Petersburg, ngo-2012
Umbhalo awuphathelene nefilosofi ku-inthanethi futhi hhayi ngefilosofi ye-Intanethi - ifilosofi ne-Intanethi zihlukaniswe ngokuqinile kuwo: ingxenye yokuqala yombhalo inikezwe ifilosofi, eyesibili kwi-Intanethi. Umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo" usebenza njenge-eksisi yokuxhuma phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili: ingxoxo izogxila ifilosofi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi mayelana Ukuvela kwe-inthanethi. Okokuqala, kuzoboniswa ukuthi ifilosofi - ifilosofi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke, ehlome nomqondo "wobunye" - isiholela nakanjani emcabangweni wokuthi i-intanethi iyisibonelo sesistimu ye-post-social evolutionary ezayo; bese i-inthanethi ngokwayo, noma kunalokho ukucabanga kokuthuthuka kwayo, kuzoqinisekisa ilungelo lefilosofi lokuxoxa ngezihloko ezibonakala ziwubuchwepheshe kuphela.
Ubunye bezobuchwepheshe
Umqondo wokuthi "ubunye" ne-epithet "ubuchwepheshe" yethulwa isazi sezibalo nomlobi u-Vernor Vinge ukuze aqoke iphuzu elikhethekile eksisi yesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwempucuko. Ukwengeza kusukela emthethweni odumile kaMoore, ngokusho ukuthi inani lezakhi kumaprosesa wekhompiyutha liphindwe kabili njalo ezinyangeni ze-18, wenza ukucabanga ukuthi endaweni ethile cishe ngo-2025 (unikeze noma uthathe iminyaka eyi-10) ama-computer chips kufanele alingane namandla e-computing obuchopho bomuntu ( Yebo, ngokusemthethweni - ngokwenani elilindelekile lemisebenzi). U-Vinge uthe ngale komngcele kukhona into engenabuntu, i-superintelligence yokwenziwa, isilindele (isintu), futhi kufanele sicabange ngokucophelela ukuthi singakwazi yini (nokuthi kufanele) sikuvimbele lokhu kuhlasela.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kweplanethi eyodwa
Igagasi lesibili lesithakazelo enkingeni yobubodwa lavela ngemva kokuba ososayensi abaningana (uPanov, Kurzweil, Snooks) benze ukuhlaziywa kwezinombolo kwesenzakalo sokusheshisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okungukuthi ukuncishiswa kwezikhathi phakathi kwezinkinga zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma, omunye angase athi, "izinguquko. ” emlandweni woMhlaba. Izinguquko ezinjalo zihlanganisa inhlekelele yomoya-mpilo kanye nokubukeka okuhlobene kwamangqamuzana enuzi (eukaryote); Ukuqhuma kwe-Cambrian - ngokushesha, cishe ngokushesha ngamazinga e-paleontological, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kuhlanganise nama-vertebrates; izikhathi zokubukeka nokushabalala kwama-dinosaurs; umsuka wama-hominids; Neolithic kanye nezinguquko zasemadolobheni; ukuqala kweNkathi Ephakathi; izinguquko zezimboni nolwazi; ukuwa kwe-bipolar imperialist system (ukuwa kwe-USSR). Kwaboniswa ukuthi izikhathi ezisohlwini nezinye eziningi zoguquko emlandweni weplanethi yethu zifanelana nephethini-ifomula ethile enesixazululo esisodwa cishe ngo-2027. Kulokhu, ngokungafani nokuqagela okuqagelayo kukaVinge, sibhekene “nobunye” ngomqondo wezibalo wendabuko - inani lezingqinamba kuleli phuzu, ngokwefomula elisuselwe empirically, liba elingapheli, futhi izikhala phakathi kwazo zivame uziro, okungukuthi, isixazululo se-equation siba nokungaqiniseki.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ukukhomba iphuzu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhomba kithi kokuthile okubaluleke kakhulu kunokwenyuka okuvinjelwe kokukhiqizwa kwekhompiyutha - siyaqonda ukuthi sisonqenqemeni lomcimbi obalulekile emlandweni weplanethi.
Ubunye bezepolitiki, amasiko, ezomnotho njengezici zenkinga enkulu yempucuko
Okungavamile kwenkathi yomlando eseduze (iminyaka eyi-10-20 elandelayo) kuboniswa nokuhlaziywa kwemikhakha yezomnotho, ezombusazwe, yamasiko, nezesayensi yomphakathi (okwenziwa yimi emsebenzini ""): ukunwetshwa kwamathrendi entuthuko akhona ezimeni zenqubekelaphambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe nakanjani kuholela ezimeni "ezobunye".
Uhlelo lwesimanje lwezezimali nezomnotho, empeleni, luyithuluzi lokuxhumanisa ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwempahla ehlukaniswe ngesikhathi nendawo. Uma sihlaziya ukuthambekela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zenethiwekhi zokuxhumana kanye ne-automation yokukhiqiza, singafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isenzo ngasinye sokusetshenziswa sizobe sisondelene kakhulu nesenzo sokukhiqiza, esizoqeda ngempela isidingo. ohlelweni olukhona lwezezimali nezomnotho. Okusho ukuthi, ubuchwepheshe besimanje bolwazi sebuvele busondela ezingeni lentuthuko lapho ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo owodwa kuzonqunywa hhayi ngezibalo zemakethe yokusetshenziswa, kodwa ngomyalelo womthengi othize. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuncipha kwemvelo kwezindleko zesikhathi sokusebenza sokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo owodwa ekugcineni kuzoholela esimweni lapho ukukhiqizwa kwalo mkhiqizo kuzodinga umzamo omncane, wehliselwe esenzweni. yoku-oda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, umkhiqizo oyinhloko awuyona idivayisi yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo - uhlelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kukhombisa kokubili ukungagwemeki kwenhlekelele ephelele yesistimu yezomnotho yesimanje esikhathini esizayo, kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokusekelwa okungenakuphikiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kohlobo olusha lokudidiyela ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa. Kunengqondo ukubiza lesi sikhathi senguquko esichaziwe emlandweni womphakathi ngobubodwa bezomnotho.
Isiphetho mayelana nokusondela kobunye bezombangazwe singatholwa ngokuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwezenzo ezimbili zokuphatha ezihlukaniswa ngesikhathi: ukwenza isinqumo esibalulekile emphakathini nokuhlola umphumela wako - zivame ukuhlangana. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yokuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yezizathu zokukhiqiza kanye nezobuchwepheshe kuphela, isikhawu sesikhathi phakathi kokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile emphakathini kanye nokuthola imiphumela silokhu sincipha kancane kancane: kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili kuya eminyakeni, izinyanga, noma izinsuku izwe lanamuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi lwenethiwekhi, inkinga enkulu yokuphatha ngeke ibe ukuqokwa komenzi wesinqumo, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komphumela. Okungukuthi, nakanjani sifika esimweni lapho ithuba lokwenza isinqumo linikezwa wonke umuntu, futhi ukuhlolwa komphumela wesinqumo akudingi noma yiziphi izindlela zezombangazwe ezikhethekile (njengokuvota) futhi kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Kanye nobunye bezobuchwepheshe, ezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki, singaphinde sikhulume ngobunye bamasiko obubonakaliswe ngokusobala: mayelana noguquko ukusuka ekubekweni phambili okuphelele kwezitayela zobuciko ezilandelanayo ezilandelanayo (ngenkathi efinyeziwe yokuchuma kwazo) ukuya ekuphileni okufanayo, kanyekanye konke ukuhlukahluka okungenzeka kwezinhlobo zamasiko, enkululekweni yokusungula komuntu ngamunye kanye nokusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye kwemikhiqizo yalokhu kusungula.
Kusayensi nefilosofi, kukhona ukushintsha encazelweni nenjongo yolwazi kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo ezinengqondo ezihlelekile (ithiyori) kuya ekukhuleni kokuqonda komuntu okubalulekile, kuya ekwakhekeni kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umqondo ovamile wangemva kwesayensi, noma okuthunyelwe. -umbono wezwe oyedwa.
Ubunye njengokuphela kwesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ngokwesiko, ingxoxo mayelana nobunye - kokubili ububodwa bezobuchwepheshe obuhambisana nokukhathazeka mayelana nokugqilazwa kwabantu ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nobunye beplanethi, obususelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezinhlekelele zemvelo nempucuko - iqhutshwa mayelana nenhlekelele. Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni okuvamile kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umuntu akufanele acabange ngobunye obuzayo njengokuphela komhlaba. Kunengqondo kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi sibhekene nesenzakalo esibalulekile, esithakazelisayo, kodwa esingajwayelekile emlandweni weplanethi - ngokudlulela ezingeni elisha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okusho ukuthi, inani lezixazululo eziyingqayizivele eziphakama lapho ukuthambekela kwe-extrapolating ekuthuthukisweni kweplanethi, umphakathi, nobuchwepheshe bedijithali kubonisa ukuphothulwa kwesigaba esilandelayo (somphakathi) sokuziphendukela kwemvelo emlandweni womhlaba jikelele weplanethi kanye nokuqala kokuthunyelwe okusha. -owomphakathi. Okungukuthi, sibhekene nesenzakalo esingokomlando esiqathaniswa ngokubaluleka noguquko olusuka enguqulweni ye-protobiological ukuya ku-biological (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 edlule) kanye nokusuka kokuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo ukuya ekuziphendukeleni kwezenhlalakahle (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,5 edlule).
Phakathi nezikhathi zoshintsho ezishiwo, izixazululo eziyingqayizivele nazo zabonwa. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi soguquko kusuka esigabeni se-protobiological sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuya esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo, ukulandelana kokuhlanganiswa okungahleliwe kwama-polymer amasha aphilayo kwathathelwa indawo inqubo evamile eqhubekayo yokukhiqiza kabusha kwawo, engabizwa ngokuthi “ubunye bokuhlanganiswa.” Futhi ukushintshela esigabeni senhlalo kwakuhambisana "nobunye bokuzivumelanisa nezimo": uchungechunge lokuzivumelanisa kwezinto eziphilayo lwakhula lwaba inqubo eqhubekayo yokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini eguquguqukayo, okungukuthi, izinto ezivumela umuntu ukuthi acishe ajwayelane ngokushesha nanoma yiziphi izinguquko. imvelo (kubanda - gqoka ijazi loboya, laqala ukuna - wavula isambulela). Amathrendi eyodwa akhombisa ukuqedwa social isigaba sokuziphendukela kwemvelo singahunyushwa ngokuthi “ubunye bokuqanjwa kabusha kobuhlakani”. Eqinisweni, emashumini eminyaka adlule besibuka lobu bunye njengokuguqulwa kochungechunge lwezinto ezitholwe ngabanye kanye nezinto ezisunguliwe, ngaphambilini ezihlukaniswe izikhathi ezibalulekile, zibe ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kokuqanjwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Okusho ukuthi, ukushintshela esigabeni se-post-social kuzobonakala njengokuthatha indawo yokuvela okulandelanayo kokuqanjwa okusha (okutholakele, okusunguliwe) nesizukulwane sabo esiqhubekayo.
Ngalo mqondo, ngokwezinga elithile singakhuluma ngokubunjwa (okungukuthi ukwakheka, hhayi ukudalwa) kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ngokwezinga elifanayo, njengoba sithi, ukukhiqizwa komphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kungabizwa ngokuthi “impilo yokwenziwa,” futhi ukuphila ngokwako ngokombono wokukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo kwe-organic synthesis kungabizwa ngokuthi “i-artificial synthesis.” Ngokuvamile, uguquko ngalunye lokuziphendukela kwemvelo luhlotshaniswa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinqubo eziyisisekelo zezinga langaphambili lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngezindlela ezintsha, ezingaqondile. Impilo iyindlela engeyona yamakhemikhali yokukhiqiza kabusha ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali; ubuhlakani buyindlela engeyona eyebhayoloji yokuqinisekisa impilo. Ukuqhubeka nalo mqondo, singasho ukuthi uhlelo lwe-post-social luzoba yindlela "engenangqondo" yokuqinisekisa umsebenzi wobuhlakani bomuntu. Hhayi ngomqondo “wesiphukuphuku”, kodwa ngendlela nje engahlobene nomsebenzi womuntu okhaliphile.
Ngokusekelwe embonweni ohlongozwayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo-okulandelanayo, umuntu angenza umcabango mayelana nekusasa langemva komphakathi labantu (izakhi zesistimu yezenhlalo). Njengoba nje ama-bioprocesses engazange athathe indawo yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, kodwa, eqinisweni, amele ukulandelana kwawo okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba nje nokusebenza komphakathi akuzange kukhiphe ingqikithi yezinto eziphilayo (ebalulekile) yomuntu, kanjalo nesimiso se-post-social ngeke esikhundleni sobuhlakani bomuntu, kodwa ngeke ukudlule. Uhlelo lwe-post-social luzosebenza ngesisekelo sobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nokuqinisekisa imisebenzi yalo.
Sisebenzisa ukuhlaziya amaphethini okushintshela ezinhlelweni ezintsha zokuziphendukela kwemvelo (zebhayoloji, ezenhlalo) njengendlela yokubikezela umhlaba wonke, singabonisa izimiso ezithile zenguquko ezayo eya ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwangemva komphakathi. (1) Ukuphepha nokuzinza kwesistimu yangaphambilini ngesikhathi sokubunjwa okusha - umuntu kanye nobuntu, ngemva kokuguqulwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuya esigabeni esisha, kuzogcina izimiso eziyisisekelo zenhlangano yabo yezenhlalakahle. (2) Imvelo engeyona inhlekelele yenguquko ohlelweni lwe-post-social - ukuguqulwa ngeke kubonakale ekubhujisweni kwezakhiwo zesimiso samanje sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezinga elisha. (3) Ukufakwa ngokuphelele kwezakhi zesimiso sangaphambili sokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekusebenzeni okulandelayo - abantu bazoqinisekisa inqubo eqhubekayo yokudala ohlelweni lwe-post-social, ukugcina isakhiwo sabo sezenhlalakahle. (4) Ukungenzeki kokwenza izimiso zohlelo olusha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwemigomo yangaphambilini - asinalo futhi ngeke sibe nalo ulimi noma imiqondo yokuchaza uhlelo lwangemva komphakathi.
Isistimu ye-post-social kanye nenethiwekhi yolwazi
Zonke izinhlobo ezichazweyo zobunye, okubonisa uguquko oluzayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngandlela thize zixhumene nenqubekelaphambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, noma ngokuqondile kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi olwazi. Ubunye bobuchwepheshe buka-Vinge bukhomba ngokuqondile ekudalweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ubuhlakani obunamandla obukwazi ukumunca yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Igrafu echaza ukusheshisa kokuvela kweplanethi ifinyelela eqophelweni elilodwa lapho imvamisa yoshintsho olushintshashintshayo, imvamisa yezinto ezintsha kuthiwa ziba ezingapheli, okunengqondo futhi ukuhlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwempumelelo kubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi. Ubunye bezomnotho nezepolitiki - inhlanganisela yezenzo zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, ukuhlangana kwezikhathi zokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuhlolwa komphumela wakho - nakho kungumphumela oqondile wokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yolwazi.
Ukuhlaziywa koguquko lwangaphambilini lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusitshela ukuthi uhlelo lwangemva komphakathi kumele lusetshenziswe ezintweni eziyisisekelo zesistimu yezenhlalakahle - imiqondo yomuntu ngamunye ehlanganiswe ubudlelwano obungezona ezomphakathi (okungezona ezokukhiqiza). Okungukuthi, njengoba nje ukuphila kuyinto eqinisekisa ngempela ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali ngezindlela ezingezona zamakhemikhali (ngokukhiqiza kabusha), futhi isizathu siyinto eqinisekisa ngempela ukukhiqizwa kokuphila ngezindlela ezingezona ezebhayoloji (ekukhiqizeni), kanjalo nesistimu ye-post-social. kufanele kubhekwe njengento eqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuhlakaniphile ngezindlela ezingezona ezomphakathi . I-prototype yesistimu enjalo emhlabeni wanamuhla, yiqiniso, inethiwekhi yolwazi yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa kahle njenge-prototype - ukuze kunqamuke iphuzu lokuba munye, yona ngokwayo kusafanele isinde enkingeni engaphezu kweyodwa ukuze iguquke ibe into ezanele, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi iwebhu ye-semantic.
Ithiyori Yeqiniso Yezizwe Eziningi
Ukuxoxa ngezimiso ezingase zibe khona zokuhleleka kwesistimu ye-post-social kanye nokuguqulwa kwamanethiwekhi olwazi lwesimanje, ngaphezu kokucatshangelwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyadingeka ukulungisa ezinye izisekelo zefilosofi nezinengqondo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-ontology kanye neqiniso elinengqondo.
Kufilosofi yesimanje, kunemibono eminingana ephikisanayo yeqiniso: umlobeli, umgunyathi, i-pragmatic, evamile, ehambisanayo kanye nabanye, kuhlanganise ne-deflationary, ephika ukubaluleka komqondo "weqiniso". Kunzima ukucabanga lesi simo njengesolvable, okungase kugcine ekunqobeni omunye theory. Kunalokho, kufanele siqonde umgomo wokuhlobana kweqiniso, ongahlelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: iqiniso lomusho lingashiwo kuphela futhi kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezinhlelo eziningi ezivaliwe kakhulu noma ezingaphansi, esihlokweni esithi ““Ngiphakamise ukufona imihlaba enengqondo. Kusobala kithina ngamunye ukuthi ukuze sigomele iqiniso lomusho esiwushilo, osho isimo esithile ngokweqiniso komuntu siqu, ku-ontology yethu, akukho kubhekiselwa kunoma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono yeqiniso edingekayo: umusho uthi iqiniso nje ngokufakwa ku-ontology yethu, emhlabeni wethu onengqondo . Kuyacaca ukuthi kukhona futhi imihlaba enengqondo yomuntu ngamunye, ama-ontologies ajwayelekile abantu abahlanganiswe umsebenzi owodwa noma omunye - ezesayensi, ezenkolo, ezobuciko, njll. Futhi kusobala ukuthi kulowo nalowo mhlaba onengqondo iqiniso lemisho liqoshwa ngokuqondile. - ngokwendlela ezifakwe ngayo emsebenzini othize. Ukucaciswa komsebenzi ongaphakathi kwe-ontology ethile enquma isethi yezindlela zokulungisa nokukhiqiza imisho eyiqiniso: kweminye imihlaba indlela yokugunyaza ibusa (enkolweni), kweminye ihambisana (kwesayensi), kweminye ijwayelekile. (kwezokuziphatha, kwezepolitiki).
Ngakho-ke, uma singafuni ukukhawulela inethiwekhi ye-semantic ekuchazeni i-sphere eyodwa kuphela (ithi, iqiniso elingokoqobo), kufanele siqale siqhubeke eqinisweni lokuthi ayikwazi ukuba nomqondo owodwa, isimiso esisodwa seqiniso - inethiwekhi. kumele yakhelwe phezu komgomo wokulingana wokuphambana, kodwa imihlaba enengqondo engenakuncishiswa ngokuyisisekelo komunye nomunye, ebonisa ubuningi bayo yonke imisebenzi engase icatshangwe.
Umsebenzi we-ontologies
Futhi lapha sisuka kufilosofi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo siye ekuthuthukisweni kwe-inthanethi, sisuka ebunyeni bokucatshangelwa siye ezinkingeni ezisetshenziswayo zewebhu ye-semantic.
Izinkinga eziyinhloko zokwakha inethiwekhi ye-semantic zihlobene kakhulu nokutshalwa kwefilosofi yemvelo, yesayensi ngabaklami bayo, okungukuthi, ngemizamo yokudala i-ontology elungile kuphela ebonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inhloso yangempela. Futhi kuyacaca ukuthi iqiniso lemisho kule ontology kufanele linqunywe ngokwemithetho efanayo, ngokuya ngemfundiso yeqiniso yendawo yonke (okuvame ukusho ithiyori yombhali, njengoba sikhuluma ngokubhalelana kwemisho "kweqiniso lenhloso" ).
Lapha umbuzo kufanele ubuzwe: yini okufanele ichaze i-ontology, iyini lelo “qiniso lenhloso” okufanele lihambisane nalo? Isethi enganqunyelwe yezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi umhlaba, noma umsebenzi othile ngaphakathi kwesethi yezinto ezinomkhawulo? Yini esithakaselayo: iqiniso ngokujwayelekile noma ubudlelwano obuhleliwe bezehlakalo nezinto ezilandelanayo zezenzo ezihloselwe ukuzuza imiphumela ethile? Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kufanele sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi i-ontology inengqondo kuphela njengenomkhawulo futhi kuphela njenge-ontology yomsebenzi (izenzo). Ngakho-ke, akunangqondo ukukhuluma nge-ontology eyodwa: imisebenzi eminingi njengoba kune-ontology. Asikho isidingo sokusungula i-ontology, idinga ukukhonjwa ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi ngokwawo.
Yebo, kuyacaca ukuthi uma sikhuluma nge-ontology yezinto zendawo, i-ontology ye-navigation, kuzofana nayo yonke imisebenzi engagxiliwe ekuguquleni indawo. Kodwa uma siphendukela ezindaweni lapho izinto zingenakho uxhumano oluqondile kuzixhumanisi ze-spatio-temporal futhi azihlobene ngokoqobo ngokomzimba, khona-ke ama-ontologies aphindaphinda ngaphandle kwemingcele: singakwazi ukupheka isidlo, ukwakha indlu, ukudala indlela yokuqeqesha, bhala uhlelo lweqembu lezepolitiki, ukuhlanganisa amagama enkondlweni ngezindlela eziningi, futhi indlela ngayinye iyi-ontology ehlukene. Ngalokhu kuqonda i-ontologies (njengezindlela zokuqopha imisebenzi ethile), zingakhiwa futhi kufanele zidalwe kuphela kulo msebenzi. Kunjalo, inqobo nje uma sikhuluma ngemisebenzi eyenziwa ngokuqondile kukhompyutha noma eqoshwe kuyo. Futhi maduze nje ngeke kusaba khona abanye nhlobo; lezo ezingeke “zifakwe kwidijithali” akufanele zibe nentshisekelo ethile kithi.
I-Ontology njengomphumela oyinhloko womsebenzi
Noma yimuphi umsebenzi uqukethe imisebenzi engayodwana eyenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto zendawo yesihloko esingashintshi. Umlingisi (ngemuva kwalokhu sizombiza ngokwesiko umsebenzisi) ngokuphindaphindiwe - noma ngabe ubhala indatshana yesayensi, ugcwalisa itafula ngedatha, udweba uhlelo lomsebenzi - wenza isethi ejwayelekile yokusebenza, ekugcineni eholela ekuzuzweni umphumela omisiwe. Futhi kulomphumela ubona incazelo yomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa uma ubheka isikhundla hhayi endaweni utilitarian, kodwa systemically global, khona-ke ukubaluleka okuyinhloko komsebenzi wanoma yimuphi uchwepheshe alikho esihlokweni esilandelayo, kodwa endleleni yokubhala, ku-ontology yomsebenzi. Okusho ukuthi, umgomo wesibili oyisisekelo wenethiwekhi ye-semantic (ngemuva kwesiphetho "kufanele kube nenani elingenamkhawulo lama-ontologies; imisebenzi eminingi, njengama-ontologies amaningi") kufanele kube ithisisi: incazelo yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi ayikho emkhiqizweni wokugcina, kodwa ku-ontology erekhodwe phakathi nokuqaliswa kwayo.
Yiqiniso, umkhiqizo ngokwawo, sithi, i-athikili, iqukethe i-ontology - yona, empeleni, i-ontology equkethwe embhalweni, kodwa ngesimo esiqandisiwe umkhiqizo kunzima kakhulu ukuwuhlaziya nge-ontology. Kuleli tshe - umkhiqizo wokugcina omisiwe womsebenzi - lapho indlela ye-semantic iphula amazinyo ayo. Kodwa kufanele kucace ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlonza i-semantics (i-ontology) yombhalo kuphela uma usunayo i-ontology yalo mbhalo. Kunzima ngisho nangomuntu ukuqonda umbhalo one-ontology ethe ukuhluka (namagama ashintshiwe, igridi yomqondo), futhi nakakhulu ngohlelo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kucacile endleleni ehlongozwayo, asikho isidingo sokuhlaziya i-semantics yombhalo: uma sibhekene nomsebenzi wokuhlonza i-ontology ethile, asikho isidingo sokuhlaziya umkhiqizo ongaguquki, sidinga ukujika. ngqo emsebenzini ngokwawo, ngesikhathi ovele ngaso.
Umhlaziyi we-Ontology
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukudala indawo yesofthiwe ezoba yithuluzi lokusebenza lomsebenzisi onguchwepheshe kanye nomhlaziyi we-ontological orekhoda zonke izenzo zakhe. Umsebenzisi akadingeki ukuba enze okuthile okungaphezu komsebenzi nje: dala uhlaka lombhalo, awuhlele, useshe imithombo, gqamisa izingcaphuno, uwabeke ezigabeni ezifanele, enze imibhalo yaphansi namazwana, hlela inkomba nethesorasi, njll. , njll. Ubukhulu besenzo esengeziwe ukumaka amagama amasha nokuwaxhumanisa ne-ontology usebenzisa imenyu yokuqukethwe. Nakuba noma yimuphi uchwepheshe uzojabula kuphela ngalo “mthwalo” owengeziwe. Okusho ukuthi, umsebenzi ucacile: sidinga ukudala ithuluzi for professional kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ukuthi akakwazanga ukwenqaba, ithuluzi elingakuvumeli kuphela ukuthi wenze yonke imisebenzi ejwayelekile yokusebenza ngazo zonke izinhlobo zolwazi (ukuqoqwa, ukucubungula, ukumisa), kodwa futhi lenza imisebenzi ibe semthethweni, lakha i-ontology yalo msebenzi, futhi liyilungise lapho "isipiliyoni" sinqwabelana. .
Umkhathi wezinto kanye ne-ontologies yeqoqo
Kuyacaca ukuthi indlela echazwe yokwakha inethiwekhi ye-semantic izosebenza ngempela kuphela uma isimiso sesithathu sifinyelelwa: ukuhambisana kwesofthiwe yawo wonke ama-ontologies adalwe, okungukuthi, ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwabo kwesistimu. Yiqiniso, wonke umsebenzisi, wonke uchwepheshe udala i-ontology yakhe futhi asebenze endaweni yayo, kodwa ukuhambisana kwe-ontologies ngayinye ngokusho kwedatha futhi ngokuvumelana nemibono yenhlangano kuzoqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwe-ontology eyodwa. indawo yonke yezinto (idatha).
Ukuqhathanisa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-ontologies ngayinye kuzovumela, ngokukhomba ukuphambana kwazo, ukudala isihloko i-cluster ontologies - Izakhiwo zezinto ezihlelekile ngokwezigaba ezingezona ezodwa. Ukusebenzisana kwe-ontology ngayinye neqoqo kuzokwenza lula umsebenzi womsebenzisi, kuqondise futhi kulungiswe.
Ubunye bezinto
Isidingo esibalulekile senethiwekhi ye-semantic kufanele kube ukuqinisekisa ukuhluka kwezinto, ngaphandle kwalokho akunakwenzeka ukubona ukuxhunywa kwe-ontology ngayinye. Isibonelo, noma yimuphi umbhalo kufanele ube ohlelweni ngekhophi eyodwa - khona-ke sonke isixhumanisi esiya kuwo, zonke izingcaphuno zizorekhodwa: umsebenzisi angakwazi ukulandelela ukufakwa kombhalo nezingcezu zawo kumaqoqo athile noma ama-ontologies omuntu siqu. Kuyacaca ukuthi “ngekhophi eyodwa” asiqondile ukuyigcina kuseva eyodwa, kodwa sinikeza isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele entweni engancikile endaweni yaso. Okusho ukuthi, umgomo wokuphela komthamo wezinto eziyingqayizivele ezinobuningi nokungapheleli kwenhlangano yazo ku-ontology.
Umsebenzisicentrism
Umphumela obaluleke kakhulu wokuhlela inethiwekhi ye-semantic ngokohlelo oluhlongozwayo kuzoba ukwenqatshwa kwe-sitecentrism - isakhiwo esigxile kusayithi se-inthanethi. Ukubonakala nokuba khona kwento kunethiwekhi kusho kuphela futhi ngokukhethekileyo ukuyinikeza isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele futhi ifakwe okungenani ku-ontology eyodwa (ake sithi, i-ontology ngayinye yomsebenzisi othumele into). Into, isibonelo, umbhalo, akufanele ube nekheli kuwebhu - ayiboshelwe kusayithi noma ekhasini. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokufinyelela umbhalo ukuwuveza esipheqululini somsebenzisi ngemva kokuwuthola ku-ontology ethile (kungaba njengento ezimele, noma ngesixhumanisi noma ngokucaphuna). Inethiwekhi iba yi-user-centric kuphela: ngaphambi nangaphandle kokuxhumana komsebenzisi, sinendawo yonke yezinto kanye nama-ontologies amaningi eqoqo akhelwe phezu kwendawo yonke, futhi ngemva kokuxhumana kuphela lapho indawo yonke ilungiselela khona maqondana nesakhiwo se-ontology yomsebenzisi - Yebo, nethuba lokushintsha ngokukhululekile "amaphuzu okubuka", ukushintshela ezikhundleni zamanye, ama-ontologies angomakhelwane noma akude. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesiphequluli awubonisi okuqukethwe, kodwa ukuxhuma kuma-ontologies (amaqoqo) nokuzulazula ngaphakathi kwawo.
Izinsizakalo nezimpahla kunethiwekhi enjalo zizovela ngesimo sezinto ezihlukene, ezifakwe ekuqaleni ku-ontologies yabanikazi bazo. Uma umsebenzi womsebenzisi ukhomba isidingo sento ethile, khona-ke uma itholakala ohlelweni, izophakanyiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo. (Eqinisweni, ukukhangisa kokuqukethwe manje kusebenza ngokwalolu hlelo - uma ubufuna okuthile, ngeke ushiywe ngaphandle kokunikezwayo.) Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sona kanye isidingo sento entsha (isevisi, umkhiqizo) singase sivezwe ngu. ukuhlaziya i-ontologies yeqoqo.
Ngokwemvelo, kunethiwekhi egxile kumsebenzisi, into ehlongozwayo izokwethulwa kusiphequluli somsebenzisi njengewijethi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ukuze ubuke konke okunikezwayo (yonke imikhiqizo yomkhiqizi noma yonke imibhalo yombhali), umsebenzisi kufanele ashintshele ku-ontology yomphakeli, ebonisa ngokuhlelekile zonke izinto ezitholakala kubasebenzisi bangaphandle. Yebo, kusobala ukuthi inethiwekhi ngokushesha inikeza ithuba lokujwayelana ne-ontologies yabakhiqizi beqoqo, kanye, okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi okubalulekile, ngolwazi mayelana nokuziphatha kwabanye abasebenzisi kuleli qoqo.
isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, inethiwekhi yolwazi yesikhathi esizayo yethulwa njengendawo yonke yezinto eziyingqayizivele ezine-ontologies ngayinye eyakhelwe phezu kwazo, ehlanganiswe ibe yi-cluster ontologies. Into ichazwa futhi ifinyeleleka kunethiwekhi kumsebenzisi kuphela njengoba ifakwe ku-ontologies eyodwa noma eziningi. Ama-ontology akhiwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yabasebenzisi. Ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi kuhlelwa njengobukhona/umsebenzi womsebenzisi ku-ontology yakhe nethuba lokuyinweba futhi iye kwezinye i-ontology. Futhi cishe, isistimu echaziwe ngeke isabizwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi - sibhekene nomhlaba othize obonakalayo, lapho umkhathi wethulwa kancane kubasebenzisi ngendlela ye-ontology yabo ngabanye - okungokoqobo okuyimfihlo okuyimfihlo.
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Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukugcizelela ukuthi isici sefilosofi noma sobuchwepheshe bobunye obuzayo akuhlangene nenkinga yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile ezisetshenzisiwe akusoze kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwalokho okungabizwa ngokugcwele ngokuthi ubuhlakani. Futhi into entsha ezoba umnyombo wokusebenza kwezinga elilandelayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngeke kusaba ubuhlakani - hhayi okokwenziwa noma okwemvelo. Kunalokho, bekuyoba okulungile kakhulu ukusho ukuthi kuyoba ukuhlakanipha ngezinga esingakuqonda ngalo ngokuhlakanipha kwethu kobuntu.
Lapho usebenza ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zolwazi lwasendaweni, umuntu kufanele aziphathe njengezinto zobuchwepheshe kuphela futhi angacabangi ngefilosofi, ezengqondo futhi, ikakhulukazi, izici zokuziphatha, ubuhle kanye nezici zomhlaba wonke eziyinhlekelele. Nakuba kokubili izazi zesintu kanye nochwepheshe ngokungangabazeki bazokwenza lokhu, ukucabanga kwabo ngeke kusheshise noma kunciphise inkambo yemvelo yokuxazulula izinkinga zobuchwepheshe kuphela. Ukuqonda kwefilosofi yakho kokubili umnyakazo wonke wokuziphendukela kwemvelo Womhlaba kanye nokuqukethwe kwenguquko ezayo ye-hierarchical kuzoza nalolu shintsho ngokwalo.
Inguquko ngokwayo izoba ngezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngeke kwenzeke ngenxa yesinqumo esihlakaniphile sangasese. Futhi ngokuvumelana nengqikithi yezinqumo. Ukunqoba inqwaba ebucayi. Ubuhlakani buzozibandakanya kuhadiwe. Kodwa hhayi ubuhlakani obuzimele. Futhi hhayi kudivayisi ethile. Futhi ngeke esaba ungqondongqondo.
PS Umzamo wokuqalisa iphrojekthi (inketho ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuqala).
Izincwadi
1. Vernor Vinge. Ubunye bezobuchwepheshe,
2. A. D. Panov. Ukuqedwa komjikelezo wamaplanethi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Isayensi Yefilosofi, No. 3–4: 42–49; 31–50, 2005.
3. Boldachev A.V. . Petersburg, ngo-2008.
4. Boldachev A.V. . Petersburg, ngo-2008.
5. Boldachev A.V. Emisha. , St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. Inyuvesi, 2007. - 256 p.
Source: www.habr.com