Kuyini ukubaluleka kwe-DevOps, kusho ukuthini kochwepheshe be-IT, incazelo yezindlela, izinhlaka namathuluzi.
Kuningi okwenzekile kusukela igama elithi DevOps libambe emhlabeni we-IT. Ngomthombo omningi ovulekile we-ecosystem, kubalulekile ukuthi ucabange kabusha ukuthi kungani iqale nokuthi kusho ukuthini ngomsebenzi we-IT.
Yini i-DevOps
Nakuba ingekho incazelo eyodwa, ngikholelwa ukuthi i-DevOps iwuhlaka lobuchwepheshe oluvumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu okuthuthukisa nokusebenza ukuze kusetshenziswe ikhodi ngokushesha ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezinekhono lokuphindaphinda nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela. Sizochitha lesi sihloko esisele sikhipha lesi simangalo.
Igama elithi “DevOps” liyinhlanganisela yamagama “intuthuko” kanye “nemisebenzi”. I-DevOps isiza ukukhulisa isivinini sokulethwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza namasevisi. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangano ukuthi zisebenzele amakhasimende azo ngempumelelo futhi zibe nokuncintisana kakhulu endaweni yemakethe. Kalula nje, i-DevOps iwukuqondanisa phakathi kwentuthuko kanye nokusebenza kwe-IT ngokuxhumana okusebenzayo nokusebenzisana.
I-DevOps ifaka isiko lapho ukubambisana phakathi kwentuthuko, ukusebenza, namaqembu ebhizinisi kuthathwa njengokubalulekile. Akukhona nje ngamathuluzi, njengoba i-DevOps enhlanganweni ihlale izuzisa amakhasimende futhi. Amathuluzi angenye yezinsika zawo, kanye nabantu nezinqubo. I-DevOps inyusa amandla ezinhlangano ukuletha izixazululo zekhwalithi ephezulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. I-DevOps iphinde yenza zonke izinqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo, kusukela ekwakheni kuya ekusetshenzisweni, isicelo noma umkhiqizo.
Ingxoxo ye-DevOps igxile ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi konjiniyela, abantu ababhala isoftware ukuze baziphilise, kanye nabasebenzi abanomthwalo wokunakekela leyo softhiwe.
Izinselelo zethimba lokuthuthukisa
Onjiniyela bavame ukuba nomdlandla futhi bazimisele ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha nobuchwepheshe bokuxazulula izinkinga zenhlangano. Nokho, baphinde babhekane nezinkinga ezithile:
- Imakethe yokuncintisana idala ingcindezi enkulu yokuletha umkhiqizo ngesikhathi.
- Kumelwe banakekele ukuphatha ikhodi elungele ukukhiqiza futhi bethule izici ezintsha.
- Umjikelezo wokukhipha ungaba mude, ngakho ithimba lokuthuthukisa kufanele lenze ukuqagela okuningana ngaphambi kokwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza. Kulesi simo, isikhathi esiningi siyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezivelayo ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa endaweni yokukhiqiza noma yokuhlola.
Izinselelo ezibhekene nethimba lokusebenza
Amathimba okusebenza ngokomlando agxile ekuzinzeni nasekuthembekeni kwezinsizakalo ze-IT. Yingakho amaqembu okusebenza efuna ukuzinza ngoshintsho ezinsizeni, ezobuchwepheshe, noma izindlela. Imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa:
- Lawula ukwabiwa kwezinsiza njengoba isidingo sikhula.
- Bamba idizayini noma izinguquko zokwenza ngokwezifiso ezidingekayo ukuze zisetshenziswe endaweni yokukhiqiza.
- Thola futhi uxazulule izinkinga zokukhiqiza ngemuva kokuzithumela ngokwakho kwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-DevOps ixazulula kanjani izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa nokusebenza
Esikhundleni sokukhipha inombolo enkulu yezici zohlelo lokusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, izinkampani zizama ukubona ukuthi zingakwazi yini ukukhipha inombolo encane yezici kumakhasimende azo ngochungechunge lokukhishwa okuphindaphindwayo. Le ndlela inezinzuzo eziningi, njengekhwalithi yesofthiwe engcono, impendulo yamakhasimende esheshayo, njll. Lokhu, futhi, kuqinisekisa ukwaneliseka okuphezulu kwamakhasimende. Ukufeza lezi zinhloso, izinkampani kufanele:
- Yehlisa izinga lokwehluleka uma ukhulula ukukhishwa okusha
- Khulisa imvamisa yokusebenzisa
- Thola isikhathi esimaphakathi esisheshayo sokululama esimweni sokukhishwa kohlelo lokusebenza olusha.
- Nciphisa isikhathi sokulungiswa
I-DevOps yenza yonke le misebenzi futhi isiza ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa okungaphazamiseki. Izinhlangano zisebenzisa i-DevOps ukuze zithole amazinga okukhiqiza abengacabangeki eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Benza amashumi, amakhulu, ngisho nezinkulungwane zokuthunyelwa ngosuku ngenkathi beletha ukuthembeka, ukuzinza, nokuphepha okusezingeni lomhlaba. kanye nomthelela wabo ekulethweni kwesoftware).
I-DevOps izama ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene ezibangelwa izindlela ezidlule, ezihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi phakathi kwamaqembu okuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza
- Ukuhlola nokuthunyelwa yizigaba ezihlukene ezenzeka ngemva kokuklama nokwakha futhi zidinga isikhathi esiningi kunomjikelezo wokwakha.
- Isikhathi esiningi esichithwe ukuhlolwa, ukuthunyelwa, nokuklama esikhundleni sokugxila ekwakhiweni kwezinsizakalo zebhizinisi eziyinhloko
- Ukuthunyelwa kwekhodi mathupha okuholela emaphutha ekukhiqizeni
- Umehluko kumashejuli wethimba lokuthuthukisa kanye nokusebenza okudala ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-DevOps, i-Agile ne-IT yendabuko
I-DevOps ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo maqondana nezinye izinqubo ze-IT, ikakhulukazi i-Agile ne-Waterfall IT.
I-Agile iyisethi yezimiso, amanani, kanye nemikhuba yokukhiqiza isofthiwe. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uma unombono ofuna ukuwuguqula ube yisofthiwe, ungasebenzisa izimiso nezindinganiso ze-Agile. Kodwa le softhiwe ingasebenza kuphela endaweni yokuthuthukiswa noma yokuhlola. Udinga indlela elula, evikelekile yokuhambisa isofthiwe yakho ekukhiqizweni ngokushesha nangokuphindaphindiwe, futhi indlela ingamathuluzi namasu we-DevOps. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-software ye-Agile kugxile ezinqubweni zokuthuthukisa futhi i-DevOps inesibopho sokuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa ngendlela ephephile nethembekile kakhulu.
Ukuqhathanisa imodeli yempophoma evamile ne-DevOps kuyindlela enhle yokuqonda izinzuzo ezilethwa yi-DevOps. Isibonelo esilandelayo sithatha ukuthi isicelo sizoba bukhoma emasontweni amane, ukuthuthukiswa kuqedile ngo-85%, isicelo sizoba bukhoma, futhi inqubo yokuthenga amaseva ukuze kuthunyelwe ikhodi isanda kuqala.
Izinqubo zendabuko
Izinqubo ku-DevOps
Ngemva kokufaka i-oda lamaseva amasha, ithimba lokuthuthukisa lisebenza ekuhloleni. Ithimba elisebenzayo lisebenza emibhalweni ebanzi edingwa amabhizinisi ukuze akhiphe ingqalasizinda.
Uma i-oda lamaseva amasha selifakiwe, amaqembu okuthuthukisa nokusebenza asebenza ndawonye ezinqubweni nakumaphepha ukuze afake amaseva amasha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqonde kangcono izidingo zakho zengqalasizinda.
Ulwazi olumayelana ne-failover, ukuphelelwa umsebenzi, izindawo zesikhungo sedatha, nezimfuneko zesitoreji azihlanekezelwa kahle ngoba akukho okokufaka okuvela eqenjini lokuthuthukisa elinolwazi olujulile lwesizinda.
Imininingwane mayelana ne-failover, ukuphelelwa umsebenzi, ukutakula kwenhlekelele, izindawo zesikhungo sedatha, nezidingo zokugcinwa kwedatha yaziwa futhi ilungile ngenxa yokufaka kwethimba lokuthuthukisa.
Ithimba lokusebenza alinalwazi mayelana nenqubekelaphambili yethimba lokuthuthukisa. Uphinde enze uhlelo lokuqapha olusekelwe emibonweni yakhe.
Ithimba lokusebenza liyazi ngokugcwele inqubekelaphambili eyenziwe ithimba lokuthuthukisa. Ubuye axhumane nethimba lezokuthuthukiswa futhi basebenze ndawonye ukuze bakhe uhlelo lokuqapha oluhlangabezana ne-IT nezidingo zebhizinisi. Baphinde basebenzise amathuluzi okuqapha ukusebenza kwesicelo (i-APM).
Ukuhlolwa kokulayisha okwenziwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqaliswe uhlelo lokusebenza kubangela ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luphahlazeke, lubambezele ukuqaliswa kwalo.
Ukuhlolwa kokulayisha okwenziwe ngaphambi kokwenza uhlelo lokusebenza kuholela ekusebenzeni okungalungile. Ithimba labathuthukisi lixazulula ngokushesha izingqinamba futhi uhlelo lokusebenza luqalwa ngesikhathi.
I-DevOps Lifecycle
I-DevOps ibandakanya ukwamukelwa kwezinqubo ezithile ezamukelwa ngokuvamile.
Ukuhlela okuqhubekayo
Ukuhlela okuqhubekayo kuncike ezimisweni eziqinile ukuze kuqalwe kuncane ngokuhlonza izinsiza kanye nemiphumela edingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe inani lebhizinisi noma umbono, ukujwayela ngokuqhubekayo, ukulinganisa inqubekelaphambili, ukufunda ngezidingo zamakhasimende, ukushintsha inkomba njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nobubhalo, kanye nokusungula kabusha uhlelo lwebhizinisi.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuhlangene
Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ngokubambisana ivumela amabhizinisi, amaqembu okuthuthukisa, namaqembu okuhlola asabalale kuzo zonke izindawo zesikhathi ukuze alethe isofthiwe yekhwalithi ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkundla eziningi, ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zezilimi ezihlukene, ukudalwa kwezindaba zabasebenzisi, ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono, nokuphathwa komjikelezo wempilo. Ukuthuthukiswa kokubambisana kufaka phakathi inqubo nokusebenza kokuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo, okukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwekhodi njalo kanye nokwakhiwa okuzenzakalelayo. Ngokuthumela ikhodi kaningi kuhlelo lokusebenza, izinkinga zokuhlanganisa zibonakala ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokuphila (uma kulula ukuzilungisa) futhi umzamo wokuhlanganisa uyancipha ngempendulo eqhubekayo njengoba iphrojekthi ibonisa ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo nokubonakalayo.
Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo
Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kunciphisa izindleko zokuhlola ngokusiza amaqembu okuthuthukisa abhalansise isivinini nekhwalithi. Iphinde iqede izingqinamba zokuhlola ngokwenza isevisi ibe lula futhi ikwenze kube lula ukudala izindawo zokuhlola ezingokoqobo ezingabiwa kalula, zisetshenziswe, futhi zibuyekezwe njengoba amasistimu eshintsha. Lawa makhono anciphisa izindleko zokunikeza nokunakekela izindawo zokuhlola futhi afinyeze izikhathi zomjikelezo wokuhlola, okuvumela ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa ukuthi kwenzeke ngaphambi kwesikhathi kumjikelezo wempilo.
Ukukhishwa okuqhubekayo nokusatshalaliswa
Lawa masu okusebenza aletha umkhuba owumongo: ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo nokuthunyelwa. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ipayipi eliqhubekayo elenza izinqubo ezibalulekile ngokuzenzakalela. Yehlisa izinyathelo ezenziwa ngesandla, izikhathi zokulinda zensiza, nokusebenza kabusha ngokuvumela ukusetshenziswa ngokucindezela inkinobho, okuholela ekukhishweni okwengeziwe, amaphutha ambalwa, kanye nokubonisa ngale okuphelele.
I-Automation idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhululwa kwesofthiwe okuzinzile futhi okuthembekile. Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ukuthatha izinqubo ezenziwa mathupha njengokwakha, ukuhlehla, ukuthunyelwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda bese uzenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kudinga isilawuli senguqulo yekhodi yomthombo; ukuhlola kanye nezimo zokusatshalaliswa; ingqalasizinda kanye nedatha yokumisa isicelo; kanye namalabhulali namaphakheji uhlelo lokusebenza oluncike kuwo. Esinye isici esibalulekile yikhono lokubuza isimo sazo zonke izindawo.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kunikeza ukubikwa kwezinga lebhizinisi okusiza amaqembu okuthuthukisa aqonde ukutholakala nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza endaweni yokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuthi zithunyelwe emkhiqizweni. Impendulo yangaphambi kwesikhathi ehlinzekwa ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo ibalulekile ekwehliseni izindleko zamaphutha kanye namaphrojekthi okuqondisa ngendlela efanele. Lo mkhuba uvamise ukufaka amathuluzi okuqapha avame ukuveza amamethrikhi ahlobene nokusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza.
Impendulo eqhubekayo kanye nokwenza kahle
Impendulo eqhubekayo nokwenza kahle kunikeza ukumelwa okubonakalayo kokugeleza kwamakhasimende nokukhomba izindawo zezinkinga. Impendulo ingafakwa kuzo zombili izigaba zangaphambi nangemuva kokuthengisa ukuze kukhuliswe inani futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imisebenzi eyengeziwe iqedwa ngempumelelo. Konke lokhu kunikeza ukubonwa ngokushesha kwembangela yezinkinga zamakhasimende ezinomthelela ekuziphatheni kwawo kanye nomthelela webhizinisi.
Izinzuzo ze-DevOps
I-DevOps ingasiza ukudala indawo lapho abathuthukisi nemisebenzi isebenza njengeqembu ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo efanayo. Ingqophamlando ebalulekile kule nqubo ukuqaliswa kokudidiyelwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokulethwa okuqhubekayo (CI/CD). Lezi zindlela zizovumela amaqembu ukuthi athole isofthiwe ukuthi imakethwe ngokushesha ngeziphazamisi ezimbalwa.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-DevOps yilezi:
- Ukubikezela: I-DevOps inikezela ngezinga lokuhluleka eliphansi kakhulu ekukhishweni okusha.
- Ukugcinwa: I-DevOps ivumela ukutholakala kalula uma ukukhishwa okusha kwehluleka noma uhlelo lokusebenza lwehla.
- Ukukhiqiza kabusha: Ukulawulwa kwenguqulo yesakhiwo noma ikhodi kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele izinguqulo zangaphambilini njengoba kudingeka.
- Ikhwalithi Ephakeme: Ukubhekana nezinkinga zengqalasizinda kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuthuthukiswa kwesicelo.
- Isikhathi Sokumaketha: Ukulungiselela ukulethwa kwesoftware kunciphisa isikhathi sokumaketha ngo-50%.
- Ukunciphisa Ubungozi: Ukusebenzisa ukuphepha kumjikelezo wempilo wesofthiwe kunciphisa inani leziphambeko kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo.
- Ukusebenza Kwezindleko: Ukuphishekela ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware kukhanga abaphathi abaphezulu.
- Ukuzinza: Uhlelo lwesofthiwe luzinze kakhulu, luvikelekile, futhi izinguquko zingacwaningwa.
- Ukudiliza i-codebase enkulu ibe yizicucu ezilawulekayo: I-DevOps isuselwe ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa ezishesha, okuvumela i-codebase enkulu ukuthi ihlukaniswe ibe yizicucu ezincane, ezilawulekayo.
Izimiso ze-DevOps
Ukwamukelwa kwe-DevOps kudale izimiso ezimbalwa eziguqukile (futhi eziqhubekayo nokuvela). Iningi labahlinzeki bezixazululo bazenzele ezabo ukuguqulwa kwamasu ahlukahlukene. Yonke le migomo isuselwe endleleni ephelele ye-DevOps, futhi izinhlangano zanoma yimuphi usayizi zingazisebenzisa.
Thuthukisa futhi uhlole endaweni efana nokukhiqiza
Umbono uwukunikeza amandla amaqembu okuthuthukisa kanye nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi (i-QA) ukuthi athuthukise futhi ahlole amasistimu aziphatha njengezinhlelo zokukhiqiza ukuze abone ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luziphatha kanjani futhi lusebenze isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba lulungele ukuthunyelwa .
Uhlelo lokusebenza kufanele luxhunywe ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka emjikelezweni walo wokuphila ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga ezintathu ezinkulu ezingaba khona. Okokuqala, ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole uhlelo lokusebenza endaweni eseduze nendawo yangempela. Okwesibili, ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole futhi uqinisekise izinqubo zokulethwa kwezicelo kusengaphambili. Okwesithathu, ivumela ithimba lemisebenzi ukuthi lihlole kusenesikhathi emjikelezweni wokuphila ukuthi indawo yawo izoziphatha kanjani uma izinhlelo zokusebenza zisetshenziswa, ngaleyo ndlela libavumela ukuthi bakhe indawo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kakhulu, egxile ekusetshenzisweni.
Sebenzisa ngezinqubo eziphindaphindwayo, ezithembekile
Lo mgomo uvumela amaqembu entuthuko kanye nokusebenza ukuthi asekele izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware ezigugile kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wesoftware. Ukuzenzakalela kubalulekile ekudaleni izinqubo eziphindaphindayo, ezinokwethenjelwa neziphindaphindekayo. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano kufanele idale ipayipi lokulethwa elivumela ukuthunyelwa okuqhubekayo, okuzenzakalelayo nokuhlola. Ukuthunyelwa njalo kuvumela amaqembu ukuthi ahlole izinqubo zokuthumela, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingcuphe yokwehluleka ukuthunyelwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa okubukhoma.
Ukuqapha kanye nokuhlola izinga lomsebenzi
Izinhlangano zinhle ekuqapheni izinhlelo zokusebenza ekukhiqizweni ngoba zinamathuluzi athwebula amamethrikhi nezikhombisi zokusebenza ezibalulekile (ama-KPI) ngesikhathi sangempela. Lo mgomo uhambisa ukuqapha kusenesikhathi emjikelezweni wokuphila, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kuqapha izici ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi zohlelo lokusebenza kusenesikhathi. Noma kunini lapho isicelo sihlolwa futhi sisetshenziswa, amamethrikhi ekhwalithi kufanele ahlolwe futhi ahlaziywe. Amathuluzi okuqapha anikeza isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sezinkinga zokusebenza nekhwalithi ezingase ziphakame ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Lezi zinkomba kufanele ziqoqwe ngendlela efinyeleleka kalula futhi eqondakala kubo bonke ababambiqhaza.
Ukuthuthukisa Izihibe Zempendulo
Enye yezinjongo zezinqubo ze-DevOps ukunika amandla izinhlangano ukuthi ziphendule futhi zenze izinguquko ngokushesha. Ekulethweni kwesofthiwe, lo mgomo udinga ukuthi inhlangano ithole impendulo kusenesikhathi bese ifunda ngokushesha esenzweni ngasinye esithathwayo. Lo mgomo udinga izinhlangano ukuthi zenze imigudu yokuxhumana evumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bafinyelele futhi baxhumane ngendlela yempendulo. Ukuthuthukiswa kungenziwa ngokulungisa izinhlelo zakho zephrojekthi noma izinto eziza kuqala. Ukukhiqiza kungenza ngokuthuthukisa indawo yokukhiqiza.
I-Dev
- Ukuhlela: I-Kanboard, Wekan nezinye izindlela ze-Trello; I-GitLab, i-Tuleap, i-Redmine nezinye izindlela ze-JIRA; I-Mattermost, i-Roit.im, i-IRC nezinye izindlela ze-Slack.
- Ikhodi yokubhala: Git, Gerrit, Bugzilla; I-Jenkins namanye amathuluzi omthombo ovulekile we-CI/CD
- Ukuhlanganisa: Apache Maven, Gradle, Apache Ant, Packer
- Izivivinyo: JUnit, Ikhukhamba, Selenium, Apache JMeter
Eshu
- Ukukhishwa, Ukusatshalaliswa, Imisebenzi: Kubernetes, Nomad, Jenkins, Zuul, Spinnaker, Ansible, Apache ZooKeeper, etcd, Netflix Archaius, Terraform
- Ukuqapha: Grafana, Prometheus, Nagios, InfluxDB, Fluentd, nabanye okukhulunywa ngabo kulo mhlahlandlela.
(*Amathuluzi okusebenza afakwe izinombolo ngokulandelana kokusetshenziswa amathimba okusebenza, kodwa amathuluzi awo adlula izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo wokukhululwa namathuluzi okusetshenziswa. Ukuze kufundeke kalula, izinombolo zisusiwe.)
Ekuphethweni
I-DevOps iyindlela ethandwa kakhulu ehlose ukuhlanganisa onjiniyela nokusebenza njengeyunithi eyodwa. Ihlukile, ihlukile ekusebenzeni kwe-IT yendabuko, futhi ihambisana ne-Agile (kodwa ayiguquguquki).
Thola imininingwane yokuthi ungawuthola kanjani umsebenzi owufunayo kusukela ekuqaleni noma u-Level Up ngokwamakhono neholo ngokuthatha izifundo ezikhokhelwayo ze-inthanethi e-SkillFactory:
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izifundo ezengeziwe
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Iwusizo
Source: www.habr.com