Abathuthukisi bebelokhu bekhuluma ngezinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-blockchain iminyaka eminingi. Bakuphikisa lokhu “ngamacala okusebenzisa” angacacile kanye nezincazelo ezingacacile zendlela ubuchwepheshe obusebenza ngayo, ukuthi empeleni bungenzelani, nokuthi izinkundla ezibusebenzisayo zihluke kanjani kwezinye. Akumangalisi ukuthi lokhu kuye kwabangela ukudideka nokungathenjwa kobuchwepheshe be-blockchain.
Kulesi sihloko, ngifuna ukuchaza isethi yamamodeli engqondo azokusiza uqonde ukuthi izimo ezingase zisebenziseke ziholela kanjani ekuhwebeni kwezobuchwepheshe okufanele kwenziwe yinkundla ngayinye. Lezi zibonelo zengqondo zakhiwe ngesisekelo senqubekelaphambili eyenziwe ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, sedlule ezizukulwaneni ze-3 ekuthuthukisweni kwayo: imali evulekile, imali evulekile futhi, ekugcineni, i-intanethi evulekile.
Umgomo wami ukukusiza ukuthi wakhe ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi iyini i-blockchain, uqonde ukuthi kungani kudingeka amapulatifomu ahlukene, futhi ucabange ngekusasa le-inthanethi evulekile.
Isingeniso Esifushane seBlockchain
Izisekelo ezimbalwa. I-Blockchain empeleni iyisizindalwazi esilawulwa yiqembu labaqhubi abahlukene, esikhundleni sebhizinisi elilodwa (njenge-Amazon, iMicrosoft noma i-Google). Umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-blockchain nefu ukuthi akudingeki uthembele "umnikazi" wedatha (noma ukuphepha kwabo kokusebenza) ukuze ugcine idatha ebalulekile. Uma i-blockchain isesidlangalaleni (futhi wonke ama-blockchain amakhulu asesidlangalaleni), noma ubani angayisebenzisela noma yini.
Ukuze uhlelo olunjalo lusebenze ngenani elikhulu lamadivayisi angaziwa emhlabeni jikelele, kufanele libe nethokheni yedijithali ezosetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhokha. Ngalawa mathokheni, abasebenzisi be-chain bazokhokha opharetha besistimu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithokheni inikeza isiqinisekiso sokuphepha, esinqunywa inkolelo yomdlalo efakwe kuyo. Futhi nakuba lo mbono waphazanyiswa kakhulu yi-boom kuma-ICO anokukhwabanisa ngo-2017, wona kanye umqondo wamathokheni namathokheni ngokujwayelekile, okungukuthi impahla eyodwa yedijithali ingakhonjwa futhi ithunyelwe, inamandla amakhulu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlukanisa ingxenye yesizindalwazi esigcina idatha engxenyeni elungisa idatha (umshini obonakalayo).
Izici ezahlukahlukene zesekethe zingathuthukiswa. Isibonelo, ukuphepha (ku-bitcoin), isivinini, intengo noma ukulinganisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-logic yokuguqula ingabuye ithuthukiswe ngezindlela eziningi: ingaba umshini wokubala wokuhlanganisa nokukhipha (njengaku-Bitcoin), noma mhlawumbe umshini we-virtual ophelele we-Turing (njengaku-Ethereum kanye ne-NEAR).
Ngakho-ke amapulatifomu amabili e-blockchain angakwazi "ukulungisa" umshini wabo we-blockchain kanye ne-virtual ukuze enze imisebenzi ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi angase angalokothi ancintisane emakethe. Isibonelo, i-Bitcoin uma iqhathaniswa ne-Ethereum noma i-NEAR iyizwe elihluke ngokuphelele, futhi i-Ethereum ne-NEAR, nayo, ayihlangene ne-Ripple ne-Stellar - naphezu kokuthi bonke basebenza "kubuchwepheshe be-blockchain".
Izizukulwane ezintathu ze-blockchain
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezixazululo ezithile ekwakhiweni kwesistimu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-blockchain ezizukulwaneni ezi-3 zokuthuthuka kwayo eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. Lezi zizukulwane zingahlukaniswa kanje:
- Vula imali: nikeza wonke umuntu ukufinyelela emalini yedijithali.
- Vula ezezimali: yenza imali yedijithali ihleleke futhi ucindezele imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kwayo.
- Vula i-inthanethi: nweba ezezimali ezivulekile ukuze zifake ulwazi olubalulekile lwanoma yiluphi uhlobo futhi lutholakale ukuze lusetshenziswe abantu abaningi.
Ake siqale ngemali evulekile.
Isizukulwane sokuqala: imali evulekile
Imali iyisisekelo sobunxiwankulu. Isigaba sokuqala sasivumela noma ubani ukuthi afinyelele imali.
Enye yedatha ebaluleke kakhulu engagcinwa kusizindalwazi yimali ngokwayo. Lokhu ukusungulwa kwe-bitcoin: ukuba ne-ledger elula esabalalisiwe evumela wonke umuntu ukuthi avume ukuthi uJoe unama-bitcoins angu-30 futhi usanda kuthumela uJill 1,5 bitcoins. I-Bitcoin imiselwe ukubeka phambili ukuphepha ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinketho. Ukuvumelana kwe-Bitcoin kubiza ngendlela emangalisayo, kudla isikhathi, futhi kusekelwe ebhodleleni, futhi ngokwezinga lokuguqulwa, empeleni kuyisibali esilula sokuhlanganisa nokukhipha esivumela ukuthengiselana neminye imisebenzi elinganiselwe kakhulu.
I-Bitcoin iyisibonelo esihle esibonisa izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokugcina idatha ku-blockchain: ayincikile kunoma yibaphi abaxhumanisi futhi iyatholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Okusho ukuthi, noma ubani onama-bitcoins angakwazi ukudlulisa i-p2p ngaphandle kokusebenzisa usizo lwanoma ubani.
Ngenxa yobulula namandla alokho okwathenjiswa yi-Bitcoin, “imali” yaba ngelinye lamacala okuqala futhi aphumelela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-blockchain. Kodwa "ihamba kancane, ibiza kakhulu, futhi ivikelekile kakhulu" uhlelo lwe-bitcoin lusebenza kahle ekugcineni impahla - efana negolide, kodwa hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezinsizakalo ezifana nezinkokhelo ze-inthanethi noma ukudluliselwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukusetha imali evulekile
Kulawa maphethini okusetshenziswa, amanye amasekhethi adalwe anezilungiselelo ezihlukile:
- Ukudluliswa kwemali: Ukuze izigidi zabantu zikwazi ukuthumela amanani angekho emthethweni emhlabeni wonke nsuku zonke, udinga okuthile okusebenzayo kakhulu futhi okungabizi kakhulu kune-Bitcoin. Nokho, isistimu yakho kusafanele inikeze izinga elanele lokuphepha. I-Ripple ne-Stellar amaphrojekthi athuthukise amaketanga abo ukuze afinyelele lo mgomo.
- Ukuthengiselana okusheshayo: Ukuze izigidigidi zabantu zisebenzise imali yedijithali ngendlela efanayo nazisebenzisa amakhadi esikweletu, udinga uchungechunge ukuze ukale kahle, ube nokusebenza okuphezulu, futhi uhlale ungabizi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili, ngezindleko zokuphepha. Okokuqala ukwakha "ungqimba lwesibili" olusheshayo phezulu kwe-bitcoin, okwenza inethiwekhi isebenze kahle, futhi ngemva kokuqedwa kokuthengiselana, ihambisa izimpahla emuva "ku-vault" ye-bitcoin. Isibonelo sesixazululo esinjalo yi-Lightning Network. Indlela yesibili ukwakha i-blockchain entsha ezohlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha, kuyilapho ivumela ukuthengiselana okusheshayo, okushibhile, njengase-Libra.
- Okwenziwayo okuyimfihlo: ukuze ugcine ubumfihlo obuphelele ngesikhathi sokuthenga, udinga ukwengeza isendlalelo sokungaziwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusebenza futhi kwandisa intengo, okuyindlela i-Zcash ne-Monero esebenza ngayo.
Njengoba imali enjalo ingamathokheni, okuyimpahla yedijithali ngokuphelele, ingabuye ihlelwe ezingeni eliyisisekelo lesistimu. Isibonelo, inani eliphelele le-bitcoin elizokhiqizwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lihlelwe ohlelweni oluyisisekelo lwe-bitcoin. Ngokwakha uhlelo oluhle lwekhompiyutha ngaphezulu kwezinga eliyisisekelo, lungathathwa luye ezingeni elisha lonke.
Yilapho kutholakala khona izimali ezivulekile.
Isizukulwane sesibili: ezezimali ezivulekile
Ngezimali ezivulekile, imali ayisekho nje isitolo senani noma ithuluzi lokuthengiselana - manje ungazuza kuyo, okwandisa amandla ayo.
Izakhiwo ezivumela abantu ukuthi benze ukudluliselwa kwe-Bitcoin esidlangalaleni futhi zivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi babhale izinhlelo ezenza okufanayo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ake sicabange ukuthi imali yedijithali ine-API yayo ezimele, engadingi ukuthola ukhiye we-API noma isivumelwano somsebenzisi kunoma iyiphi inkampani.
Yilokhu okuthenjiswa “izimali ezivulekile”, ezaziwa nangokuthi “izimali ezimisiwe” (i-DeFi).
ETHEREUM
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-Bitcoin API ilula futhi ayikhiqizi. Kwanele ukuhambisa imibhalo kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin evumela ukuthi isebenze. Ukuze wenze okuthile okuthakazelisayo, udinga ukudlulisa i-Bitcoin ngokwayo kwenye isiteji se-blockchain, okungewona umsebenzi olula.
Amanye amapulatifomu asebenze ukuhlanganisa izinga eliphezulu lokuphepha elidingekayo ukuze kusebenze imali yedijithali ngezinga eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lokuguqulwa. U-Ethereum ube ngowokuqala ukwethula lokhu. Esikhundleni se-bitcoin "i-calculator" esebenza ngokuhlanganisa nokukhipha, u-Ethereum wadala umshini wonke we-virtual phezu kwesendlalelo sesitoreji, okuvumela abathuthukisi ukuba babhale izinhlelo ezigcwele futhi baziqhube ngqo ku-chain.
Ukubaluleka kulele eqinisweni lokuthi ukuvikeleka kwempahla yedijithali (isibonelo, imali) egcinwe ochungechungeni kuyafana nokuvikeleka nokwethembeka kwezinhlelo ezingashintsha ngokwemvelo isimo salolu chungechunge. Izinhlelo zenkontileka ezihlakaniphile ze-Ethereum ziyimibhalo engenaseva esebenza ochungechungeni ngendlela efanayo njengoba okwenziwa kakhulu "thumela amathokheni we-Jill 23" ku-bitcoin. Ithokheni yomdabu yakwa-Ethereum yi-ether, noma i-ETH.
Izingxenye zeBlockchain njengePipeline
Njengoba i-API engaphezulu kwe-ETH isesidlangalaleni (njengase-Bitcoin) kodwa ihlelwa ngokungenamkhawulo, kwakungenzeka ukudala uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi wokwakha adlulisela i-ether komunye nomunye ukwenza umsebenzi owusizo kumsebenzisi wokugcina.
“Ezweni elijwayelekile”, lokhu kuzodinga, isibonelo, ibhange elikhulu elizoxoxisana ngemibandela yezinkontileka kanye nokufinyelela ku-API nomhlinzeki ngamunye ngamunye. Kepha ku-blockchain, ngalinye lalawa mabhulokhi ladalwa ngokuzimela ngabathuthukisi futhi lenyuka ngokushesha lafinyelela ezigidini zamadola wemali engenayo kanye nesitoreji senani esingaphezu kwesigidigidi esingu-$1 kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2020.
Isibonelo, ake siqale nge-Dharma, isikhwama semali esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bagcine amathokheni edijithali futhi bathole inzalo kuwo. Lesi yisimiso esibalulekile sokusebenzisa uhlelo lwamabhange oluvamile. Abathuthukisi be-Dharma banikeza inani lenzalo kubasebenzisi babo ngokuxhuma izingxenye eziningi ezidalwe ngesisekelo se-Ethereum. Isibonelo, amadola omsebenzisi aguqulwa abe yi-DAI, i-stablecoin esekwe ku-Ethereum elingana nedola laseMelika. Le stablecoin ibe isidluliselwa ku-Compound, iphrothokholi eboleka leyo mali ngenzalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela izuze inzalo esheshayo kubasebenzisi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezivulekile
I-takeaway eyinhloko ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina ofinyelele kumsebenzisi wakhiwe kusetshenziswa izingxenye eziningi, ngayinye eyakhiwe ithimba elihlukile, futhi lezi zingxenye azidingi imvume noma ukhiye we-API ukuze zisetshenziswe. Izigidigidi zamaRandi okwamanje zijikeleza kulolu hlelo. Kucishe kufane nesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, kodwa uma umthombo ovulekile udinga ukulanda ikhophi yomtapo wolwazi othile ekusetshenzisweni ngakunye, izingxenye ezivuliwe zisetshenziswa kanye kuphela, bese umsebenzisi ngamunye angathumela izicelo engxenyeni ethile ukuze afinyelele isimo sawo esijwayelekile. .
Iqembu ngalinye elidale lezi zingxenye alinasibopho sanoma yiziphi izikweletu ezeqile ze-EC2 ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwe-API yazo. Ukufunda nokushaja ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zingxenye empeleni kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphakathi kweketango.
Ukusebenza nokushuna
I-Ethereum isebenza nemingcele efanayo ne-bitcoin, kodwa amabhlogo adluliselwa kunethiwekhi cishe izikhathi ezingu-30 ngokushesha futhi ezishibhile - izindleko zokuthengiselana ziyi-$ 0,1 esikhundleni se-$ 0,5 ku-bitcoin. Lokhu kunikeza izinga elanele lokuphepha lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilawula izimpahla zezezimali futhi ezingadingi umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu.
Inethiwekhi ye-Ethereum, ekubeni ubuchwepheshe besizukulwane sokuqala, yanqotshwa umthamo omkhulu wezicelo futhi yahlupheka ngenxa yokuthengiselana kwe-15 ngomzuzwana. Leli gebe lokusebenza lishiye ezezimali ezivulekile zibambekile esimweni sobufakazi bomqondo. Inethiwekhi elayishwe ngokweqile yayisebenza njengohlelo lwezimali lomhlaba wonke esikhathini samadivayisi e-analog anokuhlolwa kwephepha nokuqinisekisa ngocingo ngoba i-Ethereum inamandla amancane okwenza ikhompuyutha kunawo. Iminyaka engu-1990.
I-Ethereum ibonise ukusebenzisana ezimweni zokusetshenziswa kwezimali futhi yavula ukufinyelela kuhlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibizwa ngokuthi i-inthanethi evulekile.
Isizukulwane Sesithathu: I-inthanethi Evulekile
Manje yonke into enenani ingaba yimali ngokuxhuma i-inthanethi ngezimali ezivulekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela idale i-inthanethi yenani kanye ne-inthanethi evulekile.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, umqondo wemali evulekile unezicelo eziningi. Kubuye kwachazwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe besizukulwane esilandelayo, i-Ethereum, yenze imali evulekile ibe usizo kakhulu ngokudala amathuba okuhlanganisa izingxenye zezimali ezivulekile. Manje ake sibheke ukuthi esinye isizukulwane sobuchwepheshe siwandisa kanjani amathuba okuthola imali evulekile futhi sikhulula amandla eqiniso e-blockchain.
Ekuqaleni, yonke "imali" eshiwo yizinhlobo zedatha ezigcinwe ku-blockchain nge-API yayo yomphakathi. Kodwa i-database ingagcina noma yini.
Ngenxa yokuklama kwayo, i-blockchain ifaneleka kakhulu idatha yenani elibalulekile. Incazelo "inani elibalulekile" ivumelana nezimo ngokwedlulele. Noma iyiphi idatha enenani elingase ibe khona kubantu ingenziwa ithokheni. I-Tokenization kulo mongo inqubo lapho impahla ekhona (engadalwanga kusukela ekuqaleni njenge-bitcoin) idluliselwa ku-blockchain futhi inikezwe i-API yomphakathi efanayo ne-bitcoin noma i-Ethereum. Njenge-bitcoin, lokhu kuvumela ukushoda (kungaba amathokheni ayizigidi ezingu-21 noma eyodwa kuphela).
Cabanga ngesibonelo se-Reddit lapho abasebenzisi bezuza khona isithunzi ku-inthanethi ngendlela ye-"karma". Futhi ake sithathe iphrojekthi efana ne-Sofi, lapho kusetshenziswa imibandela eminingi ukuze kuhlolwe i-solvency yomuntu othile. Emhlabeni wanamuhla, uma ithimba le-hackathon elithuthukisa i-Sofi entsha lifuna ukushumeka isilinganiso se-karma ye-Reddit ku-algorithm yabo yokuboleka, bazodinga ukungena esivumelwaneni samazwe amabili nethimba le-Reddit ukuze bathole ukufinyelela okuqinisekisiwe ku-API. Uma "i-karma" ifakwe uphawu, khona-ke leli qembu lizoba nawo wonke amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze lihlanganiswe ne "karma" futhi i-Reddit ngeke ikwazi ngisho nayo. Uzovele asebenzise iqiniso lokuthi abasebenzisi abaningi nakakhulu bafuna ukuthuthukisa i-karma yabo, ngoba manje ayisizi kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-Reddit, kodwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuqhubekela phambili, amaqembu ahlukene ayi-100 ku-hackathon elandelayo angeza nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa lokhu kanye nezinye izimpahla ukuze akhe isethi entsha yezingxenye ezisebenziseka kabusha ezitholakala esidlangalaleni noma akhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha zabathengi. Lona umbono ngemuva kwe-inthanethi evulekile.
I-Ethereum yenze kwaba lula "ukudonsa amapayipi" amanani amakhulu ngokusebenzisa izingxenye zomphakathi, ngokufanayo evumela noma iyiphi impahla engenziwa ithokheni ukuthi idluliselwe, isetshenziswe, ishintshwe, ihlanganiswe, iguqulwe, noma kuxhunyanwe nayo ngenye indlela, njengoba kushiwo esizindeni sayo somphakathi.
Isethela i-inthanethi evuliwe
I-inthanethi evulekile empeleni ayihlukile kwezezimali ezivulekile: iyisakhiwo esiphezulu esiphezu kwazo. Ukwenyuka kwezimo zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi evulekile kudinga ukweqa okukhulu ekukhiqizeni kanye nekhono lokuheha abasebenzisi abasha.
Ukugcina i-inthanethi evulekile, inkundla idinga izici ezilandelayo:
- Ukusebenza okukhulu, isivinini esisheshayo kanye nokuthenga okushibhile. Njengoba lolu chungechunge lungasadlulisi nje izinqumo zokuphathwa kwempahla okunensayo, ludinga ukukala ukuze lusekele izinhlobo zedatha eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimo zokusebenzisa.
- Ukusebenziseka. Njengoba izimo zokusetshenziswa zizohumusheka zibe izinhlelo zokusebenza zabasebenzisi, kubalulekile ukuthi izingxenye ezidalwa onjiniyela, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthukiswe ngazo, zinikeze ulwazi oluhle kumsebenzisi wokugcina. Isibonelo, lapho bedala i-akhawunti noma bexhuma ekhona ezimpahleni nasezinkundleni ezahlukene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo begcina ukulawula idatha esezandleni zomsebenzisi.
Azikho izinkundla ezazinezici ezinjalo ngaphambili ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bazo. Kuthathe iminyaka yocwaningo ukufika lapho izindlela ezintsha zokuvumelana zihlangana nezimo ezintsha zokusebenza nezindlela ezintsha zokukala, kuyilapho kugcinwa ukusebenza nokuvikeleka okufunwa yimpahla yemali.
inkundla ye-inthanethi evulekile
Inqwaba yamaphrojekthi we-blockchain azomaketha kulo nyaka enze amapulatifomu awo ngokwezifiso ukuze anikeze imali ehlukahlukene evulekile futhi avule amacala okusebenzisa imali. Uma kubhekwa ukulinganiselwa kobuchwepheshe kulesi sigaba, kube yinzuzo kubo ukukhulisa inkundla yabo ukuze uthole i-niche ethile.
OKUDUZE kuwukuphela kweketango elilungise ubuchwepheshe balo ngokuqaphela futhi lashuna izici zalo zokusebenza ukuze lihlangabezane ngokugcwele nezidingo ze-inthanethi evulekile.
I-NEAR ihlanganisa izindlela zokukala ezivela emhlabeni wolwazi olusebenza kahle kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi sokusebenza kanye neminyaka yokuthuthukiswa kokusebenziseka. Njengo-Ethereum, i-NEAR inomshini ophelele ophelele owakhiwe phezu kwe-blockchain, kodwa ukuze "uhambisane nesidingo", uchungechunge olungaphansi lulinganisa ukuphuma komshini we-virtual ngokuhlukanisa izibalo zibe izinqubo ezifanayo (sharding). Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igcina ukuphepha ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze okuthembekile isitoreji idatha.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izimo zokusebenzisa zingase zisetshenziswe EDUZE: Izinhlamvu zemali ezine-fiat-backed ezinikeza wonke umuntu ukufinyelela ohlotsheni lwemali oluzinzile, izindlela zezimali ezivulekile ezifinyelela kumathuluzi ezezimali ayinkimbinkimbi futhi abuyele ngaphambi kokuba abantu abavamile bawasebenzise, futhi ekugcineni izinhlelo zokusebenza zomthombo ovulekile. , edonsa konke lokhu ekuhwebeni kwansuku zonke nokusebenzisana.
isiphetho
Indaba ye-inthanethi evulekile isanda kuqala ngoba sisanda kuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze ilethe esikalini sayo sangempela. Manje njengoba lesi sinyathelo esikhulu sesithathiwe, ikusasa lizokwakhiwa phezu kwezinto ezintsha ezingadalwa kulobu buchwepheshe obusha, kanye nemishini yezobuchwepheshe yabathuthukisi kanye nosomabhizinisi abahamba phambili eqinisweni elisha.
Ukuze uqonde umthelela ongaba khona we-inthanethi evulekile, cabanga "ngokuqhuma kwe-Cambrian" okwenzeka ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izimiso ze-inthanethi zakuqala ezidingekayo ukuze kuvunyelwe abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise imali ku-inthanethi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990. Eminyakeni engama-25 eyalandela, i-e-commerce ikhule, ikhiqiza ngaphezulu kwama- $ 2 trillion ngevolumu minyaka yonke.
Ngokunjalo, i-inthanethi evulekile inweba indawo kanye nokufinyelela kwezinto zokuqala zezimali zezimali futhi izivumele ukuthi zifakwe ebhizinisini nasezinhlelweni ezigxile kubathengi ngezindlela esingaqagela ngazo kodwa ngokuqinisekile singazibikezeli.
Ake sakhe i-inthanethi evulekile ndawonye!
Uhlu oluncane lwezinsiza zalabo abafuna ukumba bajule manje:
1. Bona ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ngaphansi kwe-NEAR kubukeka kanjani, futhi ungazama nge-IDE eku-inthanethi .
2. Onjiniyela abafisa ukujoyina i-ecosystem .
3. Amadokhumenti abanzi kanjiniyela ngesiNgisi ayatholakala .
4. Ungakwazi ukulandela zonke izindaba in Russian in , futhi ku
5. Uma unemibono ngezinkonzo eziqhutshwa umphakathi futhi ungathanda ukusebenza phezu kwazo, sicela uvakashele eyethu ukwesekwa kosomabhizinisi.
Source: www.habr.com