“Cishe akukho lapho singathuthukisa khona ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kumaza omsakazo. Izixazululo Ezilula Ziphelile"
Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNovemba, 2018 ngo-22:53 pm ngesikhathi saseMoscow, i-NASA yaphinda yaphumelela - uphenyo lwe-InSight lwafika ngempumelelo ebusweni be-Mars ngemva kokungena kabusha, ukwehla nokwehlela, okwathi kamuva kwabizwa ngokuthi "imizuzu eyisithupha nengxenye yokwethuka." Incazelo efanelekile, ngoba onjiniyela be-NASA abakwazanga ngokushesha ukwazi ukuthi uphenyo lwasemkhathini lufike ngempumelelo yini emhlabeni, ngenxa yokubambezeleka kwesikhathi kwezokuxhumana phakathi koMhlaba ne-Mars, okwakuyimizuzu ecishe ibe yi-8,1. Phakathi naleli windi, i-InSight ayikwazanga ukuthembela kuma-antenna ayo esimanjemanje futhi anamandla - konke kuncike ekuxhumaneni kwe-UHF yakudala (le ndlela kade isetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela ekusakazweni kwe-TV nama-walkie-talkies kuya kumadivayisi we-Bluetooh).
Ngenxa yalokho, idatha ebalulekile mayelana nesimo se-InSight yasakazwa kumaza omsakazo anemvamisa ye-401,586 MHz kuya kumasathelayithi amabili -, i-WALL-E kanye ne-EVE, eyabe idlulisela idatha ngesivinini esingu-8 Kbps kuya kuma-antenna angamamitha angu-70 atholakala emhlabeni. I-Cubesat yethulwa ngerokhethi efanayo ne-InSight, futhi yahambisana nayo ohambweni lwayo oluya ku-Mars ukuze ibuke ukuhla nokudlulisa imininingwane ibuyela ekhaya ngokushesha. Eminye imikhumbi yaseMartian ezungezayo, njenge (MRS), bebesesimweni esingakhululekile futhi ekuqaleni abakwazanga ukunikeza umlayezo wesikhathi sangempela nomuntu osebenzisa umhlaba. Singasho ukuthi ukufikela konke kuncike kuma-Cubesats amabili anosayizi wepotimende ngalinye, kodwa i-MRS izokwazi kuphela ukudlulisa idatha isuka ku-InSight ngemva kokulinda isikhathi eside nakakhulu.
Ukufika kwe-InSight empeleni kubeka yonke imboni yezokuxhumana ye-NASA, "i-Mars Network", esivivinyweni. Isignali evela ku-InSight lander, edluliselwa kumasathelayithi azungezayo, ngabe ifike eMhlabeni noma kunjalo, ngisho noma amasathelayithi ehluleka. I-WALL-E kanye no-EVE babedingeka ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi ngokushesha, futhi bakwenzile. Uma lawa maCubsat engasebenzi ngesizathu esithile, u-MRS ubekulungele ukudlala indima yawo. Ngayinye yazo isebenze njenge-node kunethiwekhi efana ne-inthanethi, ihambisa amaphakethe edatha kumatheminali ahlukene akhiwe ngezinto zokusebenza ezihlukene. Namuhla, esebenza kahle kakhulu kubo i-MRS, ekwazi ukudlulisa idatha ngesivinini esifika ku-6 Mbps (futhi leli irekhodi lamanje lemishini ye-interplanetary). Kodwa-ke, i-NASA kudingeke ukuthi isebenze ngesivinini esincane kakhulu esikhathini esidlule - futhi izodinga ukudluliswa kwedatha okushesha kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.
Njenge-ISP yakho, i-NASA ivumela abasebenzisi be-inthanethi ukuthi ukuxhumana nemikhumbi-mkhathi ngesikhathi sangempela.
I-Deep Space Network
Ngokukhula kobukhona be-NASA emkhathini, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezithuthukisiwe zihlala zivela, zimboza indawo eyandayo: okokuqala kwaba yi-Earth orbit ephansi, bese kuba yi-geosynchronous orbit neNyanga, futhi ngokushesha ukuxhumana kwangena kujula emkhathini. Konke kwaqala ngomsakazo ophathwa ngesandla ongahluziwe owasebenzisa izizinda zamasosha ase-US eNigeria, Singapore, naseCalifornia ukuthola i-telemetry evela ku-Explorer 1, isathelayithi yokuqala eyethulwa ngempumelelo ngabaseMelika ngo-1958. Kancane kancane, lesi sisekelo siguqukele ezinhlelweni zanamuhla zokuthumela imiyalezo.
U-Douglas Abraham, inhloko yezokubikezela amasu nezinhlelo ku-NASA's Interplanetary Network Directorate, ugqamisa amanethiwekhi amathathu athuthukiswe ngokuzimela okuthumela imiyalezo emkhathini. INethiwekhi Yomhlaba Eseduze isebenza nemikhumbi-mkhathi emzileni ophansi woMhlaba. “Kuyiqoqo lezinti, eziningi zazo ziyi-9m kuya ku-12m. Kukhona ezimbalwa ezinkulu, 15m kuya ku-18m,” kusho u-Abraham. Bese, ngaphezu kwe-geosynchronous orbit of the Earth, kunamasathelayithi ambalwa okulandelela kanye nedatha (TDRS). “Bangabheka phansi iziphuphutheki ezisendaweni ephansi yoMhlaba futhi baxhumane nazo, bese bedlulisela lokhu kwaziswa nge-TDRS phansi,” kuchaza u-Abraham. "Lolu hlelo lokudluliswa kwedatha ngesathelayithi lubizwa nge-NASA space network."
Kodwa ngisho ne-TDRS yayinganele ukuxhumana nomkhumbi-mkhathi owadlula kude umjikelezo weNyanga uye kwamanye amaplanethi. “Ngakho kudingeke ukuthi sakhe inethiwekhi ehlanganisa wonke amasolar system. Futhi lena i-Deep Space Network, i-DSN,” kusho u-Abraham. I-Martian Network iyisandiso .
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu nezinhlelo, i-DSN iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yezinhlelo ezisohlwini. Eqinisweni, lena iqoqo lezinti ezinkulu, ukusuka ku-34 kuya ku-70 m ububanzi. Isizinda ngasinye kwezintathu ze-DSN sinezimpondo ezimbalwa ezingama-34m kanye nothi olulodwa lwama-70m. Indawo eyodwa itholakala eGoldstone (California), enye eduze neMadrid (eSpain), kanti eyesithathu eCanberra (Australia). Lawa masayithi aqhelelene cishe ngama-degree angu-120 emhlabeni wonke, futhi ahlinzeka ngo-XNUMX/XNUMX ukumboza yonke imikhumbi-mkhathi ngaphandle kwe-geosynchronous orbit.
Ama-antenna angama-34m ayimishini eyinhloko ye-DSN futhi afika ngezinhlobo ezimbili: izimpondo ezindala ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezimpondo ezintsha ze-waveguide. Umehluko ukuthi i-antenna ye-waveguide inezibuko ze-RF ezinembile ezinhlanu ezibonisa amasignali phansi ngepayipi kuya egumbini lokulawula elingaphansi komhlaba, lapho izinto zikagesi ezihlaziya lezo zimpawu zivikeleke kangcono kuyo yonke imithombo yokuphazamiseka. Ama-antenna angamamitha angu-34, asebenza ngawodwana noma ngamaqembu ezitsha ezingu-2-3, anganikeza iningi lokuxhumana okudingekayo yi-NASA. Kodwa ezimweni ezikhethekile lapho amabanga eba made kakhulu ngisho nezimpondo ezimbalwa ezingama-34m, abaphathi be-DSN basebenzisa izilo ezingama-70m.
“Zidlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni eziningana,” kusho u-Abraham ngezimpondo ezinkulu. Esokuqala yilapho umkhumbi-mkhathi ukude kakhulu noMhlaba kangangokuthi ngeke ukwazi ukusungula ukuxhumana nawo usebenzisa isitsha esincane. “Izibonelo ezinhle kungaba umkhankaso we-New Horizons, osevele wandizela ngale kwe-Pluto, noma umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Voyager, ongaphandle kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ama-antenna angamamitha angama-70 kuphela akwazi ukungena kuwo futhi alethe imininingwane yawo eMhlabeni,” kuchaza u-Abraham.
Izitsha ezingamamitha angu-70 ziphinde zisetshenziswe lapho umkhumbi-mkhathi ungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-booster antenna, ngenxa yesimo esibucayi esihleliwe njengokungena kwe-orbital, noma ngenxa yokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle kakhulu. I-antenna engamamitha angu-70, isibonelo, yasetshenziswa ukubuyisela ngokuphepha i-Apollo 13 eMhlabeni. Wabuye wamukela umugqa odumile kaNeil Armstrong, "Isinyathelo esincane somuntu, isinyathelo esikhulu sesintu." Futhi nanamuhla, i-DSN isalokhu iyisistimu yokuxhumana ethuthuke kakhulu futhi ebucayi kakhulu emhlabeni. “Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, kakade sekufinyelele umkhawulo wawo,” kuxwayisa u-Abraham. “Cishe akukho lapho kuthuthukiswa khona ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kumaza omsakazo. Izixazululo ezilula ziyaphela."
Iziteshi ezintathu eziphansi ezihlukene ngama-degree angu-120
Amapuleti e-DSN eCanberra
I-DSN complex eMadrid
I-DSN e-Goldstone
Igumbi lokulawula eJet Propulsion Laboratory
Umsakazo nalokho okuza ngemuva kwawo
Le ndaba ayintsha. Umlando wokuxhumana emkhathini ojulile uqukethe umshikashika oqhubekayo wokwandisa amaza kanye nokunciphisa ubude bamaza. I-Explorer 1 esetshenzisiwe amafrikhwensi angu-108 MHz. I-NASA ibe isithula ama-antenna amakhulu, azuzwe kangcono asekela amaza asuka ku-L-band, ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-2 GHz. Kwabe sekufika ukuphenduka kwe-S-band, namafrikhwensi asuka ku-2 kuye ku-4 GHz, bese i-ejensi yashintshela ku-X-band, ngamafrikhwensi we-7-11,2 GHz.
Namuhla, izinhlelo zokuxhumana zasemkhathini seziphinde zaba nezinguquko - manje sezithuthela ebhendini engu-26-40 GHz, i-Ka-band. “Isizathu salokhu kuthambekela ukuthi lapho ubude beza beza beba mfishane futhi ukuphakama kwamaza kuyanda, kulapho ungathola khona amanani edatha engeziwe,” kusho u-Abraham.
Kunezizathu zokuba nethemba, njengoba ngokomlando ijubane lokuthuthuka kwezokuxhumana eNASA beliphezulu kakhulu. Iphepha locwaningo lango-2014 elivela ku-Jet Propulsion Laboratory licaphuna le datha elandelayo ukuze iqhathaniswe: uma sisebenzise ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana be-Explorer 1 ukudlulisa isithombe esijwayelekile se-iPhone sisuka ku-Jupiter siye eMhlabeni, bekungathatha isikhathi eside izikhathi ezingama-460 kune-Universe yeminyaka yamanje. Amaphayona 2 kanye no-4 kusukela ngawo-1960 kwakuyothatha iminyaka engu-633. U-Mariner 000 kusukela ngo-9 ubezokwenza emahoreni angama-1971. Namuhla kuzothatha imizuzu emithathu i-MPC.
Okuwukuphela kwenkinga, yiqiniso, ukuthi inani ledatha elitholwa yimikhumbi-mkhathi likhula ngokushesha nje, uma lingasheshi ukudlula ukukhula kwamandla okudlulisela. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-40 yokusebenza, i-Voyagers 1 kanye ne-2 yakhiqiza i-5 TB yolwazi. Isathelayithi ye-NISAR Earth Science, ehlelelwe ukwethulwa ngo-2020, izokhiqiza idatha engama-85 TB ngenyanga. Futhi uma amasathelayithi oMhlaba ekwazi ukwenza lokhu, ukudlulisa umthamo onjalo wedatha phakathi kwamaplanethi kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngisho ne-MRS eshesha kakhulu izodlulisela i-85 TB yedatha eMhlabeni iminyaka engama-20.
“Izilinganiso zokudluliswa kwedatha ezilinganiselwe zokuhlolwa kwe-Mars ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2030 azoba ngu-150 Mbps noma ngaphezulu, ngakho masenze izibalo,” kusho u-Abraham. - Uma umkhumbi-mkhathi wesigaba se-MPC ebangeni eliphakeme ukusuka kithi ukuya ku-Mars ungathumela cishe i-1 Mbps othini lwamamitha angu-70 eMhlabeni, kuzodingeka uxhaxha lwamamitha angu-150 150 ukuze kusungulwe ukuxhumana ngesivinini esingu-70 Mbps. . Yebo, yiqiniso, singakwazi ukuqhamuka nezindlela ezihlakaniphile zokunciphisa kancane leli nani elingenangqondo, kodwa kusobala ukuthi inkinga ikhona: ukuhlela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaplanethi ngesivinini se-150 Mbps kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siphelelwa wuchungechunge lwamaza avumelekile.”
Njengoba u-Abrahama ebonisa, esebenza ebhendini ye-S noma engu-X, umkhankaso owodwa onamandla we-25 Mbps uzothatha yonke i-spectrum etholakalayo. Kukhona isikhala esiningi ku-Ka-band, kodwa amasathelayithi amabili kuphela e-Mars anomkhawulokudonsa ongu-150 Mbps azothatha yonke i-spectrum. Kalula nje, i-inthanethi ye-interplanetary izodinga okungaphezu nje komsakazo ukuze usebenze - izothembela kumalaser.
Ukufika kokuxhumana kwe-optical
Ama-Lasers azwakala njengekusasa, kodwa umqondo wokuxhumana obonakalayo ungalandelelwa emuva kulungelo lobunikazi elafakwa ngu-Alexander Graham Bell ngeminyaka yawo-1880. U-Bell wakha uhlelo lapho ukukhanya kwelanga, okugxile ensikeni emincane kakhulu, kwakuqondiswe ku-diaphragm ekhanyayo eyayidlidliza ngenxa yemisindo. Ukudlidliza kubangele ukushintshashintsha kokukhanya okudlula ilensi kungene kusithwebuli sezithombe esingahluziwe. Izinguquko ekumelaneni nesithwebuli sezithombe zashintsha ukugeleza kwamanje ocingweni.
Uhlelo lwalungazinzile, ivolumu yayiphansi kakhulu, futhi uBell wagcina ewushiyile lo mbono. Kodwa cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 kamuva, behlome ngamalaser nefiber optics, onjiniyela beNASA babuyela kulowo mqondo wakudala.
"Sasazi ngemikhawulo yezinhlelo ze-RF, ngakho-ke ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, eJet Propulsion Laboratory, baqala ukuxoxa ngokuthi kungenzeka yini ukudlulisa imilayezo evela endaweni ejulile ngokusebenzisa ama-lasers emkhathini," kusho u-Abraham. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini ekhona nengeke yenzeke ekuxhumaneni okujulile komkhathi, ilebhu yagunyaza ucwaningo lweminyaka emine ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 olubizwa nge-Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS). Ucwaningo bekufanele luphendule imibuzo ebucayi: kuthiwani ngesimo sezulu kanye nezinkinga zokubonakala (ngoba amaza omsakazo angadlula kalula emafwini, kuyilapho ama-laser engakwazi)? Kuthiwani uma i-engeli ye-Sun-Earth-probe iba bukhali kakhulu? Ingabe umtshina osemhlabeni uzohlukanisa isignali ye-optical ebuthaka nokukhanya kwelanga? Futhi ekugcineni, kuzobiza malini konke lokhu futhi kuzofaneleka? “Sisafuna izimpendulo zale mibuzo,” kuvuma u-Abraham. "Kodwa-ke, izimpendulo ziya ngokuya ziqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudluliswa kwedatha ye-optical."
I-DSRSS iphakamise ukuthi iphuzu elingaphezulu komkhathi womhlaba lizofaneleka kangcono ukuxhumana okubonakalayo nomsakazo. Kuthiwa isistimu yezokuxhumana ebonakalayo efakwe esiteshini se-orbital izosebenza kangcono kunanoma iyiphi i-architecture yasemhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nezimpondo eziyisithonjana ezingamamitha angu-70. Bekufanele ifake isitsha esingamamitha ayi-10 eduze ne-Earth orbit, bese isiphakamisela ku-geosynchronous. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zohlelo olunjalo - oluhlanganisa isethelayithi enesitsha, i-rocket yokuqalisa kanye namatheminali amahlanu abasebenzisi - bezingavunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo aluzange lufake ngisho nezindleko zohlelo olusizayo oludingekayo, oluzoqala ukusebenza uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwesathelayithi.
Njengalolu hlelo, Ilebhu yaqala ukubheka ukwakheka komhlaba okuchazwe ku-Ground Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS) okwenziwa eLebhu ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-DRSS. Abantu abasebenza ku-GBATS baqhamuke nezinye iziphakamiso ezimbili. Esokuqala ukufakwa kweziteshi eziyisithupha ezinezimpondo eziyi-10 namamitha ayisipele, aqhelelene ngama-degree angama-60 ukusuka kwelinye eduze nenkabazwe. Iziteshi kwakudingeka zakhiwe eziqongweni zezintaba, lapho okungenani izinsuku ezingama-66% zonyaka zazicacile. Ngakho, iziteshi ezingu-2-3 zizohlala zibonakala kunoma yimuphi umkhumbi-mkhathi, futhi zizoba nesimo sezulu esihlukile. Inketho yesibili yiziteshi eziyisishiyagalolunye, eziqoqwe ngamaqembu amathathu, futhi zitholakala ngamadigri ayi-120 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Iziteshi ngaphakathi kweqembu ngalinye kufanele zibekwe endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-200 ukuze zikwazi ukubonana, kodwa zibe ngamaseli ahlukene wesimo sezulu.
Zombili izakhiwo ze-GBATS bezishibhile kunendlela yesikhala, kodwa futhi zinezinkinga. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi amasignali kwakufanele adlule emkhathini woMhlaba, ukwamukela kwasemini kungaba kubi kakhulu kunokwamukela ebusuku ngenxa yesibhakabhaka esikhanyisiwe. Naphezu kwelungiselelo elihlakaniphile, iziteshi ze-optical ezisekelwe phansi zizoncika esimweni sezulu. Umkhumbi-mkhathi oqondise i-laser esiteshini esingaphansi ekugcineni kuzodingeka uvumelane nezimo zezulu ezimbi futhi uphinde umise ukuxhumana nesinye isiteshi esingasithwe amafu.
Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga, amaphrojekthi we-DSRSS kanye ne-GBATS abeka isisekelo sethiyori sezinhlelo ze-optical space ezijulile kanye nentuthuko yesimanje yonjiniyela e-NASA. Kwasala kuphela ukwakha uhlelo olunjalo nokukhombisa ukusebenza kwalo. Ngenhlanhla, lokho kwakusele izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.
Ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukudluliswa kwedatha ye-optical emkhathini kwase kwenzekile kakade. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngo-1992 ngesikhathi uphenyo lwaseGalileo lubheke ku-Jupiter futhi lwachezula ikhamera yalo yokucaca okuphezulu ibheke eMhlabeni ukuze yamukele ngempumelelo isethi yama-laser pulses avela ku-60 cm Table Mountain Observatory Telescope kanye ne-1,5 m USAF Starfire Optical Telescope. eNew Mexico. Ngaleso sikhathi, uGalileo wayesebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,4 ukusuka eMhlabeni, kodwa yomibili imisebe ye-laser yashaya ikhamera yakhe.
I-Japanese and European Space Agencies nayo ikwazile ukusungula ukuxhumana okubonakalayo phakathi kweziteshi eziphansi namasathelayithi ku-orbit yomhlaba. Babe sebekwazi ukusungula uxhumano lwe-50 Mbps phakathi kwamasathelayithi amabili. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ithimba laseJalimane lasungula isixhumanisi se-5,6 Gbps esivumelanayo se-bi-directional phakathi kwesathelayithi ye-NFIRE ku-Earth orbit kanye nesiteshi esingaphansi e-Tenerife, e-Spain. Kodwa zonke lezi zimo zazihlotshaniswa ne-Near-Earth orbit.
Isixhumanisi sokuqala ngqa sokubona esixhuma isiteshi esingaphansi kanye nomkhumbi-mkhathi ozungeza enye iplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga safakwa ngo-January 2013. Isithombe esingu-152 x 200 samaphikiseli esimnyama nokumhlophe se-Mona Lisa sidluliswe sisuka ku-Next Generation Satellite Laser Range Station e-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center siye ku-Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) ngo-300 bps. Ukuxhumana kwakuyindlela eyodwa. I-LRO ithumele isithombe esitholwe eMhlabeni emuva ngomsakazo ojwayelekile. Isithombe sidinga ukulungiswa kwephutha elincane lesofthiwe, kodwa nangaphandle kwalokhu kubhala ngekhodi bekulula ukukubona. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, ukwethulwa kwesistimu enamandla kakhulu eNyangeni kwase kuhleliwe.
Kusuka kuphrojekthi ye-Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ngo-2013: Ukuhlanza amaphutha okudlulisa athulwe umkhathi womhlaba (kwesokunxele), ososayensi e-Goddard Space Flight Center basebenzise ukulungisa iphutha le-Reed-Solomon (kwesokudla), elisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-CD nama-DVD. Amaphutha ajwayelekile ahlanganisa amaphikseli angekho (amhlophe) namasiginali angamanga (amnyama). Ibha emhlophe ibonisa ukuma kancane ekudluliseni.
«» (I-LADEE) yangena emzileni wenyanga ngo-Okthoba 6, 2013, futhi ngemva nje kwesonto yethula i-laser yayo yokudlulisa idatha. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-NASA yazama ukuhlela ukuxhumana okubili ngesivinini se-20 Mbps kuleso siqondiso kanye nesivinini sokurekhoda se-622 Mbps ngokuphambene. Inkinga kuphela kwaba ukuphila okufushane kwemishini. I-Optical communication LRO yasebenza imizuzu embalwa kuphela. I-LADEE ixhumane nelaser yakhe amahora angu-16 ingqikithi yezinsuku ezingu-30. Lesi simo kufanele sishintshe lapho kwethulwa i-Laser Communications Demonstration Satellite (LCRD), ehlelelwe uJuni 2019. Umsebenzi wayo ukukhombisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuxhumana zesikhathi esizayo emkhathini zizosebenza kanjani.
I-LCRD ithuthukiswa eJet Propulsion Laboratory ye-NASA ngokubambisana ne-Lincoln Laboratory e-MIT. Izoba namatheminali amabili abonakalayo: eyodwa ngeyokuxhumana emzileni ophansi woMhlaba, enye ibe yindawo ejulile. Eyokuqala kuzodingeka isebenzise ukhiye wokuhlukanisa isigaba (DPSK). I-transmitter izothumela ama-laser pulses ngefrikhwensi engu-2,88 GHz. Ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, ibhithi ngalinye lizofakwa ikhodi umehluko wesigaba sama-pulses alandelanayo. Izokwazi ukusebenza ku-2,88 Gbps, kodwa izodinga amandla amaningi. Izihloli zikwazi kuphela ukubona umehluko wokushaya kwenhliziyo kumasiginali wamandla aphezulu, ngakho-ke i-DPSK isebenza kahle ngezokuxhumana eziseduze nomhlaba, kodwa akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu yesikhala esijulile, lapho ukugcinwa kwamandla kuyinkinga. Isignali ethunyelwe ivela ku-Mars izolahlekelwa amandla ngaphambi kokuba ifike eMhlabeni, ngakho-ke i-LCRD izosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu, i-pulse-phase modulation, ukukhombisa ukuxhumana okubonakalayo nendawo ejulile.
Onjiniyela be-NASA balungiselela i-LADEE ukuhlolwa
Ngo-2017, onjiniyela bahlole amamodemu endiza egumbini le-vacuum elishisayo
“Eqinisweni, ukubala ama-photon,” kuchaza u-Abraham. - Isikhathi esifushane esabelwe ukuxhumana sihlukaniswe izigaba zesikhathi eziningana. Ukuze uthole idatha, udinga nje ukuhlola ukuthi amafotoni esikhaleni ngasinye ashayisane yini nomtshina. Lena yindlela idatha efakwe ngayo ikhodi ku-FIM. " Kufana nekhodi ye-Morse, kuphela ngesivinini esishesha kakhulu. Kuphakathi kokuthi kubaneka ngesikhathi esithile, noma akukho, futhi umlayezo ubhalwe ngekhodi ukulandelana kombani. "Nakuba lokhu kuhamba kancane kune-DPSK, sisengakwazi ukusungula ukuxhumana kwe-optical ngesivinini samashumi noma amakhulu we-Mbps kuze kufike ku-Mars," kunezela u-Abraham.
Yebo, iphrojekthi ye-LCRD ayiphathelene nalezi zindawo ezimbili kuphela. Kufanele futhi isebenze njengenodi ye-inthanethi emkhathini. Phansi, kuzoba neziteshi ezintathu ezisebenza nge-LCRD: esisodwa e-White Sands eNew Mexico, esisodwa e-Table Mountain e-California, nesinye esiqhingini sase-Hawaii noma i-Maui. Umbono uwukuhlola ukushintshwa kwesiteshi esisodwa kuya kwesinye uma isimo sezulu singesihle kwesinye seziteshi. Umgomo uzophinde uhlole ukusebenza kwe-LCRD njengesidlulisi sedatha. Isignali ye-optical evela kwesinye seziteshi izoya kusathelayithi bese idluliselwa kwesinye isiteshi - futhi konke lokhu ngokuxhumana optical.
Uma kungenakwenzeka ukudlulisa idatha ngokushesha, i-LCRD izoyigcina futhi iyidlulise uma kungenzeka. Uma idatha iphuthumayo, noma singekho isikhala esanele sokulondoloza ebhodini, i-LCRD izoyithumela ngokushesha nge-antenna yayo ye-Ka-band. Ngakho-ke, isandulela samasathelayithi asakaza esizayo, i-LCRD izoba uhlelo oluxubile lwerediyo-optical. Lona kanye uhlobo lweyunithi i-NASA edinga ukuyibeka ku-orbit ezungeze i-Mars ukuze ihlele inethiwekhi ye-interplanetary esekela ukuhlola komuntu indawo ejulile ngeminyaka yawo-2030.
Ukuletha i-Mars ku-inthanethi
Ngonyaka odlule, ithimba lika-Abraham libhale amaphepha amabili achaza ikusasa lezokuxhumana emkhathini ezijulile, azokwethulwa engqungqutheleni ye-SpaceOps e-France ngoMeyi 2019. Elinye lichaza ukuxhumana okujulile emkhathini ngokuvamile, elinye (““) inikeze incazelo enemininingwane yengqalasizinda ekwazi ukunikeza isevisi efana ne-inthanethi kosomkhathi ku-Red Planet.
Isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu samazinga edatha alinganiselwa ku-215 Mbps ukuze alandwe kanye no-28 Mbps ukuze alayishwe. I-intanethi ye-Martian izoba namanethiwekhi amathathu: i-WiFi ehlanganisa indawo yocwaningo phezulu, inethiwekhi yeplanethi ehambisa idatha kusuka phezulu kuya eMhlabeni, kanye nenethiwekhi yomhlaba, inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana emkhathini ejulile enezindawo ezintathu ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola le datha kanye nokuthumela izimpendulo. emuva ku-Mars.
“Uma kwakhiwa ingqalasizinda enjalo ziba nezinkinga eziningi. Kumelwe ithembeke futhi izinze, ngisho nebanga eliphakeme lokuya ku-Mars lika-2,67 AU. ngezikhathi zokuhlangana kwelanga okuphakeme kakhulu, lapho iMars isicasha ngemva kweLanga,” kusho u-Abraham. Ukuhlangana okunjalo kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emibili futhi kuqeda ngokuphelele ukuxhumana ne-Mars. “Namuhla ngeke sikwazi ukubhekana nakho. Zonke iziteshi zokuma kanye ne-orbital ezise-Mars zivele zilahlekelwe ukuxhumana noMhlaba cishe amasonto amabili. Ngokuxhumana okubonakalayo, ukulahleka kokuxhumana ngenxa yokuxhumana nelanga kuzoba isikhathi eside, amaviki ayi-10 kuye kwayi-15. ” Kumarobhothi, izikhala ezinjalo awesabi neze. Ukuzihlukanisa okunjalo akubangeli izinkinga, ngoba abakhathali, ababi nesizungu, abadingi ukubona abathandekayo babo. Kodwa kubantu, akunjalo nhlobo.
“Ngakho-ke, ngokwenkolelo-mbono sivumela ukuthunyelwa kwama-transmitters amabili azungezayo abekwe endaweni eyindilinga ezungeza inkabazwe engamakhilomitha angu-17300 1500 ngaphezu kwe-Mars,” kuqhubeka u-Abraham. Ngokocwaningo, kufanele babe nesisindo esingu-20 kg lilinye, baphathe isethi yamatheminali asebenza ku-X-band, Ka-band, ne-optical band, futhi banikwe amandla ngamaphaneli elanga anamandla angu-30-XNUMX kW. Kumelwe basekele i-Delay Tolerant Network Protocol—empeleni i-TCP/IP, edizayinelwe ukuphatha ukubambezeleka okuphezulu okuzotholwa yinethiwekhi ye-interplanetary nakanjani. Iziteshi ze-orbital ezibamba iqhaza kunethiwekhi kumele zikwazi ukuxhumana nosomkhathi nezimoto ezisebusweni beplanethi, ngeziteshi ezingaphansi kanye nomunye nomunye.
"Le crosstalk ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba inciphisa inani lezimpondo ezidingekayo ukuze kudluliselwe idatha ku-250 Mbps," kusho u-Abraham. Ithimba lakhe lilinganisela ukuthi kuzodingeka izinti eziyisithupha ezingamamitha angama-250 ukuze kwamukelwe idatha engu-34 Mbps kwenye yezidluliseli ezijikelezayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-NASA izodinga ukwakha izinti ezintathu ezengeziwe ezindaweni zokuxhumana ezijulile, kodwa lokhu kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha futhi kubiza kakhulu. “Kodwa sicabanga ukuthi iziteshi ezimbili ze-orbital zingabelana ngedatha phakathi kwazo futhi ziyithumele ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesivinini esingu-125 Mbps, lapho umthumeli oyedwa uzothumela ingxenye yephakethe ledatha bese enye ithumele enye,” kusho u-Abraham. . Ngisho nanamuhla, izimpondo zokuxhumana zasemkhathini ezingamamitha angu-34 zingathola kanyekanye idatha evela kumikhumbi-mkhathi emine ehlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela esidingweni sezimpondo ezintathu ukuqedela umsebenzi. "Kudingeka inani elifanayo lezinti ukuthola ukuthunyelwa kwe-125 Mbps okuvela endaweni efanayo yesibhakabhaka njengoba kuthatha ukuthola umshini owodwa," kuchaza u-Abraham. "Kudingeka izinti ezengeziwe kuphela uma udinga ukuxhumana ngesivinini esiphezulu."
Ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga yokuxhumana nonozungezilanga, ithimba lika-Abraham liphakamise ukwethula isathelayithi ehambisa amaphoyinti emaphoyinti e-L4/L5 e-Sun-Mars/Sun-Earth orbit. Khona-ke, ngezikhathi zokuxhuma, ingasetshenziswa ukudlulisa idatha eduze neLanga, esikhundleni sokuthumela amasignali ngalo. Ngeshwa, phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isivinini sizokwehla sibe ngu-100 Kbps. Kalula nje, kuzosebenza, kepha kumnandi.
Okwamanje, osonkanyezi ku-Mars kuzodingeka balinde ngaphezudlwana nje kwemizuzu emithathu ukuze bathole isithombe sekati, singabali ukubambezeleka okungaba yimizuzu engama-40. Ngenhlanhla, ngesikhathi izifiso zomuntu zisiqhubezela kude kakhulu kune-Red Planet, i-inthanethi ye-interplanetary izobe isivele isebenza kahle kakhulu isikhathi esiningi.
Source: www.habr.com