Ezingxenyeni ezedlule (, ) sikhulume ngama-globals njengezihlahla, kulokhu sizobheka ama-globals njengama-sarse array.
kuwuhlobo lwamalungu afanayo lapho iningi lamanani lithatha inani elifanayo.
Empeleni, ama-arrays ayi- sparse avame ukuba mkhulu kangangokuthi asikho isidingo sokuthatha inkumbulo ngezinto ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa amalungu afanayo amancane ngendlela yokuthi inkumbulo ingamoshi ekugcineni amanani afanayo.
Kwezinye izilimi zokuhlela, ama-sparse array afakiwe olimini ngokwalo, , . Ezinye izilimi zokuhlela zinemitapo yolwazi ekhethekile ekuvumela ukuthi uyisebenzise. Okwe-C++ - nabanye.
Ama-Globals angamakhandidethi amahle okusebenzisa ama-sarse array ngoba:
- Zigcina amanani ama-node athile kuphela futhi azigcini amanani angachazwanga;
- Isixhumi esibonakalayo sokufinyelela inani le-node sifana kakhulu nokuthi zingaki izilimi zokuhlela ezisebenzisa ukufinyelela ku-elementi yamalungu afanayo amaningi.
Set ^a(1, 2, 3)=5 Write ^a(1, 2, 3) - I-Global iyisakhiwo esisezingeni eliphansi sokugcina idatha, ngakho-ke inezici zejubane ezivelele (kusuka kumakhulu ezinkulungwane kuya ezigidini zemisebenzi ngomzuzwana, kuya ngehadiwe, bheka ngezansi). )
Njengoba i-global iyisakhiwo esiqhubekayo, kunengqondo ukudala ama-arrays amancane kuwo uma kwaziwa kusengaphambili ukuthi inani le-RAM ngeke lanele.
Esinye sezici zokusetshenziswa kwe-array sparse ukubuyisela inani elizenzakalelayo uma ukufinyelela kwenziwa kuseli elingachazwanga.
Lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa umsebenzi e-COS. Lesi sibonelo sicubungula uhlu lwe-3-dimensional.
SET a = $GET(^a(x,y,z), defValue)Yimiphi imisebenzi edinga ama-array ambalwa futhi ama-globals angasiza kanjani?
I-Adjacency (ukuxhumana) matrix
esetshenziselwa ukumela amagrafu:
Ngokusobala, uma igrafu iba nkulu, kuzoba noziro abaningi ku-matrix. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, sithatha igrafu yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu futhi silethule ngendlela ye-matrix efanayo, khona-ke izoba cishe ngokuphelele nama-zero, i.e. kuzoba uhlu oluncane.
Set ^m(id1, id2) = 1
Set ^m(id1, id3) = 1
Set ^m(id1, id4) = 1
Set ^m(id1) = 3
Set ^m(id2, id4) = 1
Set ^m(id2, id5) = 1
Set ^m(id2) = 2
....
Kulesi sibonelo, silondoloza umhlaba wonke ^m i-matrix yokuxhuma, kanye nenani lemiphetho endaweni ngayinye (ubani abangani nobani kanye nenani labangane).
Uma inani lama-elementi kugrafu lingekho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-29 (le nombolo ithathwa njengomkhiqizo ka-8 * ), okungukuthi, indlela yokonga nakakhulu yokugcina ama-matrices anjalo izintambo ezincane, njengoba ukuqaliswa kwabo kuthuthukisa izikhala ezinkulu ngendlela ekhethekile.
Ukukhohlisa ngeyunithi yezinhlamvu ezincane kwenziwa umsebenzi .
; установка бита
SET $BIT(rowID, positionID) = 1
; получение бита
Write $BIT(rowID, positionID)
Ithebula lokushintsha komshini wombuso
Njengoba igrafu yoguquko ye-automaton enomkhawulo iyigrafu evamile, khona-ke ithebula loshintsho le-automaton enomkhawulo liyi-matrix eseduze efanayo okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla.
I-automata yeselula
I-automaton yamaselula edume kakhulu , okuthi, ngenxa yemithetho yayo (lapho iseli linomakhelwane abaningi, liyafa) liwuhlu oluncane.
UStephen Wolfram ukholelwa ukuthi i-automata yamaselula . Ngo-2002, washicilela incwadi enamakhasi ayi-1280, A New Kind of Science, lapho ephikisa kabanzi ngokuthi intuthuko ku-automata yamaselula ayihlukanisiwe, kodwa iyakhuthazela futhi inemiphumela emihle kuzo zonke izindawo zesayensi.
Kufakazelwe ukuthi noma iyiphi i-algorithm esebenzisekayo kukhompyutha ingasetshenziswa kusetshenziswa i-automaton yeselula. I-Cellular automata isetshenziselwa ukwenza imodeli yezindawo nezinhlelo eziguquguqukayo, ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-algorithmic nezinye izinjongo.
Uma sinenkambu enkulu futhi sidinga ukurekhoda zonke izifundazwe ezimaphakathi ze-automaton yamaselula, khona-ke kunengqondo ukusebenzisa umhlaba jikelele.
I-Cartography
Into yokuqala efika emqondweni wami uma kuziwa ekusebenziseni ama- sparse array imisebenzi yokwenza imephu.
Njengomthetho, kunesikhala esiningi esingenalutho kumamephu. Uma imephu imelwe njengamaphikseli amakhulu, khona-ke u-71% wamaphikseli oMhlaba azobe ehlala ulwandle. Amalungu afanayo amancane. Futhi uma usebenzisa kuphela imisebenzi yezandla zomuntu, khona-ke indawo engenalutho izoba ngaphezu kwama-95%.
Kunjalo, akekho ogcina amamephu ngendlela yama-raster arrays; kusetshenziswa ukumelwa kwe-vector.
Kodwa ayini amamephu e-vector? Lolu uhlobo lohlaka kanye nama-polylines namapholigoni ahlanganisa amaphuzu.
Empeleni isizindalwazi samaphoyinti nokuxhumana phakathi kwawo.
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza imephu i-Gaia Telescope mission yokwenza imephu yomthala wethu. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, umthala wethu, njengawo wonke umkhathi, uwuhlu oluqhubekayo oluyizinhlayiya: izikhala ezinkulu ezingenalutho lapho kukhona amaphuzu amancane angavamile - izinkanyezi. Isikhala esingenalutho ngu-99,999999…….%. Ukuze kugcinwe imephu yomthala wethu, kwakhethwa isizindalwazi somhlaba wonke - i-Caché.
Angazi ukwakheka okuqondile kwama-globals kule phrojekthi, ngingacabanga ukuthi kuyinto efana nale:
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d) = 1; Номер звезды по каталогу, если есть
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "name") = "Sun"
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "type") = "normal" ; варианты blackhole, quazar, red_dwarf и т.д.
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "weight") = 14E50
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "planetes") = 7
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "planetes", 1) = "Mercury"
Set ^galaxy(b, l, d, "planetes", 1, weight) = 1E20
...
Lapho u-b, l, d ekhona kanye nebanga ukuya eLangeni.
Isakhiwo esivumelana nezimo samazwe omhlaba sikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze noma yiziphi izici ezidingekayo zezinkanyezi namaplanethi, njengoba izisekelo zomhlaba wonke zinohlelo oluncane.
Ukugcina imephu yendawo yonke yethu, i-Caché ayikhethwanga nje kuphela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, kodwa futhi nekhono layo lokugcina ukusakazwa kwedatha ngokushesha okukhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo idala inkomba yomhlaba wonke ukuze kuseshwe ngokushesha.
Uma sibuyela eMhlabeni, amaphrojekthi we-cartographic adalwe emhlabeni jikelele kanye nemfoloko ye-OpenStreetMap - .
Muva nje izinkomba ze-geospatial zasetshenziswa . Silindele i-athikili evela kubabhali enemininingwane yokusetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkomba zendawo emhlabeni jikelele ku-OpenStreetMap XAPI
Izithombe ezithathwe ku .
Imbulunga yonke ihlukaniswe izikwele, bese kuba yizikwele, kanye nezikwele ezincane zibe izikwele ezingaphansi, njalonjalo. Ngokuvamile, sithola ukwakheka kwe-hierarchical yokugcina okudalwa ama-globals.
Nganoma isiphi isikhathi, cishe singacela ngokushesha isikwele esisifunayo noma sisisuse, futhi zonke izikwele ezincane nazo zizobuyiswa noma zisulwe.
Uhlelo olufanayo kuma-globals lungenziwa ngezindlela eziningi.
Inketho ye-1:
Set ^m(a, b, a, c, d, a, b,c, d, a, b, a, c, d, a, b,c, d, a, 1) = idПервойТочки
Set ^m(a, b, a, c, d, a, b,c, d, a, b, a, c, d, a, b,c, d, a, 2) = idВторойТочки
...Inketho ye-2:
Set ^m('abacdabcdabacdabcda', 1) = idПервойТочки
Set ^m('abacdabcdabacdabcda', 2) = idВторойТочки
...Kuzo zombili izimo, akunzima ukusebenzisa i-COS/M ukucela amaphoyinti atholakala kusikwele sanoma iyiphi ileveli. Kuzoba lula ngandlela-thile ukuhlanza izingcezu zesikwele zesikhala kunoma yiliphi izinga kunketho yokuqala, kodwa lokhu akuvamile kudingekile.
Isibonelo sesinye sezikwele ezisezingeni eliphansi:
Futhi nansi ama-globals ambalwa avela kuphrojekthi ye-XAPI: ukumelwa kwenkomba kuma-globals:
global ^indlela esetshenziswa ukugcina amaphuzu (imigwaqo, imifula emincane, njll.) namapholigoni (izindawo ezivaliwe: izakhiwo, amahlathi, njll.).
Ukuhlukaniswa okungalungile kokusetshenziswa kwama-arrays ayi-sparse kuma-globals.
- Sigcina izixhumanisi zezinto ezithile nezimo zazo (imephu, i-automata yamaselula)
- Sigcina omatikuletsheni abambalwa.
Odabeni 2) lapho ucela ukuxhumanisa okuthile lapho isici singabelwe ivelu, kufanele sithole inani lesici esizenzakalelayo sohlelo oluyinqayizivele.
Amabhonasi esiwatholayo lapho sigcina u-matrices we-multidimensional emhlabeni jikelele
Khipha ngokushesha futhi/noma ukhethe izingcezu zesikhala eziyizimpinda zemigqa, izindiza, amakhyubhu, njll. Ezimweni lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinombolo eziphelele, ikhono lokususa ngokushesha kanye/noma ukulanda izingcezu zesikhala eziyiziphinda-phinda zemigqa, izindiza, amakhyubhu, njll. lingase libe usizo.
iqembu singasusa noma isici esisodwa noma umugqa, noma indiza yonke. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zomhlaba, lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu - izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngokushesha kunokususwa kwe-elementi ngayinye.
Isibalo sibonisa amalungu afanayo anezinhlangothi ezintathu emhlabeni jikelele ^a kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokususwa.
Ukuze ukhethe izingcezu zesikhala usebenzisa izinkomba ezaziwayo, ungasebenzisa umyalo .
Ukukhetha ikholomu ye-matrix kokuhluka Kwekholomu:
; Зададим трёхмерный разреженный массив 3x3x3
Set ^a(0,0,0)=1,^a(2,2,0)=1,^a(2,0,1)=1,^a(0,2,1)=1,^a(2,2,2)=1,^a(2,1,2)=1
Merge Column = ^a(2,2)
; Выведем переменную Column
Zwrite Column
Isiphetho:
Column(0)=1
Column(2)=1
Okuthakazelisayo ngokuhlukahluka kwekholomu ukuthi siphinde sibe nohlu oluncane, okufanele futhi lufinyelelwe ngalo. , njengoba amanani azenzakalelayo awagcinwa kuyo.
Ukukhetha izingcezu zesikhala nakho kungenziwa ngohlelo oluncane kusetshenziswa umsebenzi . Lokhu kulula kakhulu ezikhaleni izinkomba zazo ezingabalwanga (i-cartography).
isiphetho
Izikhathi zamanje zenza imisebenzi emisha yokuvelela. Amagrafu angenziwa ngezigidigidi zama-vertices, amamephu enziwe ngezigidigidi zamaphoyinti, futhi amanye angahle afune nokuqhuba owawo umkhathi nge-automata yamaselula (, ).
Lapho ivolumu yedatha evela ku-sarse array ingasakwazi ukungena ku-RAM, kodwa udinga ukusebenzisana nabo, khona-ke kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa amaphrojekthi afanayo kuma-globals kanye ne-COS.
Ngiyabonga ukulalela kwenu! Silinde imibuzo yakho nezifiso zakho kumazwana.
Disclaimer: Lesi sihloko kanye nokuphawula kwami kuso kuwumbono wami futhi akuhlobene nesimo esisemthethweni se-InterSystems Corporation.
Source: www.habr.com