- njengoprofesa weComputer Science eNyuvesi yaseRochester, futhi ekhaya lakhe eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison wayeyisikhulu iminyaka emihlanu. Ucwaninga futhi afundise abafundi mayelana nezinhlelo ezihambisanayo nezisabalalisiwe kanye nokwakheka kolimi.
Umhlaba uyamazi uMichael encwadini , kuthiwani ngomsebenzi uthole umklomelo we-Dijkstra njengomunye odume kakhulu emkhakheni wekhompyutha esabalalisiwe. Ungase futhi umazi njengombhali waleyo algorithm .
Ehlangene no-Doug Lee, wakha ama-algorithms angavimbeli kanye nolayini abavumelanayo abanika amandla imitapo yolwazi ye-Java. Ukuqaliswa ku-JavaSE 6 ithuthukise ukusebenza izikhathi eziyi-10 ThreadPoolExecutor.
Okuqukethwe:
- Umsebenzi wokuqala, i-University of Rochester. Iphrojekthi kaCharlotte, ulimi lweLynx;
- I-IEEE Scalable Coherent Interface, ukukhiya kwe-MCS;
- Ukusinda emhlabeni oshintsha njalo;
- Ingabe abafundi baba izilima? Izitayela zomhlaba wonke, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe;
- Ukusebenza ngempumelelo nabafundi;
- Ungahambisana kanjani nokulungiswa kwezifundo ezintsha nezincwadi;
- Ukuxhumana phakathi kwebhizinisi nezemfundo;
- Ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo kwemibono. MCS, MS, CLH, JSR 166, ukusebenza noDoug Lee nokunye;
- Inkumbulo yokuthengiselana;
- Izakhiwo ezintsha. Ukunqoba kwenkumbulo yokuthengiselana kuseduze;
- Inkumbulo engaguquki, i-Optane DIMM, amadivayisi ashesha kakhulu;
- Umkhuba omkhulu olandelayo. Izakhiwo zedatha ekabili. I-Hydra.
Izingxoxo zenziwa ngu:
Vitaly Aksenov - njengamanje uyi-postdoc e-IST Austria futhi eyilungu loMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe Bekhompyutha e-ITMO University. Wenza ucwaningo emkhakheni wethiyori kanye nokwenza kwezinhlaka zedatha ezincintisanayo. Ngaphambi kokusebenza e-IST, uthole i-PhD yakhe e-Paris Diderot University kanye ne-ITMO University ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaProfesa Peter Kuznetsov.
Alexey Fedorov ungumkhiqizi e-JUG Ru Group, inkampani yaseRussia ehlela izingqungquthela zabathuthukisi. U-Alexey wabamba iqhaza ekulungiseleleni izingqungquthela ezingaphezu kuka-50, futhi ukuqhubeka kwakhe kuqukethe yonke into kusukela esikhundleni sikanjiniyela wezokuthuthukiswa e-Oracle (JCK, Java Platform Group) esikhundleni sonjiniyela e-Odnoklassniki.
UVladimir Sitnikov ungunjiniyela kwaNetcracker. Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi esebenza ekusebenzeni nasekulinganiseni kwe-NetCracker OS, isofthiwe esetshenziswa opharetha be-telecom ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo zokuphatha inethiwekhi kanye nenethiwekhi. Unentshisekelo ezindabeni zokusebenza kwe-Java ne-Oracle Database. Umbhali wentuthuko yokusebenza engaphezu kweshumi nambili kumshayeli osemthethweni we-PostgreSQL JDBC.
Umsebenzi wokuqala, i-University of Rochester. Iphrojekthi kaCharlotte, ulimi lweLynx.
Алексей: Okokuqala nje, bengifuna ukukutshela ukuthi e-Russia sonke sithanda ngempela Isayensi Yekhompyutha, Isayensi Yedatha kanye nama-algorithms. Kungamanyala impela. Sesikufunde konke . Ngakho-ke, ingqungquthela ezayo, isikole kanye nale ngxoxo ngokwayo kufanele idume kakhulu. Sithole imibuzo eminingi yale nhlolokhono kubafundi, abahleli bohlelo, namalungu omphakathi, ngakho sibonga kakhulu ngaleli thuba. Ngabe iComputer Science ithola uthando olufanayo e-US?
UMichael: Umkhakha wethu uhlukahlukene kakhulu, unezikhombisi-ndlela eziningi, futhi uthinta umphakathi ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kangangokuthi kunzima kimi ukukunikeza impendulo eqondile. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi kule minyaka engu-30 eyedlule kulethe izinguquko ezinkulu kwezamabhizinisi, izimboni, ezobuciko kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
Vitaliy: Ake siqale ngento ekude. Emanyuvesi amaningi kunento efana nokufunda endaweni ethile. E-Carnegie Mellon University lokhu kuyi-computing efanayo, ku-MIT i-cryptography, amarobhothi kanye nokufundwa okuningiliziwe. Ngabe bukhona ubungcweti obunjalo eNyuvesi yaseRochester?
UMichael: Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, ngingasho ukuthi i-CMU ne-MIT zisebenza ngokukhethekile kuzo zonke izindawo. Umnyango wethu ubulokhu unaka kakhulu ubuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ingxenye yabantu abasisebenzelayo ibambe iqhaza ku-AI noma ekusebenzisaneni namakhompiyutha abantu - lokhu kwabelana kungaphezulu kweminye iminyango, futhi bekulokhu kunjalo. Kodwa ngenkathi ngisenyuvesi, ngangingenazo izifundo ze-AI, futhi angikaze ngisebenze kulo mkhakha. Ngakho umnyango wami ugxile enkingeni engingahlanganise lutho nayo. Okududuzayo wukuthi inkinga yesibili emqoka emnyangweni wethu wuhlelo oluhambisanayo nolunemicu eminingi, okungukuthi, ubungcweti bami.
Vitaliy: Uqale ukusebenza kuComputer Science ngesikhathi umkhakha wohlelo olunezintambo eziningi usavela. Uhlu lokushicilelwe kwakho lubonisa ukuthi imisebenzi yakho yokuqala yayibhekane nezinkinga eziningi ezihlukahlukene: ukuphathwa kwenkumbulo kumasistimu anemicu eminingi, amasistimu amafayela asakaziwe, amasistimu okusebenza. Kungani kwenziwa izinto ezihlukahlukene kangaka? Ingabe ubuzama ukuthola indawo yakho emphakathini wocwaningo?
UMichael: Njengomfundi, ngahlanganyela eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin, lapho kwasungulwa khona enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisabalalisiwe. Lapho ngasebenza ndawonye noRafael Finkel () kanye noMarvin Solomon (). Umbhalo wami ugxile ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwesofthiwe yesistimu yezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe - manje wonke umuntu usekhohliwe ngakho, futhi ngibonga uNkulunkulu. Ngidale ulimi lokuhlela lwe-Lynx, obeluhloselwe ukwenza kube lula ukwakha amaseva ohlelo lokusebenza olusabalaliswe ngokukhululekile. Njengoba ngaleso sikhathi ngangihileleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza, ngacabanga ukuthi umsebenzi wami wawuzohlanganiswa nawo ngokuyinhloko. Kodwa i-Rochester yayiyiyunivesithi encane kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, amaqembu ahlukene lapho asebenzelana eduze kakhulu. Babengekho ishumi nambili lamanye amasistimu okusebenza abantu lapho engangingakhuluma nabo, ngakho bonke engixhumana nabo kwakunabantu abasebenza ezindaweni ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngikujabulele kakhulu, ukuba yi-all-rounder kuyinzuzo enkulu kimina. Uma sikhuluma ngokuqondile mayelana nezakhiwo zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi kanye nama-algorithms okuvumelanisa, ngase ngiqala ukusebenza kuwo ngokuphelele ngengozi.
I-IEEE Scalable Coherent Interface, ukukhiya kwe-MCS.
Vitaliy: Ungasitshela okwengeziwe ngalokhu?
UMichael: Lena indaba ehlekisayo engingakhathali ukuyixoxela wonke umuntu. Kwenzeke engqungqutheleni eBoston - lokhu kwakusekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s noma ekuqaleni kwawo-90s. UJohn Mellor-Crummey (), othweswe iziqu ku-faculty yethu. Ngangimazi, kodwa sasingakaze senze ucwaningo oluhlanganyelwe ngaphambili. UMary Vernon () abavela eWisconsin banikeze inkulumo mayelana nesistimu ye-multiprocessor ababeyithuthukisa e-Wisconsin: . Le Multicube yayinomshini wokuvumelanisa ezingeni lezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Q on Sync Bit, futhi kamuva yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Q on Lock Bit ngoba yayizwakala njengoshizi we-Colby, okwakuwumbhalo. Uma unentshisekelo ezindleleni zokufunda okuningi, cishe uyazi ukuthi iColby yagcina isiyinjini yokuvumelanisa yezinga le-IEEE Scalable Coherent Interface. Lokhu bekuyindlela yokukhiya eyakha izikhombi ukusuka kunqolobane eyodwa kuya kwenye ezingeni lehadiwe ukuze umbambi wokhiye ngamunye azi ukuthi bekuyithuba likabani. Lapho mina noJohn sizwa ngalokhu, sabukana futhi sathi: kungani ukwenza lokhu ezingeni le-hardware? Ingabe into efanayo ayikwazi ukufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukuqhathanisa nokushintshanisa? Sathatha incwadi eyodwa eyayilele ekilasini sabhala kuyo , kuyilapho uMariya eqhubeka nombiko wakhe. Kamuva, sasisebenzisa, sazama, umbono waphumelela, futhi sashicilela isihloko. Ngaleso sikhathi, kimi, lesi sihloko sasibonakala siyisiphazamiso esijabulisayo, ngemva kwalokho ngahlela ukubuyela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza. Kodwa-ke enye inkinga emigqeni efanayo yaphakama, futhi ekugcineni ukuvumelanisa, ukufunda okuningi, kanye nezakhiwo zedatha kwaba okukhethekile kwami. Njengoba ubona, konke lokhu kwenzeka ngengozi.
Vitaliy: Sekuyisikhathi eside ngijwayele ukuvimba kwe-MCS, kodwa kuze kube manje bengingazi ukuthi umsebenzi wakho, futhi ngingaqondi ukuthi isifinyezo sezibongo zakho.
Ungasinda kanjani emhlabeni oshintsha njalo?
Алексей: Nginombuzo ngesihloko esihlobene. Eminyakeni engu-30 noma engu-40 edlule kwakukhona inkululeko eyengeziwe emisebenzini ehlukahlukene. Uma ufuna ukuqala umsebenzi wezinhlelo eziningi zokufunda noma ezisabalalisiwe, wamukelekile, uma ufuna ukungena ezinhlelweni zokusebenza, akunankinga. Endaweni ngayinye kwakunemibuzo eminingi evulekile kanye nochwepheshe abambalwa. Manje sekuvele ubuchwepheshe obuncane: abekho nje ochwepheshe bezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokujwayelekile, kukhona ochwepheshe bezinhlelo ngazinye. Kuyafana namasistimu wokuhlanganisa nokusabalalisa. Kodwa inkinga ukuthi ukuphila kwethu akupheli; wonke umuntu anganikela amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ocwaningweni. Ungasinda kanjani kulo mhlaba omusha?
UMichael: Asikhethekile kulokhu; into efanayo yenzeka kanye kwezinye izindawo. Ngibe nenhlanhla yokuthi ngiqale ukusebenza kwiComputer Science ngesikhathi lo mkhakha useminyakeni “yebhusha”. Ezinye izisekelo zase zibekiwe, kodwa yonke into yayingakavuthwa kakhulu. Leli thuba aliveli njalo. Ubunjiniyela bezogesi bukhona isikhathi eside kakhulu, i-physics ngisho nangaphezulu, izibalo cishe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akekho osathola izinto ezithakazelisayo zezibalo. Zisenezinkinga eziningi ezivulekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuningi okudingeka kufundwe. Uqinisile ukuqaphela ukuthi manje sekunokuningi okukhethekile okwengeziwe kunangaphambili, kodwa lokhu kusho kuphela ukuthi sizithola sisesimweni esifanayo nezinye izindawo eziningi zemisebenzi yabantu.
Алексей: Ngithanda isici esisebenzisekayo sodaba lapha. Nginesizinda sezibalo, futhi phakathi nezifundo zami ngangivame ukuya ezinkomfeni futhi ngisebenza ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene zesayensi. Ngathola ukuthi akekho ezilalelini owayeqonda imibiko yami, futhi ngendlela efanayo, imibiko yabanye abantu yayiqondakala kubo kuphela. Lokhu akunjalo ezihlokweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa uma nje uqala ukuhlolisisa okuthile, izethameli azisakwazi ukuhambisana nawe. Ubhekana kanjani nalokhu?
UMichael: Akuphumelelanga njalo. Ngisanda kulungisa umbiko lapho ngingene khona kakhulu emininingwaneni yobuchwepheshe. Njengoba inkulumo iqhubeka, kwaba sobala ukuthi iningi lezilaleli lalingangiqondi, ngakho kwadingeka ngizivumelanise nezimo ngokuphazima kweso. Amaslayidi awakwazanga ukushintshwa, ngakho-ke akuhambanga kahle kakhulu - ngakho, uma sikhuluma nje, ngizama ukungasebenzisi amaslayidi. Sekukonke, iseluleko sami ukuthi ucabangele izethameli zakho. Udinga ukwazi ukuthi ukhuluma nobani, ukuthi liyini izinga labo lolwazi, nokuthi yini okudingeka bayizwe ukuze bajabulele umsebenzi wakho.
Vitaliy: Ungakwazi yini ukusikisela ukuthi le nkulumo ibimayelana nani?
UMichael: Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, ngingathanda ukunganabi ngalesi sihloko ukuze ngishiye abantu okukhulunywa ngabo bengaziwa. Iphuzu liwukuthi sivame ukungena sijule kakhulu enkingeni yenkinga esilungisayo, ngakho kuba nzima ngathi ukuchaza ekuqaleni kwenkulumo ukuthi kungani inkinga ithakazelisa futhi ibalulekile nokuthi ihlobana kanjani nezindaba izethameli seziyazi kakade. Ngokubona kwami, abafundi banesikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokufunda leli khono. Futhi lokhu bekubuye kube iphuzu elibuthakathaka lombiko wami wakamuva. Umbiko ohlelwe kahle kufanele, kwasekuqaleni, uthole ukuthintana nabalaleli, ubachazele ukuthi iyini ngempela inkinga nokuthi uhlobana kanjani nezihloko esezaziwa kuzo. Ukuthi lesi singeniso sisebenza kanjani kuncike ezilalelini. Uma i-motley ngokuphelele, khona-ke umbiko ungaba yizigaba eziningi. Isethulo kufanele sifinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi ekugcineni ucezu lungase lungakwazi ukuhambisana nawe, kodwa abantu abajwayelene nomkhakha wakho bazokwazi ukukuthola.
Ingabe abafundi baba izilima? Amathrendi omhlaba, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe.
Алексей: Ubulokhu ubheka abafundi amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ngabe abafundi bathola i-dumber noma ubuhlakani ukusuka eshumini kuya kweyishumi noma unyaka nonyaka? E-Russia, oprofesa bahlale bekhononda ngokuthi abafundi bathola i-dumber minyaka yonke, futhi akucaci ukuthi benzeni ngakho.
UMichael: Impela ungezwa okuningi kabi ngathi bantu abadala. Ngokuzithoba, sinokuthambekela kokulindela abafundi ukuthi bamunce yonke iminyaka engama-30 yesipiliyoni esesivele sinabo. Uma nginokuqonda okujule kunalokhu engakufunda ngo-1985, kungani abafundi bengenakho? Mhlawumbe ngoba sebeneminyaka engu-20, ucabangani? Ngicabanga ukuthi izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje bezingokwezibalo zabantu: manje sinabafundi abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphandle kwabaseCanada. Bekunabantu abaningi baseCanada ngoba siseduze nomngcele waseCanada futhi abafundi bakhona bangagoduka ngezimpelasonto. Kodwa manje kunamanyuvesi amaningi amahle eCanada, futhi abantu baseCanada bakhetha ukufunda lapha abambalwa kakhulu kubo abeza e-USA.
Алексей: Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi lokhu ukuthrenda kwendawo noma okomhlaba wonke?
UMichael: Angikhumbuli kahle ukuthi ubani, kodwa othile wathi umhlaba uyisicaba. Insimu yethu isiphenduke yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphambili, zazibanjelwe e-United States kuphela, base benquma ukuzibamba kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-4 kwamanye amazwe, futhi manje sezibanjwe emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinguquko zithinte nakakhulu , njengoba bekulokhu kuyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke kune-ACM. Bakhona nabahleli bohlelo abavela eChina, India, Russia, Germany nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, ngoba kuningi okwenzekayo yonke indawo manje.
Алексей: Kodwa, mhlawumbe, kunezici ezithile ezingezinhle zokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe okunjalo?
UMichael: Ngingasho ukuthi zonke izici ezingezinhle azihlobene nobuchwepheshe, kodwa nepolitiki. Kudala, inkinga enkulu kwakuwukuthi i-US yayintshontsha abantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu nabanekhono kakhulu emazweni emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi manje inkinga enkulu yimidlalo yezombangazwe phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene mayelana nama-visa kanye nokufika.
Алексей: Okusho ukuthi, izithiyo nezinto ezinjalo. Kuyabonakala.
Владимир: Ngokwami, nginentshisekelo yokuthi iyiphi indlela oyisebenzisayo lapho ufundisa isifundo esisha kubafundi. Kunezinketho ezahlukene: ungazama kuqala kubo bonke ukubakhuthaza ukuthi bazame okuthile okusha, noma unganaka kakhulu imininingwane yokuthi ubuchwepheshe obuthile busebenza kanjani. Ukhetha ini?
Ukusebenza ngempumelelo nabafundi
Алексей: Futhi ungathola kanjani ibhalansi enkulu phakathi kweyokuqala neyesibili?
UMichael: Inkinga ukuthi amakilasi awahlali ngendlela engingathanda ngayo. Ngivame ukunikeza abafundi izinto zokufunda kusenesikhathi ukuze bahlolisise, baziqonde ngokwasemandleni abo, futhi benze imibuzo ngalezo zingxenye abangaziqondi. Khona-ke ekilasini ningagxila ezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu futhi nizihlole ndawonye. Lena yindlela engithanda ngayo ukufundisa amakilasi kakhulu. Kodwa uma kubhekwa umthwalo manje osekubafundi, angikwazi njalo ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi balungiselela kusenesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, kufanele unikele isikhathi esiningi ekulandiseni kabusha okujwayelekile kokuqukethwe kunalokho obungathanda. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngizama ukugcina amakilasi ethu esebenzisana. Uma kungenjalo, kulula ukurekhoda ividiyo uma abafundi sebengayibuka ekhaya. Iphuzu lamakilasi abukhoma ukuxhumana kwabantu. Ekilasini, ngikhetha ukusebenzisa ushoki nebhodi lokubhalela esikhundleni samaslayidi, ngaphandle kwalapho umdwebo uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi ungawuveza ebhodini. Ngenxa yalokhu, angidingi ukunamathela ohlelweni lwesifundo oluqinile. Njengoba kungekho ukuhleleka okuqinile enginikeza ngakho indaba, lokhu kungivumela ukuba ngiyenze ifanelane nezilaleli kuye ngemibuzo engiyitholayo. Ngokuvamile, ngizama ukwenza amakilasi ahlanganyele ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze indaba engiyethulayo incike emibuzweni engibuzwa yona.
Владимир: Kuhle. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, kunzima ukwenza izilaleli zibuze imibuzo. Noma ngabe ubuza kusenesikhathi ukubuza noma yimiphi imibuzo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisiphukuphuku noma uhlakaniphe kangakanani, basathule. Ubhekana kanjani nalokhu?
UMichael: Uzohleka, kodwa uma uthula isikhathi eside ngokwanele, ngokushesha noma kamuva wonke umuntu uzophatheka kabi futhi othile uzobuza umbuzo. Noma ungabuza umbuzo olula wezobuchwepheshe ngempendulo ethi yebo noma cha ukuze unqume ukuthi abantu bayakuqonda yini okusanda kushiwo. Isibonelo, ingabe kukhona umjaho wedatha esibonelweni esingenhla? Ubani ocabanga kanjalo? Ubani ongacabangi? Ubani ongaqondi lutho nhlobo, ngoba isiyonke ingxenye yezandla kuphela eyaphakama?
Vitaliy: Futhi uma uphendule ngendlela engalungile, uyaxoshwa ekilasini :)
UMichael: Uma ungakaphenduli lutho, kufanele ubuze umbuzo. Ngidinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngempela umfundi okudingeka akwazi ukuze aphendule umbuzo engisanda kuwubuza. Ngidinga ukuthi bangisize ngibasize. Sengikulungele ukuzivumelanisa nazo ukuze ziqonde inkinga. Kodwa uma ngingazi ukuthi kwenzekani ekhanda labo, ngeke ngikwazi ukukwenza. Futhi uma unganiki abafundi ukuthula isikhathi eside ngokwanele, ngezinye izikhathi ekugcineni babuza imibuzo efanele, okungukuthi, leyo engivumela ukuba ngibone ukuthi yini ngempela eyenzekayo emakhanda abafundi.
Алексей: Ingabe le mibuzo ngezinye izikhathi iholela emibonweni wena owawungakaze uyicabange ngaphambili? Ingabe zingalindelekile? Ingabe ziyakuvumela ukuthi ubheke inkinga ngendlela entsha?
UMichael: Kunemibuzo evula indlela entsha yokwethula indaba. Kuvame ukuba nemibuzo eholela ezinkingeni ezithakazelisayo engingahlelanga ukukhuluma ngazo. Abafundi bavame ukungitshela ukuthi nginomkhuba wokuphuma esihlokweni uma lokhu kwenzeka. Futhi, ngokusho kwabo, ngokuvamile lokhu kuyingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu yesifundo. Kuyaqabukela, izikhathi ezimbalwa nje, abafundi babuze imibuzo eyadala indlela entsha ocwaningweni futhi yakhula yaba indatshana. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ezingxoxweni nabafundi kunaphakathi namakilasi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kwakwenzeka phakathi namakilasi.
Алексей: Ngakho-ke abafundi bakubuze imibuzo ngesisekelo sokuthi kwakungenzeka kanjani ukushicilela i-athikili?
UMichael: Yebo.
Vitaliy: Uba nalezi zingxoxo kangaki nabafundi? Kunini lapho abafuna ukufunda okungaphezu kwalokho okufundiwe phakathi nesifundo?
UMichael: Nginabafundi bami abaneziqu - ngaso sonke isikhathi. Nginabangu-5 noma abasi-6 babo, futhi sixoxa ngokuthile nabo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi izingxoxo zalolu hlobo nabafundi abavele beze emakilasini ami azivamile kakhulu. Nakuba ngifisa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke kaningi. Ngisola ukuthi bamane besaba ukuza othisha ngezikhathi zomsebenzi. Njalo ngesemester, abanye abafundi bayakwazi ukunqoba lo mgoqo ongokwengqondo, futhi kuhlale kuthakazelisa kakhulu ukukhuluma nabo ngemva kwekilasi. Yiqiniso, ukube bonke abafundi bebenesibindi, bengingeke ngibe naso isikhathi esanele. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe konke kusebenza njengoba kufanele.
Vitaliy: Ukwazi kanjani ukuthola isikhathi sokuxhumana nabafundi? Ngokwazi kwami, e-USA othisha banomsebenzi omningi - ukufaka izicelo zezibonelelo nokunye.
UMichael: Eqinisweni, ukusebenza nabafundi kuyisici somsebenzi wami engiwujabulela kakhulu. Ngakho nginogqozi olwanele lwalokhu. Isikhathi esiningi engisichitha ehhovisi lami ngichitha imihlangano yazo zonke izinhlobo. Kusehlobo manje, ngakho isimiso sami asimatasa kangako, kodwa phakathi nonyaka wesikole, nsuku zonke kusukela ngo-9 kuya ku-17 ngiphethe yonke into. Umsebenzi wokucwaninga, ukubuyekezwa, izibonelelo - kukho konke lokhu kukhona kusihlwa nezimpelasonto kuphela.
Ungahambisana kanjani nokulungiswa kwezifundo ezintsha nezincwadi.
Алексей: Ngabe njengamanje usaqhubeka nokufundisa noma yiziphi izifundo osunesikhathi eside uzifundisa? Okuthile okufana nesingeniso seComputer Science.
UMichael: Into yokuqala efika emqondweni lapha yisifundo sezilimi zokuhlela.
Алексей: Ihluke kangakanani inguqulo yanamuhla yalesi sifundo kulokho eyayiyikho eminyakeni engu-10, 20, 30 edlule? Mhlawumbe okuthakazelisa kakhulu lapha akuyona imininingwane yenkambo ethile, kodwa izitayela ezijwayelekile.
UMichael: Isifundo sami sezilimi zokuhlela sasingavamile ngesikhathi ngisidala. Ngaqala ukuyifunda ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, ngithatha indawo kazakwethu, uDoug Baldwin (). Isihloko sesifundo sasihlobene kuphela nekhono lami elikhethekile, kodwa lapho ehamba, ngangingumfundi ongcono kakhulu wokufundisa isifundo. Angizange ngithande nenye yezincwadi ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho ngagcina sengibhala incwadi yalesi sifundo ngokwami. (Inothi lomhleli: sikhuluma ngencwadi) Manje isisetshenziswa emanyuvesi angaphezu kuka-200 emhlabeni jikelele. Indlela yami yokukhuluma ayijwayelekile ngoba ihlanganisa ngamabomu izinkinga zokuklanywa nokuqaliswa kolimi, futhi inaka kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye kuzo zonke izici okungenzeka. Indlela eyisisekelo ihlale ingashintshile, njengoba kunemiqondo eminingi eyisisekelo: okushunqayo, izikhala zamagama, imodularity, izinhlobo. Kodwa isethi yezilimi lapho le mibono iboniswa khona ishintshe ngokuphelele. Lapho isifundo sidalwa okokuqala, zaziningi izibonelo kuPascal, kodwa namuhla abaningi babafundi bami abakaze bezwe ngisho nalolu limi. Kodwa bayayazi i-Swift, Go, Rust, ngakho-ke kufanele ngikhulume ngezilimi ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Futhi, abafundi manje sebezazi kahle izilimi zokubhala, kodwa lapho ngiqala ukufundisa lesi sifundo, konke kwakumayelana nezilimi ezihlanganisiwe. Manje sidinga izinto eziningi mayelana nePython, Ruby ngisho nePerl, ngoba yilokhu abantu ababhala ikhodi kulezi zinsuku, futhi kunezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezenzeka kulezi zilimi, kuhlanganise nomkhakha wokuklama ulimi.
Vitaliy: Khona-ke umbuzo wami olandelayo uzobe uhlobene nowangaphambili. Indlela yokugcina kule ndawo? Ngisola ukuthi ukuvuselela isifundo esinjengalesi kudinga umsebenzi omningi - udinga ukuqonda izilimi ezintsha, uqonde imibono eyinhloko. Ukwenza kanjani lokhu?
UMichael: Angikwazi ukuqhosha ngokuthi ngihlala ngiphumelela 100%. Kodwa isikhathi esiningi ngivele ngenze okwenziwa yiwo wonke umuntu - funda i-inthanethi. Uma ngifuna ukuqonda i-Rust, ngiyi-Google, iya ekhasini le-Mozilla futhi ngifunde imanuwali efakwe lapho. Lokhu kuyingxenye yezinto ezenzeka ekuthuthukisweni kwezohwebo. Uma sikhuluma ngesayensi, kufanele ulandele imibiko ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu.
Isixhumanisi phakathi kwebhizinisi nezemfundo
Vitaliy: Ake sikhulume ngokuhlobana phakathi kwebhizinisi nocwaningo lwesayensi. Ohlwini lwakho lwemisebenzi, ngithole izindatshana ezimbalwa zokuhambisana kwenqolobane. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi i-cache consistency algorithms yayingazinzile ngesikhathi ishicilelwa? Noma zingasabalali ngokwanele. Yayivame kangakanani imibono yakho ekusebenzeni?
UMichael: Angiqiniseki ngempela ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi okhuluma ngazo. Ngenze umsebenzi omningi nabafundi bami uBill Bolosky () kanye noLeonidas Kontotanassis () ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ekuphathweni kwenkumbulo yemishini ye-Neumann. Ngaleso sikhathi, ibhizinisi lalingakabi nokuqonda indlela yokwenza kahle uhlelo lwe-multiprocessor: kufanelekile ukudala ukwesekwa kokufinyelela imemori ekude ezingeni le-hardware, kufanelekile ukwenza imemori isatshalaliswe, kungenzeka yini ukulayisha i-cache kusuka inkumbulo ekude, noma ingabe kuyadingeka ukuhambisa amakhasi kusistimu yokusebenza? UBill noLeonidas bobabili basebenze kule ndawo futhi bahlola izindlela ngaphandle kokulayishwa kwenqolobane yesilawuli kude. Lokhu bekungahlobene ngokuqondile nokuhambisana kwenqolobane, kodwa bekusasebenza ekulawuleni inkumbulo ye-NUMA, futhi izindlela ezilandela kamuva zokubekwa kwamakhasi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesimanje zakhula kulokhu. Sekukonke, uBill noLeonidas benza umsebenzi obalulekile, nakuba bengenathonya kakhulu kule ndawo - babebaningi abanye abantu ababesebenza into efanayo ngaleso sikhathi. Kamuva, ngasebenza esihlokweni esihlobene nokuhlangana kwenqolobane kumongo wememori yokwenziwa kwehadiwe. Iqembu engisebenze nalo kule nkinga ligcine lithole amalungelo obunikazi amaningana. Kunemibono emihle ethokozisayo ngemuva kwayo, kepha angicabangi ukuthi izogcina isetshenziswa ngokusebenza. Ngenye indlela noma enye, kunzima kimi ukwahlulela inzuzo yabo.
Алексей: Mayelana nalokhu, umbuzo womuntu siqu: kubaluleke kangakanani kuwena ukuthi imibono yakho isetshenziswe? Noma awucabangi ngakho?
UMichael: Ngithanda ukubuza lo mbuzo ezingxoxweni nabanye abantu, abafake izicelo noma amakhandidethi afuna ukujoyina ubuhlakani. Angicabangi ukuthi ikhona impendulo efanele kulo mbuzo. Abantu abenza izinto ezinhle bangaba nezisusa ezihluke kakhulu. Ngikhangwa izinkinga ngoba mina ngokwami ngizithola ezithakazelisayo, hhayi ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo ezingokoqobo. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho into ethile ethokozisayo isathola ukusetshenziswa, ngiyithanda kakhulu. Ngakho akulula lapha. Kodwa ekuqaleni komsebenzi wami, angikaqhutshwa umqondo wokusetshenziswa kokuphela emhlabeni, kodwa ukuvumelana komqondo kanye nesifiso sokuwuhlola futhi ngibone ukuthi yini ezayo kuwo. Uma ekugcineni kunikeza imiphumela ephathekayo, kuhle.
Алексей: Ngenxa yemfundo nolwazi lwakho, ukwazi kangcono kunabaningi ukwahlulela ukubaluleka kwemibono yabanye abantu. Ungaziqhathanisa futhi unqume ukuthi iyiphi esebenza kangcono ngayo. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi unombono mayelana nezinto ezisetshenziswa njengamanje abakhiqizi abakhulu njenge-Intel. Ngokubuka kwakho, silungile kangakanani isifundo esithathwa yilezi zinkampani?
UMichael: Ukuzijwayeza njalo kugxile kulokho okungaphumelela kwezohwebo, okungukuthi, ukudala inzuzo, futhi kungcono ubuze omunye umuntu ngalokho. Umsebenzi wami ngokuvamile uphumela ekushicilelweni, futhi emkhakheni wezinhlelo zokusebenza ayahlolwa ngokusekelwe ezibonisini zokusebenza: isivinini, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, usayizi wekhodi. Kodwa kimi ngaso sonke isikhathi kwakubonakala sengathi le miphumela enamandla yenezelwa ezihlokweni kuphela ukuze zinyatheliswe, futhi izisusa zangempela zabantu zomsebenzi ziwubuhle. Abacwaningi bahlola izixazululo ngombono wobuciko, banendaba nokuthi imibono inhle kangakanani, futhi bazama ukudala okuthile okungcono kunezindlela ezikhona. Abacwaningi baqhutshwa izisusa zomuntu siqu, ezizimele, zobuhle. Kodwa awukwazi ukubhala ngalokhu esihlokweni ngokwaso; lezi zinto azizona izingxabano zekomidi lohlelo. Ngenhlanhla, izixazululo zikanokusho ngokuvamile nazo ziyashesha futhi zishibhile. Ishumi nambili lozakwethu kanye nami saxoxa ngalesi sihloko eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule futhi sagcina ngokubhala isihloko ngaso. Ngicabanga ukuthi usengayithola manje, ibizwa noma into efana naleyo, inababhali abangaphezu kweshumi nambili. Lesi ukuphela kwesihloko engiwumbhali kuso kanye , ngakho-ke uma usesha igama lakhe ohlwini lwami lwezincwadi, uzothola okudingayo. Ikhuluma ngokuhlola ucwaningo lwezinhlelo nokuthi bubaluleke kangakanani ubuhle.
Алексей: Ngakho kunomehluko phakathi kwezinga lalokho okubhekwa njengokuhle kwezesayensi nasebhizinisini. Isayensi ihlola ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, i-TDP, ukusebenziseka kalula, nokunye okuningi. Ingabe unalo ithuba lokwenza lolu hlobo locwaningo enyuvesi? Ingabe unayo ilabhorethri enemishini ehlukene nezakhiwo ezahlukene ongenza kuzo izivivinyo?
UMichael: Yebo, umnyango wethu unemishini eminingi ethokozisayo ehlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile mancane, sineqoqo elincane kanye nezinhlelo eziningi ze-multiprocessor ezinama-accelerator ahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhampasi inesikhungo esikhulu samakhompiyutha esisebenzela ososayensi abavela emikhakheni eminingi eyahlukene. Inamanodi angaba yinkulungwane nama-cores ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili, konke ku-Linux. Uma kunesidingo, ungahlala uthenga ama-AWS athile. Ngakho-ke asinayo imikhawulo ebalulekile ngehadiwe.
Алексей: Kwakunjani eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule? Zazikhona izinkinga ngaleso sikhathi?
UMichael: Kwase kuhluke kancane ke. Maphakathi nawo-1980s, isayensi yayithathwa njengeshoda ngezinsiza zekhompyutha. Ukuze kulungiswe lesi simo, iNational Science Foundation ) udale uhlelo locwaningo lokuhlola oludidiyelwe (Coordinated Experimental Research, CER). Umgomo walolu hlelo bekuwukuhlinzeka ngengqalasizinda yekhompyutha yeminyango yeComputer Science, futhi seluzuze ushintsho olukhulu. Ngemali asinika yona, thina eNyuvesi yaseRochester sathenga i-BBN Butterfly enamafindo angu-1984 ngo-128, lona kwakusele unyaka ngaphambi kokuba ngifike lapho. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisistimu ye-multiprocessor enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni enenkumbulo eyabiwe. Yayinama-processor angu-128, ngalinye kubhodi lomama elihlukile, futhi linama-rack amane. Iphrosesa ngayinye yayinememori ye-megabyte, ama-megabyte angu-128 we-RAM kwakuyinani elingenakucatshangwa ngaleso sikhathi. Kulo mshini sisebenzise ukukhiya kwe-MCS okokuqala ngqa.
Алексей: Ngakho-ke, uma ngikuqonda kahle, khona-ke okwamanje inkinga nge-hardware isixazululiwe?
UMichael: Ngokuvamile, yebo. Kunezixwayiso ezimbalwa: okokuqala, uma wenza i-computer architecture ezingeni le-chip, kunzima ukwenza endaweni yezemfundo ngoba kunamathuluzi angcono kakhulu okwenza ebhizinisini. Uma udinga noma yini encane kunama-nanometer angu-10, kuzodingeka uyi-ode komunye umuntu. Kule ndawo kulula kakhulu ukuba umcwaningi kwa-Intel. Uma usebenza ekuxhumaneni okubonakalayo kuma-chips noma kumemori yesimo esiqinile, uzothola ubuchwepheshe ebhizinisini obungekho kusayensi, ngakho-ke kufanele udale imifelandawonye. Isibonelo, uStephen Swanson () kudaliwe ngobuchwepheshe obusha benkumbulo. Leli fomu alisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kwezinye izimo lingaphumelela impela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusayensi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezinamandla kakhulu kunzima kakhulu. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-supercomputer njengamanje e-US, Japan naseChina wonke agxile kwezamabhizinisi.
Ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo kwemibono. I-MCS, MS, CLH, JSR 166, isebenza no-Doug Lee nokuningi.
Vitaliy: Usuvele ukhulume ngokuthi uqale kanjani ukusebenza kuma-algorithms wokuvumelanisa. Unezihloko ezimbili ezidume kakhulu mayelana и , okuthe ngomqondo othile kwasetshenziswa ku-Java. (Inothi lomhleli: konke okushicilelwe kungabukwa ). Lapho lokhu kuvinjwa kwenziwa ngezinguquko ezithile futhi kwavela , futhi ulayini wenziwa njengoba wawuhlosiwe. Kodwa kwadlula iminyaka eminingi phakathi kokunyatheliswa kwezihloko zenu nokusebenza kwazo okungokoqobo.
Алексей: Kubonakala cishe iminyaka eyi-10 endabeni yomugqa.
UMichael: Ngaphambi kokuthi lezi zici zivele kumtapo wezincwadi ojwayelekile we-Java?
Vitaliy: Yebo. Wenzani ukwenza lokhu kwenzeke? Noma abenzanga lutho?
UMichael: Ngingakutshela ukuthi i-MS Queue yangena kanjani ku-Java 5. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokuthi iphume, ngasebenza neqembu lika-Mark Moyers e-Sun Microsystems elebhu yabo eduze kwaseBoston. Uhlele inkundla yokucobelelana ngolwazi yabantu abaziyo abasebenza ngezinkinga ezithakazelisayo ekufundweni okuningi ngoba efuna ukuthola izihloko ayengazidayisela inkampani yabo. Yilapho engahlangana khona okokuqala noDoug Lea. Mina no-Doug kanye nabanye abantu abangaba ngu-25 base-Sun sasihlangene sixoxa ngesethulo sikaDoug , kamuva okwaba yi-java.util.concurrent. Endleleni, u-Doug wathi angathanda ukusebenzisa ulayini we-MS, kodwa kulokhu udinga ikhawunta yenombolo yezinto ezisemgqeni wesixhumi esibonakalayo. Okusho ukuthi, lokhu bekufanele kwenziwe ngendlela ehlukile, i-athomu, enembile futhi esheshayo. Ngiphakamise ukuthi ngingeze izinombolo ze-serial kumanodi, ngithathe inombolo yenodi yokuqala neyokugcina bese ngikhipha eyodwa kwenye. UDoug wanwaya ikhanda, wathi “kungani,” wagcina ekwenzile lokho. Sixoxe ngokusebenzisa le ndlela emtatsheni wezincwadi, kodwa uDoug wawenza ngokwakhe umsebenzi omningi. Ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukusungula ukwesekwa okuhle kakhulu kokufunda okuningi ku-Java.
Алексей: Ngakho-ke, uma ngiqonda kahle, indlela .size() bekumele ibe yingxenye yesixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa ojwayelekile, futhi bekufanele ibe yinkimbinkimbi ye-algorithmic ye-O(1)?
UMichael: Yebo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu, ikhawunta ehlukile iyadingeka.
Алексей: Ngoba uma ushayela indlela .size() ku-Java, umphumela ulindeleke ukuthi utholakale ngokushesha futhi ungasekelwe kusayizi wangempela weqoqo. Ngiyabona, ngiyabonga.
UMichael: Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngangisebenza ekwakhiweni kwedatha ekabili nomfundi wami uBill Scherer - empeleni, yilokhu engizokhuluma ngakho. . UDoug weza kithi wathi angazisebenzisa ku-Java Executor Framework. Bekanye noBill, badale ukusetshenziswa okubili, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imigqa enobulungiswa nengalungile. Ngabacebisa ngale phrojekthi, nakuba ngingazange ngibambe iqhaza ekubhaleni ikhodi yangempela. Ngenxa yalokho, ijubane labenzi bomsebenzi liye landa kakhulu.
Владимир: Ingabe uhlangabezane nokusetshenziswa okungalungile kwama-algorithms akho noma izicelo zokwengeza izici ezintsha? Ngokuvamile, umkhuba kufanele uhambisane nethiyori, kodwa ngokuvamile ziyehluka. Ake sithi ubhale i-algorithm, futhi ephepheni iyasebenza, kodwa abantu ababambe iqhaza ekusetshenzisweni baqala ukukucela ezinye izici noma uhlobo oluthile lokulungisa i-algorithm. Wake waba nezimo ezinjalo?
UMichael: Isibonelo esisodwa lapho othile eza kimi futhi wabuza "indlela yokuyisebenzisa" kwakungumbuzo kaDoug, engangivele ngikhulume ngawo. Kodwa kuye kwaba nezimo ezimbalwa lapho kuye kwenziwa izinguquko ezijabulisayo ukuze zivumelane nezidingo ezingokoqobo. Isibonelo, ithimba le-K42 kwa-IBM liguqule ukukhiya kwe-MCS futhi layenza yaba isixhumi esibonakalayo esijwayelekile ngakho-ke sasingekho isidingo sokudlulisa inodi yomugqa emuva naphambili ukuze uthole futhi ukhulule imizila. Ngenxa yalesi sikhombimsebenzisi esijwayelekile, umbono owawumuhle ngokombono waqala ukusebenza ngokusebenza. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abakaze bashicilele isihloko ngakho, futhi nakuba bathola ilungelo lobunikazi, kamuva balishiya. Lo mbono wawumuhle, futhi ngizama ukukhuluma ngawo noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
Kube khona ezinye izimo lapho abantu benze khona ukuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms engiwashicilele. Isibonelo, ulayini we-MS unomshini wokufaka wezinyathelo ezimbili, okusho ukuthi bekunama-CAS amabili endleleni ebalulekile yomugqa. Ezimotweni ezindala, ama-CAS ayebiza kakhulu. I-Intel nabanye abakhiqizi baye bawalungiselela kahle muva nje, kodwa kwake kwaba yimiyalelo yemijikelezo engama-30, ngakho-ke ukuba nengaphezu kowodwa endleleni ebucayi kwakungathandeki. Ngenxa yalokho, kwasungulwa ulayini ohlukile owawufana nolayini we-MS, kodwa owawunomsebenzi owodwa kuphela we-athomu endleleni ebucayi. Lokhu kuzuzwe ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi esithile ukusebenza kungathatha isikhathi esingu-O(n), esikhundleni sokuthi u-O(1). Kwakungenakwenzeka, kodwa kungenzeka. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi ngezikhathi ezithile i-algorithm inqamula ulayini kusukela ekuqaleni kuya endaweni yamanje kulo mugqa. Ngokuvamile, i-algorithm ibonakale iphumelele kakhulu. Ngokwazi kwami, ayisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokwengxenye ngoba ukusebenza kwe-athomu kudinga izinsiza ezimbalwa kakhulu kunangaphambili. Kodwa umqondo wawumuhle. Ngiphinde ngiwuthande kakhulu umsebenzi ka-Dave Dice wase-Oracle. Konke akwenzayo kuyasebenza kakhulu futhi usebenzisa insimbi ngobuhlakani obukhulu. Ube nesandla kuma-algorithms amaningi okuvumelanisa okuqaphela kwe-NUMA kanye nezakhiwo zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi.
Владимир: Uma ubhala ama-algorithms noma ufundisa abafundi, umphumela womsebenzi wakho awubonakali ngokushesha. Umphakathi udinga isikhathi esithile ukuze ujwayele, ake sithi, isihloko esisha. I-algorithm entsha ayikutholi ngokushesha uhlelo lokusebenza.
UMichael: Akucaci ngokushesha ukuthi i-athikili izobaluleka noma cha. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungajabulisa ukwenza ucwaningo lwamaphepha ahlomule ngezindondo ezingqungqutheleni. Okungukuthi, bheka izihloko abantu abasemakomitini ohlelo abake bazithatha njengezingcono kakhulu. Udinga ukuzama ukubala ngenombolo yezixhumanisi kanye nomthelela ebhizinisini ukuthi lezi zihloko zibe nomthelela kangakanani eminyakeni eyi-10, 20, 25. Ngiyangabaza ukuthi kuzoba nokuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Ngeke ibe nguziro, kodwa cishe izoba buthakathaka kakhulu kunalokho esingathanda. Imibono eminingi ihlala isikhathi eside ingafunwa ngaphambi kokuba yande. Isibonelo, ake sithathe inkumbulo yokwenziwe. Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 kusukela ngesikhathi kushicilelwa i-athikili yasekuqaleni kuze kube yilapho abantu beqala ukwakha ngayo imishini. Futhi ngaphambi kokuvela kwale nkumbulo emikhiqizweni yezentengiselwano - futhi konke 20. Isikhathi eside kakhulu akekho owanaka lesi sihloko, bese inani lezixhumanisi kulo landa kakhulu. Kungaba nzima ukubikezela lokhu kusenesikhathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngezinye izikhathi imibono ithola ukuqaliswa ngokushesha. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngabhala iphepha no-Joe Izraelevitz le-DISC elihlongoze incazelo entsha esemthethweni yokufaneleka kwezakhiwo zedatha eziphikelelayo ezingasetshenziswa ngemva kokuba ikhompuyutha ezisebenzisayo ziphahlazekile. Ngasithanda lesi sihloko kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa kwavela ukuthi sithandwa kakhulu kunalokho engangikulindele. Yayisetshenziswa amaqembu amaningana ahlukene futhi ekugcineni yaba incazelo evamile yezakhiwo zokuphikelela. Okungukuthi, kuhle.
Владимир: Ingabe akhona amasu owasebenzisayo ukuhlola? Ingabe uyazama ngisho nokuhlola izindatshana zakho kanye nabafundi bakho? Mayelana nokuthi umuntu omfundisile uhamba ngendlela efanele yini.
UMichael: Njengawo wonke umuntu, nginaka kakhulu engikwenzayo okwamanje. Futhi, njengawo wonke umuntu, ngezinye izikhathi ngibheka i-Google Scholar ukuze ngibone ukuthi amaphepha ami adlule ayacashunwa yini, kodwa lokho kubangelwa ilukuluku. Ikakhulukazi ngigxile kulokho abafundi bami abakwenzayo manje. Uma kuziwa ekuhloleni umsebenzi wamanje, ingxenye yawo iwukucatshangelwa kobuhle, yini enhle nengeyona. Futhi ezingeni lansuku zonke, imibuzo evulekile idlala indima enkulu. Isibonelo, umfundi uza kimi negrafu yeminye imiphumela, futhi sizama ukuqonda ukuthi ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwegrafu kuvela kuphi. Ngokuvamile, emsebenzini wethu sihlala sizama ukuqonda izinto esingakaziqondi.
Inkumbulo yokwenziwayo
Vitaliy: Mhlawumbe singakhuluma kancane mayelana nenkumbulo yokuthengiselana?
UMichael: Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanelekile ukusho okungenani kancane ngoba ngifake umzamo omkhulu kukho. Lesi yisihloko enginezincwadi eziningi kuso kunanoma yisiphi esinye. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ngokuxakile, ngangihlala nginokungabaza kakhulu ngenkumbulo yokuthengiselana. Ngombono wami, (M. Herlihy, J. E. B. Moss) yanyatheliswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, baphakamisa ukuthi inkumbulo yokwenziwayo ingasiza abahleli bezinhlelo abanekhono basebenze ezakhiweni zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi, ukuze lezi zakhiwo zikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengemitapo yolwazi ngabahleli bezinhlelo abavamile. Okusho ukuthi, kungaba usizo ku-Doug Lee ukwenza i-JSR 166 yakhe. Kodwa inkumbulo yokuthengiselana yayingahloselwe ukwenza uhlelo olunemicu eminingi lube lula. Kodwa lena yiyo kanye indlela eyaqala ukubonwa ngayo ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, lapho yanda. Yakhangiswa njengendlela yokuxazulula inkinga yezinhlelo ezifanayo. Le ndlela yokwenza ibilokhu ibonakala ingenathemba kimi. Inkumbulo yokwenziwe ingenza kube lula kuphela ukubhala izakhiwo zedatha ehambisanayo. Lokhu, kubonakala kimi, yilokho akuzuzile.
Mayelana nobunzima bokubhala ikhodi enemicu eminingi
Алексей: Inohlonze impela. Kubonakala kunomgoqo othile phakathi kwabahleli bohlelo abavamile nalabo abakwazi ukubhala amakhodi anemicu eminingi. Ngonyaka odlule, ngakhuluma izikhathi eziningana nabantu ababesebenzisa uhlaka oluthile lwe-algorithmic. Isibonelo, noMartin Thomson, kanye nabahleli bezinhlelo abasebenza emitapweni yolwazi enezintambo eziningi. (Inothi lomhleli: UMartin Thompson ungumthuthukisi odume kakhulu, wabhala и . Naye usekwenzile enkomfeni yethu ye-Joker 2015, ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo . Uyafana le ngqungquthela iyatholakala futhi). Inselelo enkulu, bathi, ukwenza ama-algorithms asheshe futhi asebenziseke kalula. Okusho ukuthi, bazama ukunqoba lo mgoqo futhi bahehe abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kule ndawo. Ucabangani ngakho?
UMichael: Lena inkinga eyinhloko ye-multithreading: indlela yokufeza ukusebenza okuphezulu ngaphandle kokwandisa inkimbinkimbi yesistimu.
Алексей: Ngoba lapho bezama ukugwema inkimbinkimbi, i-algorithm iba ngaphansi kwendawo yonke.
UMichael: Ukhiye lapha yizifinyezo eziklanywe kahle. Kubonakala kimi ukuthi lokhu ngokuvamile kuyinto eyinhloko yezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha njengenkambu. U-Butler Lampson uyathanda ukusebenzisa leli gama, futhi usibiza ngokuthi “abathengisi bezinto ezingabonakali.” Ubuchwepheshe obulula abukho namuhla. Amaphrosesa esiwasebenzisayo anama-transistors ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10—ubulula abukho umbuzo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ISA ilula kakhulu kuneprosesa, njengoba sisebenze isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuze siyinikeze ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esilula. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezibushelelezi naye. Inkinga efanayo nakuma-accelerator asevela emakethe. Kuphakama imibuzo - indlela yokwenza isixhumi esibonakalayo esilungile se-GPU, indlela yokubhala ngemfihlo, ukuminyanisa, indlela yokudlulisa amakhodi, indlela yomugqa we-algebra, noma i-FPGA evumelana nezimo. Ungakha kanjani i-interface eyenza ithuluzi libe lula ukulisebenzisa futhi lifihle ubunkimbinkimbi? Ngeke iwususe, kodwa kunalokho uyifihle kumklami olula.
Алексей: Njengoba ngikuqonda, sisenomgoqo ekuqondeni izinto ezifushanisayo. Ake sithathe imodeli yenkumbulo; esigabeni sethu sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, lokhu kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke abahleli bezinhlelo bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: ingxenye enkulu yilabo abangayiqondi, kanti ingxenye encane yilabo abaqondayo, noma abacabanga ukuthi bayaqonda.
UMichael: Umbuzo omuhle lowo - ingabe ukhona phakathi kwethu oyiqondayo ngempela imodeli yenkumbulo?
Vitaliy: Ikakhulukazi ku-C++.
UMichael: Khuluma noHans Boehm ngesinye isikhathi. Ungomunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu engibaziyo, uchwepheshe ophambili wamamodeli enkumbulo. Uzokutshela zisuka nje ukuthi kuningi angakuqondi. Kodwa uma sibuyela endabeni yokukhishwa, ngakho-ke, ngokombono wami, umqondo obaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wamamodeli wenkumbulo eminyakeni engu-30 edlule waboniswa. . (Inothi lomhleli: uhlu oluphelele lokushicilelwe luyatholakala ).
Алексей: Umbuzo wami uthi: ingabe lo mgoqo uvela kuyo kanye uhlobo lomqondo?
UMichael: Cha. USarita wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ngendlela efanele, ungakwazi ukufihla ngempumelelo yonke inkimbinkimbi, uthole ukusebenza okuphezulu futhi unikeze umklami i-API elula. Futhi uma ulandela le API, ungakwazi ukuzuza ukungaguquguquki. Ngicabanga ukuthi lena imodeli efanele. Bhala ikhodi ngaphandle kwemijaho yedatha futhi uthole ukuvumelana okulandelanayo. Yiqiniso, ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okugijima, amathuluzi akhethekile ayadingeka, kodwa lokho kungenye indaba.
Владимир: Ingabe zikhona izikhathi emsebenzini wakho lapho inkinga eyayibonakala ixazululiwe iphenduka inhlekelele ngokuzumayo, noma kwavela ukuthi le nkinga yayingaxazululeki? Isibonelo, ngokombono ungakwazi ukufaka inombolo noma iyiphi inombolo noma unqume ukuthi iyiphi inombolo eyinhloko. Kodwa ekusebenzeni lokhu kungaba nzima ukukwenza; nge-hardware yamanje kunzima ukufaka izinombolo. Ingabe kuye kwenzeka okufanayo nakuwe?
UMichael: Angikhumbuli ngokushesha into enjalo. Kuke kwaba nezikhathi lapho kimina kwakubonakala sengathi akukho okungenziwa endaweni ethile, kodwa kwase kwenzeka okuthile okusha nokuthakazelisayo lapho. Isibonelo, ngacabanga ukuthi indawo yomugqa ongenamkhawulo yayisivele ifinyelele ukuvuthwa. Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa okuningana kolayini we-MNS, akwenzekanga lutho olungako. Bese kuthi uMorrison (Adam Morrison) no-Afek (Yehuda Afek) basungule . Kwaba sobala ukuthi ulayini onezintambo eziningi ongenamkhawulo wawungenzeka, lapho isikhathi esiningi kwakunomyalelo wokulanda nowokwengeza endleleni ebucayi. Futhi lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukufeza umyalo wobukhulu bokusebenza okungcono. Akukhona ukuthi asazi ukuthi ukulanda nokukhuphuka kuyinto ewusizo kakhulu. U-Eric Freudenthal wabhala ngalokhu emsebenzini wakhe ku-Ultracomputer no-Allan Gottlieb ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, kodwa kwakumayelana nolayini abalinganiselwe. U-Morrison no-Afek bakwazile ukusebenzisa ukulanda nokukhuphuka kulayini ongakhawulelwe.
Izakhiwo ezintsha. Ingabe ukunqoba kwenkumbulo yokwenziwayo kuseduze?
Владимир: Ingabe ufuna izixazululo ezintsha zezakhiwo ezingaba usizo kuma-algorithms?
UMichael: Yebo, ziningi izinto engingathanda ukuzibona zisebenza.
Владимир: Hlobo luni, isibonelo?
UMichael: Okokuqala nje, izandiso ezimbalwa ezilula kumemori yethu yokwenziwe yeleveli yehadiwe kumaphrosesa we-Intel ne-IBM. Ikakhulukazi, ngingathanda ukuthi umthwalo ongewona owenzekayo kanye nesitolo esisanda kwenzeka ukuthi sitholakale ngokushesha phakathi kokwenziwe. Ngokushesha ziholela ezihibeni okwenzekayo-ngaphambi kokulandelana, ngakho zingaba nzima. Kodwa uma ugcina izendlalelo zokungafinyeleli, kunezinto eziningi ezithakazelisa kakhulu ongazenza ngaphandle kokuthenga ngenkathi kwenzeka. Angazi ukuthi lokhu kungaba nzima kangakanani ukukusebenzisa, kodwa kungaba usizo kakhulu.
Enye into ewusizo ukulayisha inqolobane kusuka kumemori ekude. Ngicabanga ukuthi maduze noma kamuva lokhu kuzokwenziwa. Lobu buchwepheshe buzovumela ukudalwa kwamasistimu anememori ehlukanisiwe. Kungakwazi ukugcina, sithi, ama-terabytes angu-100 wememori engaguquki ku-rack, futhi isistimu yokusebenza ngokwayo inganquma ngokuguquguqukayo ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zaleyo nkumbulo okufanele zihambisane nesikhala sekheli lendawo yamaphrosesa. Lokhu kungaba usizo kakhulu kukhompyutha yamafu, njengoba kuzovumela inani elikhulu lememori ukuthi linikezwe imisebenzi eyidingayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi kukhona ozokwenza.
Vitaliy: Ukuze ngiqedele ukukhuluma ngenkumbulo yokwenziwe, nginombuzo owodwa ngaphezulu ngalesi sihloko. Ingabe inkumbulo yokwenziwayo ekugcineni izothatha indawo yezakhiwo zedatha ezinemicu eminingi?
UMichael: Cha. Ukuthengiselana kuyindlela yokuqagela. Ezingeni lokuhlela lezi izingidi ze-athomu, kodwa ngaphakathi ziyimicabango. Ukubikezela okunjalo kusebenza uma ukuqagela okuningi kulungile. Ngakho-ke, inkumbulo yokwenziwayo isebenza kahle lapho imicu ingaxhumani neze, futhi udinga nje ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi akukho ukusebenzisana. Kodwa uma umlayezo uqala phakathi kwemicu, ukuthengiselana akusizi ngalutho. Ake ngichaze, sikhuluma ngecala lapho ukuthengiselana kugoqwe kuwo wonke umsebenzi we-athomu. Zisengasetshenziswa ngempumelelo njengezingxenye zezakhiwo zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi. Isibonelo, uma udinga i-CAS yamagama amathathu, futhi udinga ukuphindaphinda izinto ezintathu ezincane phakathi kwe-algorithm ene-multithreaded esebenza nemicu engamashumi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuvamile, ukuthengiselana kungaba usizo, kodwa ngeke kususe isidingo sokuklama kahle izakhiwo zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi.
Inkumbulo engaguquki, i-Optane DIMM, amadivayisi ashesha kakhulu.
Vitaliy: Into yokugcina engingathanda ukukhuluma ngayo isihloko socwaningo lwakho lwamanje: inkumbulo engaguquki. Yini esingayilindela kule ndawo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze? Mhlawumbe uyazi ngokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo osekuvele kukhona?
UMichael: Angiyena uchwepheshe we-hardware, ngiyazi kuphela engikufunda ezindabeni kanye nalokho ozakwethu abangitshela kona. Wonke umuntu usezwile ukuthi i-Intel iyathengisa , enezikhathi ezingaba ngu-3 zokubambezeleka kokufunda kanye nezikhathi eziyi-10 zokubambezeleka kokubhala kune-RAM eguquguqukayo. Maduze zizotholakala ngezinguqulo zevolumu enkulu kakhulu. Kuyahlekisa ukucabanga ukuthi ungaba nekhompuyutha ephathekayo enamaterabhayithi amaningana e-RAM ekwazi ukuphendulwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-10 sizothatha isinqumo sokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe obusha, njengoba sisebenzisa i-DRAM - vele sinyuse ivolumu. Kodwa ngenxa yokuzimela kwamandla, amathuba amasha ngokuphelele avuleka kithi. Singashintsha ngokuyisisekelo isitaki sesitoreji ukuze kungabikho ukuhlukana phakathi kwenkumbulo esebenzayo ephendulwa nge-byte kanye nenkumbulo eqhubekayo eyakheka. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kudingeke ukuthi sihlanganise yonke into edinga ukudluliselwa kusukela kuhlelo olulodwa ukuya kolunye kumafayela akhiwe vimba. Kulokhu singathola izimiso eziningi ezibalulekile ezithinta amasistimu okusebenza, izindawo zesikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nezitolo zedatha esabalalisiwe. Le ndawo ijabulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kuyo. Ngokwami, kunzima kimi ukubikezela ukuthi lokhu kuzoholela kuphi, kodwa izinkinga lapha zijabulisa kakhulu. Kungase kube nezinguquko eziguquguqukayo lapha, futhi zilandela ngokwemvelo emsebenzini wokufunda okuningi, njengoba ukwehluleka ukubuyisela kuyinqubo "ye-multithreading" eduze nokusebenza okuvamile kwesistimu.
Isihloko sesibili esiyinhloko engisebenza kuso njengamanje ukuphatha amadivayisi ashesha kakhulu nokufinyelela okuvikelekile kumadivayisi ukusuka endaweni yomsebenzisi enolawulo lwenqubomgomo yesistimu. Eminyakeni yakamuva, kube nokuthambekela kokuhambisa ukufinyelela kudivayisi endaweni yomsebenzisi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngoba isitaki se-kernel ye-TCP-IP asikwazi ukusebenza phezu kwesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi esidinga iphakethe elisha njalo ngama-microsecond angu-5 ngeke nje iqhubeke. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi banikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile kumadivayisi. Kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza ilahlekelwa ukulawula inqubo futhi ayikwazi ukunikeza ukufinyelela okufanele kudivayisi yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziqhudelanayo. Ithimba lethu labacwaningi likholelwa ukuthi lokhu kushiyeka kungagwemeka. Sizoba nendatshana kulokhu e-USENIX ATC kule nyanga. Ihlobene nokusebenza ekuphikeleni, njengoba inkumbulo ephikelelayo ye-byte ephile isikhathi eside, empeleni, iyidivayisi ene-I/O eshesha kakhulu edinga ukufinyelelwa endaweni yomsebenzisi. Lolu cwaningo lwenza kube khona izindlela ezintsha zama-microkernels, ama-exokernels, neminye imizamo yendabuko yokuhambisa ngokuphephile ukusebenza kusuka ku-OS kernel kuya endaweni yomsebenzisi.
Владимир: Inkumbulo ye-Byte-addressable yinhle, kodwa kukhona ukulinganiselwa ngokomzimba - isivinini sokukhanya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzoba nokubambezeleka nakanjani lapho usebenzisana nedivayisi.
UMichael: Impela kunjalo.
Владимир: Ingabe kuzoba nomthamo owanele wokubhekana nemithwalo emisha?
UMichael: Umbuzo omuhle kakhulu lo, kodwa kuzoba nzima kimi ukuwuphendula. Umqondo wokucubungula ngenkumbulo usunesikhathi eside ukhona, uthakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa futhi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Angizange ngisebenze kule ndawo, kodwa kungaba kuhle uma kutholakala okuthile lapho. Ngesaba ukuthi akukho okunye engingakwengeza.
Владимир: Kukhona enye inkinga futhi. Amanani amasha, amakhulu kakhulu e-RAM ngeke akwazi ukungena ku-CPU. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa ngokomzimba, le RAM kufanele ihlukaniswe.
UMichael: Konke kuncike enanini lamaphutha ekukhiqizeni ama-circuits ahlanganisiwe. Uma kungenzeka ukudala ama-wafers we-semiconductor ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwamaphutha, khona-ke bekungenzeka ukwenza yonke i-microcircuit kuwo. Kodwa manje asazi ukuthi singawenza kanjani ama-microcircuits abe mkhulu kunezitembu zokuposa.
Владимир: Kodwa sisakhuluma ngamasayizi amakhulu, mayelana namasentimitha. Lokhu nakanjani kunomthelela ekubambezelekeni.
UMichael: Yebo. Akukho ongakwenza ngejubane lokukhanya.
Владимир: Ngeshwa.
Umkhuba omkhulu olandelayo. Izakhiwo zedatha ekabili. I-Hydra.
Vitaliy: Ngokuqonda kwami, ubamba amathrendi amasha ngokushesha okukhulu. Ubungomunye wabokuqala abasebenza kumemori yokuhweba, futhi ungomunye wabokuqala abasebenza kumemori engaguquki. Ucabanga ukuthi kuzoba yini ukuthrenda okulandelayo okukhulu? Noma mhlawumbe kuyimfihlo?
UMichael: Ukukhuluma iqiniso, angazi. Ngethemba ukuthi ngizokwazi ukuqaphela uma okuthile okusha kuvela. Angibanga nenhlanhla yokusungula noma yimuphi umkhakha omusha ngedwa, kodwa ngibe nenhlanhla embalwa futhi ngakwazi ukuqala ukusebenza kusenesikhathi emikhakheni emisha edalwe abanye. Ngethemba ukuthi ngizokwazi ukukwenza lokhu esikhathini esizayo.
Алексей: Umbuzo wokugcina kule nhlolokhono uzoba mayelana nokusebenza kwakho e-Hydra kanye nemisebenzi yakho esikoleni. Uma ngiqonda kahle, umbiko esikoleni uzokhuluma ngama-algorithms angavimbeli, futhi engqungqutheleni mayelana nezakhiwo zedatha ekabili. Ungakwazi ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nale mibiko?
UMichael: Ngokwengxenye, sesike sathinta lezi zihloko nawe kule ngxoxo. Kumayelana nomsebenzi engawenza nesitshudeni sami uBill Scherer. Wabhala i-thesis kuyo, futhi u-Doug Lee naye waba nesandla kuyo, futhi ekugcineni yaba yingxenye yolayini wokuvumelanisa onemicu eminingi emtatsheni wezincwadi weJava. Ake sicabange ukuthi isakhiwo sedatha sifundwa futhi sibhalwa ngaphandle kokuvimbela, okungukuthi, umsebenzi ngamunye unenani elilinganiselwe lemiyalelo endleleni ebalulekile. Uma uzama ukususa idatha esitsheni esingenalutho, noma uzama ukususa idatha ethile engekho kulesi siqukathi, ukwaziswa ngokushesha ukuthi lokhu ngeke kwenziwe. Kodwa lokhu kuziphatha kungase kungamukeleki uma uchungechunge luyidinga ngempela le datha. Khona-ke into yokuqala efika engqondweni ukudala iluphu ezohlala ibuza ukuthi idatha edingekayo ivele yini. Kodwa-ke kukhona ukugxambukela kwawo wonke umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngale ndlela, ungalinda imizuzu eyi-10, bese kufika enye intambo, futhi izothola ngephutha idatha edingekayo kuqala. Izakhiwo zedatha ekabili azikabi nawo amalokhi, kodwa zivumela uchungechunge ukuthi lulinde kahle. Igama elithi "double" lisho ukuthi isakhiwo siqukethe idatha noma izicelo zedatha, masizibize nge-anti-data. Ngakho-ke uma uzama ukubuyisa okuthile esitsheni esingenalutho, isicelo sizofakwa esitsheni esikhundleni salokho. Manje uchungechunge lungalinda isicelo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa omunye umuntu. Ukwengeza, uhlaka lwedatha lunikeza izinto eziza kuqala ezicelweni ukuze kuthi lapho zamukelwe, zizidlulisele kumuntu ofanele. Umphumela uwumshini wokungakhiyi osenakho ukucaciswa okusemthethweni nokusebenza okuhle ekusebenzeni.
Алексей: Yini oyilindele kulesi sakhiwo sedatha? Ingabe izothuthukisa ukusebenza kuzo zonke izimo ezivamile, noma ingabe ifaneleka kangcono ezimweni ezithile?
UMichael: Kuyasiza uma, okokuqala, udinga isitsha ngaphandle kokukhiya, futhi, okwesibili, udinga ukulinda esimweni lapho udinga ukubuyisa idatha esitsheni esingekho kuso. Ngokwazi kwami konke, uhlaka lwethu luhlinzeka ngokuziphatha okuhle lapho lezi zimo ezimbili kuhlangatshezwana nazo. Ngakho-ke, kulezi zimo ngincoma ukuyisebenzisa. Inzuzo enkulu yezakhiwo zedatha ezingakhiyiwe ukuthi zigwema izinkinga zokusebenza. Futhi ukulinda kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-algorithms amaningi uma idatha idluliswa isuka komunye intambo iye komunye.
Vitaliy: Ake ngicacise: uzokhuluma ngento efanayo esikoleni nasenkomfeni?
UMichael: Eskoleni ngokujwayelekile mayelana nezakhiwo zedatha ezinezintambo eziningi, ezinezimiso eziyisisekelo ezishiwo ekuqaleni kwesifundo. Ngicabanga ukuthi izethameli ziyazi ukuthi ziyini izintambo futhi zijwayelene nezingidi. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi oluyisisekelo, ngizokhuluma ngezakhiwo zedatha ezingakhiyiwe. Ngizonikeza umbono wezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo, ngithinta izihloko ezifana nokuphathwa kwenkumbulo. Angicabangi ukuthi kuzoba khona enye into eyinkimbinkimbi ukwedlula ulayini we-MS.
Алексей: Ingabe uhlela ukufundisa mayelana nezakhiwo zedatha ezimbili ekupheleni kwekilasi lakho esikoleni?
UMichael: Ngizobalula, kodwa ngeke ngichithe isikhathi esiningi kuzo. Umbiko weHydra uzonikezelwa kubo. Izohlanganisa iphrojekthi egcine ifinyelele ku-Java, kanye nokusebenza no-Joe Israelevich ukuze bakhe ukwahluka okumbaxambili kolayini we-LCRQ, nokudala umklamo oseduze nendawo yonke wezakhiwo zedatha ezimbili.
Алексей: Ngakho-ke isifundo esikoleni singanconywa kwabaqalayo, kanye nesifundo sezakhiwo zedatha ephindwe kabili ku-Hydra - kubantu asebevele benolwazi oluthile?
UMichael: Ngilungise uma nginephutha, kodwa izethameli kwa-Hydra zizohluka kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ochwepheshe abaningi be-Java, futhi ngokuvamile abantu abangabandakanyi ngokuqondile ezinhlelweni ezinezintambo eziningi.
Vitaliy: Yebo, kuyiqiniso.
Алексей: Okungenani sithemba kanjalo.
UMichael: Kulokhu, ngizobhekana nenkinga efanayo esiqale ngayo le ngxoxo: indlela yokwenza umbiko ucebe ngokwanele ngemininingwane yobuchwepheshe futhi ufinyeleleke kubo bonke abalaleli.
Vitaliy: Ingabe uzowunikeza umbiko ngendlela efanayo onikeza ngayo izinkulumo? Okungukuthi, khuluma nezilaleli futhi uzivumelanise nesimo?
UMichael: Ngesaba ukuthi ngeke kusebenze kanjalo, ngoba umbiko uzoba nama-slides. Amaslayidi abalulekile uma abalaleli bekhuluma izilimi ezahlukene ekuqaleni. Abantu abaningi bazokuthola kunzima ukungiqonda ngesiNgisi, ikakhulukazi uma ngikhuluma ngokushesha kakhulu. Ngikhethe lezi zihloko ngoba ungicele ukuthi ngikhulume ngezakhiwo zedatha ezingakhiyiwe eSikoleni se-SPTDC; ngase ngidinga umbiko wengqungquthela yeqembu labasebenzisi be-Java, futhi ngangifuna ukukhetha okuthile okungathakazelisa ngokukhethekile kubahleli bezinhlelo ze-Java. Indlela elula kwakuwukukhuluma ngalezo zinto emtatsheni wezincwadi weJava enganginesandla ngandlela thize.
Алексей: Sicabanga ukuthi izethameli eziku-Hydra seziyazi okuthile mayelana nezinhlelo ezingakhiyiwe futhi mhlawumbe zinolwazi oluthile kule ndawo. Kodwa lokhu kuwumcabango nje kuphela; Noma kunjalo, siyabonga ngesikhathi sakho. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi inhlolokhono izothakazelisa kakhulu kubafundi bethu. Ngibonga kakhulu!
Vitaliy: Ngiyabonga.
UMichael: Ngingakujabulela ukuhlangana nawe eSt.
Алексей: Nathi sinomuzi omuhle. Wake waba lapha?
UMichael: Cha, angikaze ngiye eRussia nhlobo. Kodwa iSt. Petersburg ibilokhu isohlwini lwezindawo engingakafiki kuzo, kodwa lapho engifuna ukuya khona ngempela, ngakho ngajabula kakhulu ngesimemo.
Алексей: Nokho, sizoba nohlelo lohambo lwezikhulumi. Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngengxoxo, futhi ube nosuku oluhle!
Ungaqhubeka nengxoxo yakho noMichael engqungqutheleni ye-Hydra 2019, ezoba ngoJulayi 11-12, 2019 e-St. Uzofika nombiko . Amathikithi angathengwa .
Source: www.habr.com
