oriented Language and Application, njengoba uJames Gillies noRobert Caillou babhala emlandweni wabo we-WWW.
U-Wei ubonakala egqugquzelwe uhlelo lokuqala lwe-Mac olubizwa , evumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe ama-matrices kusuka kumadokhumenti afomethiwe anezixhumanisi. "Khona-ke i-HyperCard kwakuyiphrojekthi ethakazelisa kakhulu, enemifanekiso, kanye nalawa ma-hyperlink," wakhumbula kamuva. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo “belungekho emhlabeni wonke futhi lusebenza ku-Mac kuphela. Futhi ngangingenayo ngisho ne-Mac yami.”
Kodwa wayekwazi ukufinyelela kumatheminali e-UNIX X e-Berkeley Experimental Computing Center. "Benginemiyalelo ye-HyperCard, ngayifundisisa futhi ngasebenzisa imiqondo ukuze ngiyisebenzise kumafasitela angu-X." Kuphela, ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele, wawasebenzisa esebenzisa ulimi lwesiViola.
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezintsha ze-ViolaWWW ukuthi umthuthukisi angafaka imibhalo kanye "nama-applet" ekhasini. Lokhu kwakufanekisela igagasi elikhulu lama-applet e-Java avele kumawebhusayithi ngasekupheleni kwawo-90s.
В U-Wei uphinde waphawula ukushiyeka okuhlukahlukene kwesiphequluli, okuyinhloko ukuntuleka kwenguqulo ye-PC.
- Ayithuthelwanga endaweni ye-PC.
- Ukuphrinta kwe-HTML akusekelwe.
- I-HTTP ayiphazamiseki futhi ayifundeki okuningi.
- Ummeleli awusekelwe.
- Umhumushi wolimi akanazo izintambo eziningi.
"Umbhali usebenza kulezi zinkinga, njll.," kubhala u-Wei ngaleso sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, "isiphequluli esicoceke kakhulu, esisetshenziswa yinoma ubani, esinembile futhi esiqondile," kuphetha uBerners-Lee encwadini yakhe. . “Izici ezengeziwe ngeke zisetshenziswe abasebenzisi bangempela abangu-90%, kodwa ziyizici ezidingwa ngabasebenzisi bamandla.”
Isiphequluli se-ViolaWWW Hypermedia
Midas and Samba
NgoSepthemba 1991, isazi sefiziksi uPaul Kunz waseStanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) wavakashela eCERN. Wabuya nekhodi edingekayo ukuze aqhube iseva yewebhu yokuqala yaseNyakatho Melika ku-SLAC. “Bengise-CERN,” kusho uKunz etshela isisebenzi sasemtapweni wezincwadi uLouis Addis, “futhi ngathola le nto emangalisayo umngane, uTim Berners-Lee, ayakhayo. Yilokhu kanye okudingayo ngesisekelo sakho.”
Wavuma u-Addis. Umsebenzi waselabhulali omkhulu uthumele ucwaningo olubalulekile kuwebhu. Izazi zefiziksi ezivela kuFermilab zenza okufanayo kamuva nje.
Kwathi ehlobo lika-1992, isazi sefiziksi esivela ku-SLAC wabhala uMidas, isiphequluli esinesithombe sezazi zefiziksi zaseStanford. Okukhulu Iphuzu eliphansi laliwukuthi ingabonisa amadokhumenti ngefomethi ye-postscript, ethandwa izazi zefiziksi ngekhono layo lokukhiqiza kabusha amafomula esayensi ngokunembile.
"Ngalezi zinzuzo ezibalulekile, iwebhu isiqalile ukusetshenziswa emphakathini ophathekayo," kuphelile. I-US Department of Energy Progress SLAC yango-2001.
Ngaleso sikhathi, e-CERN, uPellow noRobert Caillau bakhiphe isiphequluli sewebhu sokuqala sekhompyutha ye-Macintosh. UGillies noCaillau bachaza ukuthuthuka kweSamba ngale ndlela.
Ku-Pellow, inqubekelaphambili ekuqaliseni iphrojekthi ye-Samba yayihamba kancane ngoba zonke izixhumanisi ezimbalwa isiphequluli zazizophahlazeka futhi akekho owayengathola ukuthi kungani. "Isiphequluli se-Mac besigcwele izimbungulu," kusho u-Tim Berners-Lee ngokudabukisayo ephephandabeni lango-'92. “Nginikeza isikibha esinombhalo othi W3 kunoma ubani ongasilungisa!” - wamemezela. Isikibha siye kuJohn Streets eFermilab, owalandela umkhondo, wavumela uNicola Pellow ukuthi aqhubeke nokwenza inguqulo esebenzayo ye-Samba.
I-Samba "bekuwumzamo wokufaka idizayini yesiphequluli sokuqala engasibhala emshinini we-NEXT endaweni yesikhulumi se-Mac," Berners-Lee, kodwa akuzange kuqedwe kwaze kwaba yilapho i-NCSA ikhipha inguqulo ye-Mac ye-Mosaic eyayisibekela.”
Samba
Mosaic
UMosaic “wayeyinhlansi eyabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwewebhu ngo-1993,” kuchaza izazi-mlando uGillies noCaillau. Kepha bekungeke kuthuthukiswe ngaphandle kwabandulele, futhi ngaphandle kwamahhovisi e-NCSA eNyuvesi yase-Illinois, ahlome ngemishini engcono kakhulu ye-UNIX. I-NCSA iphinde yaba noDkt. Ping Fu, udokotela wezithombe zekhompyutha kanye newizadi esebenze ngemiphumela ye-morphing ye-movie Terminator 2. Futhi usanda kuqasha umsizi ogama lakhe linguMarc Andreessen.
"Ucabangani ngokubhala i-GUI yesiphequluli?" - U-Fu uphakamise kumsizi wakhe omusha. “Siyini isiphequluli?” – Andreessen wabuza. Kodwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, omunye wabasebenzi be-NCSA, uDave Thompson, wethula isethulo ngesiphequluli sokuqala sikaNicola Pellow kanye nesiphequluli sikaPei Wei sikaViolaWWW. Futhi ngaphambi nje kokwethulwa, uTony Johnson wakhipha inguqulo yokuqala ye-Midas.
Uhlelo lokugcina lwamangaza u-Andreessen. “Kuyamangalisa! Kumnandi! Kuyamangaza! Kuyamangaza kakhulu! - wabhalela uJohnson. U-Andreessen wabe esefaka uchwepheshe we-NCSA we-UNIX, u-Eric Bina, ukuthi amsize abhale esakhe isiphequluli se-X.
I-Mosaic inezici eziningi ezintsha ezakhelwe kuyo kuwebhu, njengokusekelwa kwamavidiyo, umsindo, amafomu, amabhukumaka, nomlando. “Futhi into emangalisayo ukuthi, ngokungafani nazo zonke iziphequluli zakuqala ze-X, yonke into yayiqukethwe efayeleni elilodwa,” kuchaza uGillies noCaillau:
Inqubo yokufaka ibilula - uvele uyilande bese uyiqhuba. Kamuva uMosaic waduma ngokwethula ithegi , okwavumela izithombe okokuqala ukuthi zishumekwe embhalweni, esikhundleni sokuthi zivele efasiteleni elihlukile, njengasesipheqululini sokuqala sika-Tim se-NeXT. Lokhu kwavumela abantu ukuthi benze amakhasi ewebhu afane kakhulu nemidiya ephrintiwe ababeyijwayele; Akubona bonke abasunguli abawuthandile lo mbono, kodwa ngokuqinisekile wenza uMose waduma.
"Lokho uMarku akwenza kahle kakhulu, ngokubona kwami," u-Tim Berners-Lee wabhala kamuva, "kwakuwukwenza ukufakwa kube lula kakhulu, nokusekelwa ngokulungiswa kwephutha nge-imeyili, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku noma ebusuku. Ungamthumelela umlayezo mayelana nephutha, futhi ngemva kwamahora ambalwa azokuthumelela ukulungiswa.”
Impumelelo enkulu kaMosaic, ngokombono wanamuhla, kwakuwukusebenza kwayo kwenkundla ehlukahlukene. “Ngamandla, empeleni, okungekho muntu engiphathiswe wona, ngimemezela ukuthi i-X-Mosaic ikhululiwe,” kubhala u-Andreessen ngokuziqhenya eqenjini le-www-talk ngoJanuwari 23, 1993. U-Alex Totik wakhulula inguqulo yakhe ye-Mac ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva. Inguqulo ye-PC yakhiwe nguChris Wilson noJohn Mittelhauser.
Isiphequluli sikaMose besisekelwe ku-Viola ne-Midas, njengoba kuphawulwe embukisweni wemnyuziyamu wekhompyutha. Futhi wasebenzisa umtapo wolwazi wakwa-CERN. "Kodwa ngokungafani nabanye, ibinokwethenjelwa, ngisho nabangebona ochwepheshe bengakwazi ukuyifaka, futhi ngokushesha yengeza ukusekelwa kwezithombe ezinemibala emakhasini esikhundleni samafasitela ngamanye."
Isiphequluli sikaMose besitholakala ku-X Windows, Mac kanye ne-Microsoft Windows
Insizwa yaseJapan
Kodwa uMosaic kwakungeyena kuphela umkhiqizo omusha owavela ngaleso sikhathi. Ungumfundi waseKansas University uguqule isiphequluli sakhe solwazi se-hypertext sekhampasi ye-Intanethi newebhu. Yasungulwa ngo-March 1993. "I-Lynx ngokushesha yaba isiphequluli esikhethwayo samatheminali asekelwe kumlingisi ngaphandle kwezithombe, futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla," kuchaza isazi-mlando uStewart.
Futhi e-Cornell Law School, u-Tom Bruce wayebhala isicelo sewebhu sama-PC, "ngoba lawo kwakungabameli bamakhompyutha abavame ukusetshenziswa," kuphawula uGillies noCaillau. UBruce washicilela isiphequluli sakhe se-Cello ngoJuni 8, 1993, "futhi ngokushesha sase silandwa izikhathi ezingu-500 ngosuku."
I-Cello
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, u-Andreessen wayeseMountain View, eCalifornia. Iqembu lakhe lalihlele ukukhipha uMosaic Netscape ngo-Okthoba 13, 1994. Yena, u-Totik no-Mittelhauser balayishe ngokujabula uhlelo lokusebenza kuseva ye-FTP. Unjiniyela wokugcina uyasikhumbula lesi sikhathi. “Kudlule imizuzu emihlanu sihlezi sonke. Akwenzekanga lutho. Futhi kungazelelwe ukulanda kokuqala kwenzeka. Kwakuyinsizwa yaseJapan. Safunga ukuthi sizomthumelela isikibha!”
Le ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi isikhumbuza ukuthi akukho okusha okudalwa umuntu oyedwa. Isiphequluli sewebhu sangena ezimpilweni zethu ngenxa yababukeli abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, abantu ababevame ukungaqondi ngokucacile ababekwenza, kodwa bekhuthazwa ilukuluku, ukucatshangelwa okungokoqobo, noma isifiso sokudlala. Izinhlansi zabo zobuhlakani zasekela yonke le nqubo. Njengokugcizelela kuka-Tim Berners-Lee ukuthi iphrojekthi ihlale isebenzisana futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ivuliwe.
"Izinsuku zokuqala zewebhu zazikhathalela kakhulu isabelomali," Yena. “Kwakuningi okumelwe kwenziwe, ilangabi elincane kangaka ukuze liqhubeke liphila.”
Source: www.habr.com