I-prototype yokuqala yeseva yelanga enesilawuli sokushaja. Isithombe:
NgoSepthemba 2018, umshisekeli ovela ku-Low-tech Magazine . Umgomo wawuwukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kangangokuthi iphaneli eyodwa yelanga izokwanela iseva ezibamba ekhaya. Lokhu akulula, ngoba isiza kufanele sisebenze amahora angama-24 ngosuku. Ake sibone ukuthi kwenzekani ekugcineni.
Ungaya kuseva , hlola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamanje kanye neleveli yokushajwa kwebhethri. Isayithi lenzelwe inani elincane lezicelo ezivela ekhasini kanye nethrafikhi encane, ngakho-ke kufanele imelane nokwanda kwethrafikhi evela ku-Habr. Ngokwezibalo zonjiniyela, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesivakashi ngasinye esihlukile kungu-0,021 Wh.
Ngaphambi nje kokuntwela kokusa ngoJanuwari 31, 2020, ibisele namabhethri angama-42%. I-Dawn e-Barcelona ngo-8:04 ngesikhathi sasendaweni, ngemva kwalokho kufanele kugeleze kusuka kuphaneli yelanga.
Kungani?
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ochwepheshe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-inthanethi kunomthelela “ekunciphiseni umzimba” komphakathi, i-digitalization yomhlaba wonke - futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwamandla sekukonke. Babenephutha. Eqinisweni, i-Internet ngokwayo yayifuna , futhi le miqulu iyaqhubeka ikhula.
Izinkampani ze-IT sezisungule izinhlelo zokushintshela kweminye imithombo yamandla, kodwa lokhu manje akunakwenzeka. Zonke izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa amandla aphindwe kathathu kunawo wonke ukufakwa kwelanga nomoya emhlabeni okukhiqizayo. Okubi nakakhulu, ukukhiqizwa nokushintshwa okujwayelekile kwamapaneli elanga nama-wind turbines Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka namuhla ukulahla izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi (uwoyela, igesi, i-uranium). Kodwa lezi zindawo ezigciniwe ngeke zihlale isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke kuzofanele sicabange ukuthi singaphila kanjani emithonjeni evuselelekayo. Kubandakanya ukusebenza kwengqalasizinda yekhompyutha, okuhlanganisa namaseva ewebhu.
Umagazini osezingeni eliphansi Amakhasi ewebhu aqunjelwa ngokushesha kakhulu. Usayizi wekhasi omaphakathi ukhuphuke ukusuka ngo-2010 kuya ku-2018 , kanye nezingosi zeselula - kusuka ku-0,15 MB kuya ku-1,6 MB, isilinganiso esilondolozayo.
Ukwenyuka kwamavolumu ethrafikhi (amandla adingekayo ukuze kudluliselwe i-megabyte engu-1 yolwazi), okubangela ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ku-inthanethi. Izingosi ezinzima futhi ezilayishiwe azigcini nje ukwandisa umthwalo kwingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi, kodwa futhi zinciphisa "umjikelezo wokuphila" wamakhompiyutha nama-smartphone, okumele ziphonswe kaningi futhi kukhiqizwa ezintsha, nazo. .
Futhi-ke, ukwanda komsebenzi kudalwa indlela yokuphila ngokwayo: abantu bachitha cishe sonke isikhathi sabo ku-inthanethi futhi bathembele kakhulu kumasevisi ahlukahlukene ewebhu. Sekuvele kunzima ukucabanga umphakathi wanamuhla ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda ye-IT yamafu (amanethiwekhi omphakathi, izithunywa ezisheshayo, i-imeyili, njll.)
Ukucushwa kweseva newebhusayithi
В Ukucushwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha kanye nesitaki sesofthiwe yeseva yewebhu kuchazwe kabanzi.
Ikhompyutha yebhodi elilodwa ekhethelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi nezici ezengeziwe eziwusizo ezifana ne-chip yokuphatha amandla . Ikuvumela ukuthi ucele izibalo ku-voltage yamanje kanye nezamanje ebhodini nebhethri. I-microcircuit ishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla phakathi kwebhethri nesixhumi se-DC, lapho kugeleza khona i-solar panel. Ngakho, ukunikezwa kwamandla okungaphazamiseki kuseva ngokusekelwa kwebhethri kungenzeka.
I-Olimex Olinuxin A20 Lime 2
Ekuqaleni, ibhethri le-lithium-polymer elinomthamo ongu-6600 mAh (cishe u-24 Wh) lakhethwa njengebhethri, kwase kufakwa ibhethri le-lead-acid elinomthamo ongu-84,4 Wh.
Isistimu yokusebenza iqala ekhadini le-SD. Nakuba i-OS ithatha okungaphezu kuka-1 GB futhi iwebhusayithi emile icishe ibe ngu-30 MB, wawungekho umqondo wezomnotho ekuthengeni ikhadi elincane kune-Class 10 16 GB.
Iseva ixhuma ku-inthanethi ngoxhumano lwasekhaya lwe-100Mbps e-Barcelona kanye nerutha yomthengi evamile. Ikheli le-IP elimile ligcinelwe lona. Cishe noma ubani angakwazi ukumisa isayithi elinjalo endlini yakhe; udinga ukushintsha kancane izilungiselelo zohlelo lokuvikela ukuze udlulisele izimbobo ku-IP yendawo:
Imbobo engu-80 ukuya ku-80 ye-HTTP Port 443 ukuya ku-443 ye-HTTPS Port 22 ukuya ku-22 ye-SSH
operating system ngokusekelwe ekusatshalalisweni kwe-Debian kanye ne-kernel , eyenzelwe amabhodi angawodwa anama-AllWinner chips.
Iphaneli yelanga engu-50-watt yeseva yewebhu kanye nephaneli yelanga engu-10-watt yokukhanyisa igumbi lokuhlala efulethini lombhali
Isayithi elimile elakhiwe uhlelo (ijeneretha yesayithi kuPython). Amasayithi amile alayisha ngokushesha futhi ane-CPU encane kakhulu, ngakho-ke awonga amandla amaningi kunamakhasi akhiqizwa ngamandla. Bona ikhodi yomthombo yetimu. .
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ukucindezelwa kwesithombe, njengoba ngaphandle kwalokhu kulungiselelwa cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza amakhasi ewebhu abe mancane kune-megabyte engu-1. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kahle, kwanqunywa ukuguqula izithombe zibe izithombe zethoni encane. Isibonelo, nasi isithombe sabesifazane abasebenza ngocingo ebhodini lokushintsha ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, .
Futhi nasi isithombe esimpunga esithuthukisiwe sosayizi ngemibala emithathu (omnyama, omhlophe, ompunga). Ngenxa ye-optical illusion, kubonakala kumbukeli ukuthi kunemibala engaphezu kwemithathu.
Izithombe ze-halftone azikhethwanga kuphela ukukhulisa usayizi (isinqumo esingabazisayo), kodwa futhi nangezizathu zobuhle. Le ndlela endala yokucubungula isithombe inezici ezithile zesitayela, ngakho isayithi linomklamo othize oyingqayizivele.
Ngemva kokwenza kahle, imifanekiso engu-623 kuwebhusayithi ye-Low-tech Magazine yehle ngosayizi isuka ku-194,2 MB yaya ku-21,3 MB, okungukuthi, ngo-89%.
Zonke izindatshana ezindala zaguqulelwa ku-Markdown ukuze kube lula ukubhala izindatshana ezintsha, kanye nokwenza isipele kalula . Yonke imibhalo nama-tracker, kanye namalogo, asusiwe kusayithi. Kusetshenziswa ifonti ezenzakalelayo esipheqululini seklayenti. “Njengelogo” - igama lemagazini ngosonhlamvukazi kunomcibisholo ongakwesokunxele: LOW←TECH MAGAZINE. Amabhayithi angu-16 kuphela esikhundleni sesithombe.
Esimeni sokuphumula, amathuba "okufunda ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi" ahleliwe: imibhalo nezithombe zithunyelwa kokuphakelayo kwe-RSS. Ukugcinwa kunqolobane kokuqukethwe okungu-100% kunikwe amandla, okuhlanganisa ne-HTML.
Okunye ukulungiselelwa ukunika amandla izilungiselelo ze-HTTP2 ku-nginx, okunciphisa kancane ithrafikhi futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokulayisha ikhasi uma siqhathaniswa ne-HTTP/1.1. Ithebula liqhathanisa imiphumela yamakhasi amahlanu ahlukene.
| | I-FP | WE | HS | FW | CW | |----------|-------|---------------|-------|------ -| | I-HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | Izithombe | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | ukonga | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Ukucushwa kwe-nginx okugcwele:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Imiphumela yezinyanga eziyi-15 zomsebenzi
Esikhathini esisuka ngoDisemba 12, 2018 kuya kuNovemba 28, 2019, iseva ikhombisile . Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi isikhathi sonyaka sibe ngamahora angama-399.
Kodwa uma unganaki izinyanga ezimbili zokugcina, isikhathi sokuphumula sasingu-98,2%, futhi isikhathi sokuphumula samahora angu-152 kuphela, abathuthukisi babhala. Isikhathi sokuphumula sehle safinyelela ku-80% ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhuphuka ngenxa yesibuyekezo sesoftware. Njalo ebusuku indawo yehla amahora ambalwa.
Ngokwezibalo, ngonyaka (kusuka ngoDisemba 3, 2018 kuya kuNovemba 24, 2019), ukusetshenziswa kukagesi weseva bekungama-9,53 kWh. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ohlelweni lwe-photovoltaic ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwe-voltage kanye nokukhishwa kwebhethri kurekhodiwe. Isilawuli selanga sibonise ukusetshenziswa konyaka kwe-18,10 kWh, okusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu cishe ku-50%.
Umdwebo owenziwe lula. Ayibonisi isiguquli se-voltage kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-5 volts kanye nemitha yehora lebhethri le-ampere
Ngesikhathi socwaningo, izivakashi ezihlukile ezingama-865 zavakashela isiza. Kubandakanya konke ukulahleka kwamandla ekufakweni kwelanga, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesivakashi ngasinye esiyingqayizivele bekungu-000 Wh. Ngakho-ke, ihora elilodwa le-kilowatt lamandla elanga akhiqizwayo anele ukusebenzela izivakashi ezingaba ngu-0,021 ezihlukile.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, amaphaneli elanga anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ahlolwe. Ithebula libonisa izibalo zokuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushaja amabhethri wamandla ahlukene uma usebenzisa amaphaneli elanga anosayizi abahlukene.
Isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamandla kweseva yewebhu phakathi nonyaka wokuqala, okuhlanganisa konke ukulahleka kwamandla, kwaba ngu-1,97 Watts. Isibalo sibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa iwebhusayithi ngobusuku obufushane kakhulu bonyaka (amahora angu-8 nemizuzu engu-50, Juni 21) kudinga amahora angu-17,40 watt wamandla okugcina, futhi ngobusuku obude kakhulu (amahora angu-14 amaminithi angu-49, Disemba 21) udinga angu-29,19. .XNUMX Wh.
Njengoba amabhethri e-lead-acid kungafanele achithe ngaphansi komthamo oyingxenye, iseva idinga ibhethri elingu-60 Wh ukuze iphile ngobusuku obude kakhulu ngokukhanya kwemini okufanelekile (2x29,19 Wh). Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, uhlelo lusebenze ngebhethri engu-86,4 Wh kanye nephaneli yelanga engu-50-watt, kwase kufinyelelwa isikhathi esishiwo ngenhla esingu-95-98%.
Isikhathi esiphezulu 100%
Ukuze uthole isikhathi sokuphumula esingu-100%, kuyadingeka ukwandisa umthamo webhethri. Ukunxephezela usuku olulodwa lwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu (ngaphandle kokukhiqiza amandla abalulekile), amahora we-47,28 watt (amahora angu-24 × 1,97 watts) wesitoreji ayadingeka.
Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Disemba 2019 kuya kuJanuwari 12, 2020, ibhethri le-168-watt lifakwe ohlelweni, elinamandla okugcina okusebenza angama-watt-amahora angama-84. Lesi isitoreji esanele ukugcina isayithi lisebenza ubusuku obubili nosuku olulodwa. Ukulungiselelwa kuhlolwe phakathi nenkathi emnyama kakhulu yonyaka, kodwa isimo sezulu besisihle kakhulu - futhi phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo isikhathi sokusebenza sibe ngu-100%.
Kodwa ukuze uqinisekise isikhathi sokuphumula esingu-100% iminyaka eminingana, kuzodingeka uhlinzekele isimo esibi kakhulu, lapho isimo sezulu esibi siphikelela izinsuku ezimbalwa. Isibalo sibonisa ukuthi ukuze ugcine iwebhusayithi iku-inthanethi izinsuku ezine isebenzisa amandla aphansi noma angenawo, uzodinga ibhethri elineasidi yomthofu elinomthamo wama-watt-awa angu-440, ongusayizi webhethri lemoto.
Empeleni, ezimweni ezinhle zezulu, ibhethri le-lead-acid elingu-48 Wh lizogcina iseva isebenza ubusuku bonke kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba. Ibhethri elingu-24 Wh lizohlala iseva umkhawulo wamahora angu-6, okusho ukuthi izovalwa njalo ebusuku, nakuba ngezikhathi ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi inyanga.
Ngokuvamile, ezinye izingosi azidingi ukusebenza ebusuku, lapho inani lezivakashi lincane, kusho abafana abavela ku-Low-tech Magazine. Isibonelo, uma lokhu kungukushicilelwa kwedolobha lesifunda, lapho izivakashi ezivela kwezinye izindawo zesikhathi zingafiki, kodwa izakhamuzi zendawo kuphela.
Okusho ukuthi, kumasayithi anethrafikhi ehlukene kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula esihlukile, amabhethri wamandla ahlukene namaphaneli elanga osayizi abahlukene ayadingeka.
Umbhali unikeza isibalo sokuthi angakanani amandla adingekayo ukukhiqizwa ama-solar panel ngokwawo (amandla ahlanganisiwe) nokuthi kuvela malini uma uhlukanisa lesi samba ngempilo yesevisi elindelekile yeminyaka eyi-10.
Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukubala okulingana namafutha e-fossil asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni nasekusebenzeni kwamaphaneli. I-Low-tech Magazine ithole ukuthi ngonyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, isistimu yabo (iphaneli engu-50 W, ibhethri engu-86,4 Wh) "ikhiqize" cishe u-9 kg wegesi, noma okulingana nokushiswa kwamalitha angu-3 kaphethiloli: cishe okufanayo ne-50- Unyaka ubudala umgibeli imoto km travel.
Uma iseva inikwe amandla hhayi kumaphaneli elanga, kodwa kusukela kugridi yamandla evamile, khona-ke ukukhishwa okufanayo kubonakala sengathi kuphansi ngokuphindwe kasithupha: 1,54 kg (umkhakha wamandla waseSpain unesabelo esiphezulu samanye amandla kanye nezitshalo zamandla enyukliya). Kodwa lokhu akusona isiqhathaniso esilungile ngokuphelele, umbhali ubhala, ngoba kucabangela amandla ahlanganisiwe wengqalasizinda yelanga, kodwa ayicabangi le nkomba yenethiwekhi yamandla jikelele, okungukuthi, izindleko zokwakhiwa nokusekelwa kwayo. .
Okunye ukuthuthukiswa
Esikhathini esidlule, kwenziwe izinto eziningi eziye zanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla eseva. Isibonelo, ngesinye isikhathi unjiniyela wabona ukuthi i-6,63 TB yenani eliphelele elingu-11,15 TB yethrafikhi yenziwe ukuqaliswa okuphakelayo kwe-RSS okukodwa okungalungile okudonsa okuqukethwe njalo emizuzwini embalwa. Ngemva kokulungisa lesi siphazamisi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kweseva (ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla) kwehle ukusuka ku-1,14 W ukuya cishe ku-0,95 W. Inzuzo ingase ibonakale incane, kodwa umehluko we-0,19 W usho amahora angu-4,56 watt ngosuku, ohambelana namahora angaphezu kwangu-2,5 wempilo yebhethri yeseva.
Ngonyaka wokuqala, ukusebenza kahle bekungama-50%. Ukulahlekelwa kwabonwa lapho kushajwa futhi kuchithwa ibhethri (22%), kanye nalapho kuguqulwa i-voltage isuka ku-12 V (uhlelo lwe-solar PV) iye ku-5 V (USB), lapho ukulahlekelwa bekufike ku-28%. Umthuthukisi uyavuma ukuthi une-converter ye-voltage engaphansi (isilawuli esingenayo i-USB eyakhelwe ngaphakathi), ukuze ukwazi ukuthuthukisa leli phuzu noma ushintshele ekufakweni kwe-solar engu-5V.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwamandla, amabhethri e-lead-acid angashintshwa ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion abiza kakhulu, anokulahlekelwa okuphansi kokushajwa/ kokukhipha (<10%). Manje umklami ucabangela i-compact (i-CAES), enesikhathi sokuphila amashumi eminyaka, okusho ukuthi i-carbon footprint encane ekukhiqizeni kwayo.
I-Compact compressed air energy accumulator,
Ukufakwa kwe-turbine yomoya eyengeziwe kuyacatshangelwa (kungaba ) kanye nokufaka i-solar tracker ukuze uvule amaphaneli abheke elangeni. I-tracker ikuvumela ukuthi ukwandise ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngo-30%.
Enye indlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo ukukala. Phakamisa amawebhusayithi engeziwe kuseva futhi uqalise amaseva amaningi. Bese ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesayithi kuzokwehla.
Inkampani yokubamba iSolar. Umfanekiso: Diego Marmolejo
Uma umboza i-balcony yakho yonke yefulethi ngamaphaneli elanga futhi uvula inkampani yokubamba i-solar web, izindleko zekhasimende ngalinye zizokwehla kakhulu kunewebhusayithi eyodwa: umnotho wesilinganiso.
Sekukonke, lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi, uma kubhekwa imikhawulo ethile, kungenzeka ukuthi ingqalasizinda yekhompyutha isebenze emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokwethiyori, iseva enjalo ingakwazi ngisho ukwenza ngaphandle kwebhethri uma iboniswa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Isibonelo, faka izibuko eNew Zealand naseChile. Kukhona ama-solar panel azosebenza uma kusebusuku e-Barcelona.
Source: www.habr.com