Kubonakala sengathi uHomer ngezinkondlo zakhe uyinto ekude, endala, enzima ukuyifunda futhi engenangqondo. Kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso. Sonke sigcwele uHomer, isiko lamaGreki lasendulo okwavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu: ulimi lwethu lugcwele amagama nezingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini zesiGreki zasendulo: thatha, isibonelo, izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "uhleko lwaseHomeric", "impi yonkulunkulu" , "Isithende sika-Achilles", "i-apula le-discord" kanye nomdabu wethu: "Ihhashi le-Trojan". Konke lokhu kuvela kuHomer. Futhi asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngethonya lesiko lamaGreki, ulimi lwamaGreki (amaGreki ayengalazi igama elithi "Greece" futhi awazange azibize kanjalo; leli gama le-ethnony lafika kithi livela kumaRoma). Isikole, isikole, ijimu, ifilosofi, i-physics (i-metaphysics) kanye nezibalo, ubuchwepheshe... ikhwaya, isiteji, isiginci, umlamuli - awukwazi ukuklelisa yonke into - wonke lawa amagama esiGreki sasendulo. Ubungazi?
...
Kuthiwa futhi amaGreki ayengawokuqala ukusungula imali ngohlobo lwezinhlamvu zemali ezibunjiwe... Izinhlamvu njengoba sizazi. Imali yokuqala yenziwa nge-alloy yemvelo yesiliva negolide, abayibiza ngokuthi i-electr (hello electronic money). Izinhlamvu zamagama ezinonkamisa futhi, ngakho-ke, ukudluliselwa kwayo yonke imisindo yegama lapho ibhalwa ngokungangabazeki iwukuqanjwa kwesiGreki, nakuba abaningi becabangela okhokho bamaFenike amatasa (abantu abangamaSemite ababehlala kakhulu endaweni yaseSiriya nelakwa-Israyeli lanamuhla) , ababengenabo onkamisa. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izinhlamvu zesiLatini zavela ngokuqondile esiGrekini, njengeSlavic. Kodwa ama-alfabhethi akamuva amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu asevele esuselwe kwisiLatini. Ngalo mqondo, izinhlamvu zethu zesiCyrillic zilingana nezinhlamvu zesiLatini...
Singakanani isiGreki esikhona kusayensi nezincwadi? Iambic, trochee, muse, lyre, izinkondlo, stanza, Pegasus kanye Parnassus. Lona kanye igama elithi “imbongi”, “izinkondlo”, ekugcineni - zonke sezisobala ukuthi zivelaphi. Awukwazi ukuwabhala wonke! Kodwa isihloko sombhalo wami sinikeza i-pathos (igama lesiGreki sasendulo) “lokutholwa” kwami. Ngakho-ke, ngizobamba amahhashi ami futhi ngidlulele kokuthi Okungukuthi, ngiphikisa ukuthi umthombo wokuqala ovulekile (makube njalo, ngizokwengeza) nge-git wabonakala esikhathini esidlule: eGrisi lasendulo (ngokuqondile eGrisi lasendulo) kanye ummeleli ovelele kakhulu Lo mcimbi ungowaziwayo owaziwa kakhulu uHomer.
Hhayi-ke isingeniso senziwe, manje ake sikhulume ngakho konke ngohlelo. Ukuzihlangula: Ngizonikeza izincazelo zangempela zamagama esiGreki angenhla ekugcineni kombhalo (awalindelekile ezindaweni) - lokhu okwalabo abafunda lo mbhalo kuze kube sekugcineni. Ngakho, asihambe!
UHomer.
Izinkondlo zikaHomer omkhulu zivame ukubhalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, nakuba le mibhalo ngokusobala yaqala ukuvela ngokushesha ngemva kwezenzakalo ezichazwe kuzo, okungukuthi, endaweni ethile ekhulwini le-XNUMX BC. Ngamanye amazwi, cishe baneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezi-XNUMX ubudala. I-“Iliad” kanye ne-“Odyssey”, “Homeric Hymns” kanye nenani leminye imisebenzi yenziwa ngokuqondile nguHomer, njengezinkondlo ezithi “Margit” kanye “neBatrachomyomachy” (i-parody ehlekisayo ye-“Iliad”, ehunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi. njenge "Impi Yamagundane namaxoxo" (i-Machia - fight, blow, mis - mouse). Ngokusho kososayensi, imisebenzi emibili yokuqala kuphela engekaHomer, bonke abanye, njengabanye abaningi, kuthiwa kuye (kungani ngizokwenza tshela ngezansi), ngokusho kwabanye, i-Iliad kuphela ekaHomer... ngokujwayelekile , impikiswano iyaqhubeka, kodwa into eyodwa ayinakuphikiswa - uHomer wayeyikho ngempela futhi izenzakalo azichazayo zenzeka ncamashi ezindongeni zeTroy (igama lesibili likaTroy). Idolobha lase-Ilion, yingakho i-"Iliad")
Sikwazi kanjani lokhu? Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, uHeinrich Schliemann, umJalimane owazuza ingcebo enkulu eRussia, wafeza iphupho lakhe lakudala esemncane: wathola futhi wemba uTroy endaweni yaseTurkey yanamuhla, ephakamisa ngokoqobo yonke imibono yangaphambili ngalezo zikhathi nemibhalo lesi sihloko. Ngaphambilini, kwakukholelwa ukuthi izenzakalo zeThrojani, ezaqala ngokundiza kukaHelen omuhle neTrojan Prince Paris (Alexander) eya eTroy, zonke zaziyinganekwane, ngoba ngisho nakumaGreki asendulo izenzakalo ezichazwe ezinkondlweni zazibhekwa njengezinganekwane. kube ngeyakudala ngokwedlulele. Kodwa-ke, akuzona kuphela izindonga zaseTroy ezambiwa futhi kwatholakala ubucwebe begolide obudala kunabo bonke bangaleso sikhathi (basendaweni yomphakathi egalari yeTretyakov), kamuva kwatholakala izibhebhe zobumba zesifunda samaHeti sasendulo, iTroy engumakhelwane, lapho kwatholakala khona. kwatholakala amagama adumile: u-Agamemnon, uMeneus, u-Alexander... Ngakho abalingiswa bombhalo baba umlando njengoba lezi zibhebhe zazibonisa amaqiniso ezombusazwe kanye nezezimali zesifunda samaHeti esasinamandla. Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi akukho eTrowa ngokwayo, noma eHellas (kuyahlekisa, kodwa leli gama lalingekho ngalezo zikhathi ezikude) kwakungekho ukubhala ngaleso sikhathi. Yilokhu okunikeze umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwesihloko sethu, ngendlela exakile.
Ngakho, Homer. UHomer wayeyi-aed - okungukuthi, umculi ohambahambayo wezingoma zakhe (aed - umculi). Ukuthi wazalelwaphi nokuthi wafa kanjani akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile. Kuhlanganisa nokuthi ezikhathini zasendulo amadolobha angekho ngaphansi kwesikhombisa ezinhlangothini zombili zoLwandle i-Aegean ayelwela ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi izwe lakubo kaHomer, kanye nendawo afela kuyo: iSmirna, iChios, iPylos, iSamos, i-Athene nezinye. UHomer empeleni akulona igama elifanele, kodwa isiteketiso. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo lisho into efana "nokuthunjwa". Ngokunokwenzeka, igama anikezwa lona ngesikhathi ezalwa lalithi: Melesigen, okusho ukuthi wazalwa nguMelesius, kodwa lokhu akuqinisekile. Ezikhathini zasendulo, uHomer wayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi: Imbongi (Izimbongi). Ngokunembile ngohlamvu olukhulu, olukhonjiswe yi-athikili ehambisanayo. Futhi wonke umuntu wayeqonda ukuthi sasikhuluma ngani. Izimbongi - kusho "umdali" - elinye igama lesiGreki lasendulo eqoqweni lethu.
Kuyavunywa ukuthi uHomer (u-Omir ngesiRashiya Esidala) wayeyimpumputhe futhi emdala, kodwa abukho ubufakazi balokhu. UHomer ngokwakhe akazange azichaze nganoma iyiphi indlela ezingomeni zakhe, futhi akazange achazwe abantu besikhathi sakhe esivamile (ngokwesibonelo, imbongi uHesiod). Ngezindlela eziningi, lo mbono usekelwe encazelweni ye-Aeds ku-"Odyssey" yakhe: abadala, izimpumputhe, abanezinwele ezimpunga eminyakeni yabo ewohlokayo, kanye nokuhamba okubanzi kwezimpumputhe zangaleso sikhathi kubaculi abazulazulayo, ngoba umuntu oyimpumputhe wayengakwazi ukusebenza, nokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwakuseyinto yesikhathi esidlule.
Njengoba sekushiwo, amaGreki ayengenakho ukubhala ngalezo zinsuku, futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi iningi lama-Aed laliyizimpumputhe noma lingaboni kahle (izibuko zazingakasungulwa noma), ngakho-ke zazingeke zisebenzise, ngakho-ke, u-Aed wayecula izingoma zakhe ngekhanda kuphela.
Bekubukeka kanjena. Umdala ozulazulayo, eyedwa noma enomfundi (umhlahlandlela), wasuka kwelinye idolobha waya kwelinye, lapho amukelwa khona ngemfudumalo yizakhamuzi zendawo: ngokuvamile inkosi ngokwayo (basileus) noma i-aristocrat ecebile emakhaya abo. Kusihlwa, esidlweni sakusihlwa esivamile noma emcimbini okhethekile - uchungechunge (i-symposium - idili, ukuphuza, iphathi), i-aed yaqala ukucula izingoma zayo futhi yenza lokhu kuze kube sebusuku. Wahlabelela ehambisana nefomingo enezintambo ezine (umsunguli wehabhu nocithara ongasekho), ehlabelela ngonkulunkulu nempilo yabo, ngamaqhawe nemisebenzi, ngamakhosi asendulo nezenzakalo ezithinta ngokuqondile izilaleli, ngoba zonke ngokuqinisekile babezibheka njengenzalo eqondile yalabo okukhulunywa ngabo kuzo kanye lezi zingoma. Futhi zaziningi izingoma ezinjalo. Yonke i-"Iliad" ne "Odyssey" isifinyelele kithi, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi kuphela mayelana nezenzakalo eTroy kwakukhona i-epic cyclus (umjikelezo ngokombono wethu, amaGreki ayengenayo incwadi ethi "c", kodwa thina anamagama amaningi esiGreki athi cyclops, cyclops, Cynics atholakala ngendlela yesiLatini: cycle, cyclops, cynic) ephuma ezinkondlweni ezingaphezu kwezingu-12. Ungase umangale, mfundi, kodwa ku-Iliad ayikho incazelo ye "Trojan horse"; inkondlo iphetha kancane ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-Ilion. Sifunda ngehhashi ku-Odyssey nezinye izinkondlo zomjikelezo weThrojani, ikakhulukazi enkondlweni ethi "The Death of Ilion" ka-Arctin. Konke lokhu kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa kusisusa esihlokweni, ngakho-ke ngikhuluma ngakho ngokudlula.
Yebo, i- Iliad siyibiza ngokuthi inkondlo, kodwa yayiyingoma (izahluko zayo zisaqhubeka zibizwa ngokuthi izingoma kuze kube namuhla). U-Aed akazange afunde, kodwa wahlabelela ngokuzwakalayo imisindo yezintambo ze-ox-vein, esebenzisa ithambo elicijile - i-plectrum - njengomlamuleli (okunye ukubingelela kwasendulo), nabalaleli abathakathiwe, bewazi kahle uhlaka lwezenzakalo ezichazwe. uyijabulele imininingwane.
I-Iliad ne-Odyssey izinkondlo ezinkulu kakhulu. Imigqa engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-15 kanye nemigqa engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-12, ngokulandelana. Futhi ngakho zaculwa izikhathi eziningi zakusihlwa. Yayifana kakhulu nochungechunge lwesimanje lwe-TV. Ngezikhathi zakusihlwa abalaleli baphinde babuthana nge-aed futhi bephefumula, kanti kwezinye izindawo bekhala nokuhleka, balalele ukuqhubeka kwezindaba eziculwa izolo. Uma uchungechunge luthatha isikhathi eside futhi luthakasela, abantu bahlala isikhathi eside benamathele kulo. Ngakho abakwa-Aed baphila futhi bondla nabalaleli babo kuyilapho belalele izingoma zabo ezinde.
"Umqoqi wamafu uZeus Kronid, inkosi phezu kwakho konke, washisa amathanga akhe,
Base behlezi phansi edilini elicebile... futhi balijabulela.
Umculi waphezulu wacula ngaphansi kwengoma ethi, Demodocus, ehlonishwa yibo bonke abantu. "
UHomer. "Odyssey"
Ngakho-ke, yisikhathi sokufika ngqo ephuzwini. Sinobuciko be-Aeds, i-Aeds uqobo, izinkondlo nezingoma ezinde kakhulu kanye nokungabikho kokubhala. Lezi zinkondlo zafinyelela kanjani kithi kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX BC?
Kodwa okokuqala kunomunye umniningwane obalulekile. Sithi “izinkondlo” ngoba umbhalo wazo wawuyinkondlo, ivesi (ivesi elinye igama lesiGreki lasendulo elisho “isakhiwo”)
Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sasendulo, i-academician ye-Russian Academy of Sciences u-Igor Evgenievich Surikov: izinkondlo zikhunjulwa kangcono futhi zidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. “Zama ukubamba ngekhanda iphrozi, ikakhulukazi ucezu olukhulu, kodwa izinkondlo - ngiyakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha inani lezinkondlo engizifunde esikoleni,” wasitshela. Futhi kuyiqiniso. Ngamunye wethu ukhumbula okungenani imigqa embalwa yezinkondlo (noma ngisho nezinkondlo), futhi abantu abambalwa abakhumbula okungenani isigaba esigcwele esithathwe ku-prose.
AmaGreki asendulo ayengayisebenzisi imvumelwano, nakuba ayeyazi. Isisekelo sezinkondlo kwakuyisigqi, lapho ukushintshaniswa okuthile kwamagama amade namade kwakha amamitha wezinkondlo: iambic, i-trochee, i-dactyl, i-amphibrachium nabanye (lokhu cishe uhlu oluphelele lwamamitha wezinkondlo zezinkondlo zesimanje). AmaGreki ayenezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zalezi zilinganiso. Babewazi umlolozelo kodwa abazange bawusebenzise. Kodwa izinhlobonhlobo zesigqi nazo zanikezwa izitayela ezihlukahlukene: i-trochae, i-spondee, ivesi le-sapphic, i-Alcaean stanza kanye, yiqiniso, i-hexameter edumile. Imitha engiyithandayo i-iambic trimeter. (ihlaya) Imitha isho isilinganiso. Elinye igama eqoqweni lethu.
Ihexametha kwakuyimitha yenkondlo yamaculo (khimnos - umthandazo konkulunkulu) kanye nezinkondlo ezidumile ezifana nekaHomer. Singakhuluma ngakho isikhathi eside, ngizosho nje ukuthi abaningi, futhi kamuva, kuhlanganise nezimbongi zaseRoma, babhala ngehexameter, isibonelo, uVirgil ku "Aeneid" yakhe - inkondlo yokulingisa ye "Odyssey", lapho umlingiswa oyinhloko u-Aeneas ubalekela iTroy ebhujisiwe waya ezweni lakubo elisha - e-Italy.
“Wakhuluma, kwaba munyu kuPelidi: inhliziyo enamandla
Esifubeni seqhawe elinoboya, imicabango yayiyaluza phakathi kwalokhu okubili:
Noma, ngokushesha akhiphe inkemba ebukhali esithweni sangasese,
Abahlakaze abahlangana nabo, nibulale inkosi yase-Atridi;
Noma unqobe ulaka, unqande umphefumulo ocindezelekile...
UHomer. “I-Iliad” (ihunyushwe nguGnedich)
Njengoba mina, kubonakala sengathi, sengishilo kakade, ama-Aeds ngokwawo aqala ukudumisa izenzakalo ze-Trojan War cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo. Ngakho-ke ku-"The Odyssey" umlingisi wesihloko, engekho ekhaya, ngonyaka weshumi wokuzulazula kwakhe, uzwa ingoma ka-Aeda ngaye futhi uqala ukukhala, efihla izinyembezi zakhe kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphansi kwengubo yakhe.
Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi izingoma zavela ekhulwini le-200, uHomer wahlabelela "Iliad" yakhe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umbhalo wayo osohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli walotshwa phansi eminye iminyaka engama-XNUMX kamuva, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC e-Athene ngaphansi kobushiqela uPeisistratus. Lemibhalo yavela kanjani futhi yasifinyelela kanjani? Futhi impendulo imi kanje: I-AED ngayinye eyalandela yashintsha ikhodi yomthombo yababhali bangaphambilini, futhi ngokuvamile “ifolose” izingoma zabanye abantu futhi yenza lokhu njengendaba nje, njengoba lokhu kwakubhekwa njengento evamile. I-copyright ngalezo zinsuku yayingekho nje kuphela, kaningi futhi kamuva kakhulu, lapho kuqala ukubhala, "i-copyright in reverse" yayisebenza: lapho umbhali owaziwa kancane esayina imisebenzi yakhe ngegama elikhulu, ngoba, ngaphandle kwesizathu. , wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuzoqinisekisa impumelelo yomsebenzi wakhe.
I-Git, yokusabalalisa amakhodi omthombo, yasetshenziswa abafundi nabalaleli be-Aeds, kamuva ababa abaculi, kanye nemincintiswano ye-Aeds, eyayihlelwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi lapho bezwana khona. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakunombono wokuthi uHomer noHesiod bake bafinyelela kowamanqamu wezimbongi nokuthi, ngokuxakile, uHesiod wathola indawo yokuqala ngokombono wamajaji amaningi. (kungani ngizoshiya lapha)
Ukudlala ngakunye kuka-Aed engomeni yakhe bekungeyona nje into eyenziwayo, kodwa futhi bekuyisenzo sokudala: isikhathi ngasinye lapho eqamba ingoma yakhe njengokungathi kabusha kulo lonke uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi nemishwana esenziwe ngomumo - amafomula, anenani elithile lokuthuthuka kanye ukuboleka, ukupholisha kanye nokushintsha izingcezu "zekhodi" "on the fly". Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izenzakalo nabantu zaziwa kahle izilaleli, wakwenza lokhu esekelwe ezinye "core" futhi, okubalulekile, ngolimi lwesigodi olukhethekile - inkondlo ulimi izinhlelo, njengoba singasho manje. Cabanga nje ukuthi lokhu kufana kanjani nekhodi yesimanje: okuguquguqukayo okokufaka, amabhlogo anemibandela namalophu, imicimbi, amafomula, futhi konke lokhu ngolimi lwesigodi olukhethekile oluhlukile olimini olukhulunywayo! Ukulandela ulimi lwesigodi kwakuqinile kakhulu futhi ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka, izincwadi zezinkondlo ezihlukene zabhalwa ngezilimi zazo ezikhethekile (isi-Ionian, isi-Aeolian, isiDorian), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umlobi uvelaphi! Ngokulandela nje izimfuneko "zekhodi"!
Ngakho, umbhalo wohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli wazalwa ngokubolekwa komunye nomunye. Ngokusobala, uHomer ngokwakhe waboleka, kodwa ngokungafani nalabo abaye bacwila ekukhohlweni (iLethe ingomunye wemifula yeHayidese, eyayisongela ukukhohlwa), wakwenza ngobuhlakani, ehlanganisa ingoma eyodwa kwabaningi, enza ingoma eqinile, ekhanyayo, okucatshangelwayo futhi okungenakuqhathaniswa ngendlela kanye nenketho yokuqukethwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, igama lakhe nalo belingaziwa futhi belizothathelwa indawo abanye ababhali. Kwakuwukuhlakanipha “kombhalo” wakhe, owashiwo ngekhanda izizukulwane zabaculi ngemva kwakhe (ngokungangabazeki wabuyekezwa, kodwa ngezinga elincane kakhulu), owaqinisekisa indawo yakhe emlandweni. Kulokhu, uHomer waba isiqongo esingenakuqhathaniswa, indinganiso, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "umgogodla" we-monolithic we-ecosystem yonke yezingoma ukuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, wafinyelela eqophelweni lokugunyazwa ngokubhala enguqulweni eseduze neyokuqala. Futhi lokhu kubonakala kuyiqiniso. Kuyamangaza ukuthi umuhle kanjani umbhalo wakhe! Futhi ukuthi kubonwa kanjani umfundi olungiselelwe. Kwakungelona ize ukuthi uPushkin noTolstoy babemncoma uHomer, nokuthi uTolstoy, u-Alexander Omkhulu ngokwakhe, empilweni yakhe yonke, akazange ahlukane nomqulu we-Iliad - kumane kuyiqiniso elilotshwe ngokomlando.
Ngishilo ngenhla ngomjikelezo weThrojani, owawunenqwaba yemisebenzi ebonisa isiqephu esisodwa noma esinye seMpi YeThrojani. Ngokwengxenye, lezi "izimfoloko" ezingavamile zikaHomer "Iliad", ezibhalwe ngehexameter futhi zigcwalisa iziqephu ezingazange ziboniswe ku-"Iliad". Cishe zonke azizange zisifinyelele nhlobo, noma zisifinyelele ziyizingcezu kuphela. Lesi yisinqumo somlando - ngokusobala, babephansi kakhulu kunoHomer futhi abazange basakazeke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu.
Ake ngifingqe. Ulimi oluthile oluqinile lwezingoma, amafomula aqanjwe ngalo, inkululeko yokusabalalisa, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvuleka kwazo ekuguquleni njalo ngabanye - lokhu manje esikubiza ngokuthi umthombo ovulekile - kwavela ekuqaleni kwesiko lethu. Emkhakheni wobunikazi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuciko obuhlangene. Kuyiqiniso. Ngokuvamile, okuningi kwalokho esikucabangela ukusika-onqenqemeni kungatholakala emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Futhi esikubheka njengokusha kungenzeka ukuthi kwake kwaba khona ngaphambili. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, sikhumbula amazwi eBhayibheli, atholakala kumShumayeli (kuthiwa ashiwo iNkosi uSolomoni):
“Kwenzeka okuthile abathi ngakho: “Bheka, lokhu kusha,” kodwa kakade kwakusemakhulwini eminyaka angaphambi kwethu. Akukho ukukhumbula okwedlule; futhi ngeke kube khona ukukhunjulwa okuyokwenzeka kulabo abazayo ngemva...”
ekupheleni kweNgxenye yoku-1
Isikole (schola) - ukuzijabulisa, isikhathi samahhala.
I-Academy - i-grove eduze ne-Athene, indawo yesikole sefilosofi kaPlato
Indawo yokuzivocavoca (i-gymnos - inqunu) - izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba zaziyizinkundla zokuzivocavoca umzimba. Kuzona abafana bezilolonga benqunu. Ngakho-ke amagama anempande efanayo: i-gymnastics, i-gymnast.
Ifilosofi (phil - uthando, sophia - ukuhlakanipha) iyindlovukazi yesayensi.
I-Physics (i-physics - imvelo) - ukutadisha umhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo, imvelo
I-Metaphysics - ngokwezwi nezwi "Ngaphandle kwemvelo." U-Aristotle wayengazi ukuthi kumelwe akuhlukanise kuphi okwaphezulu futhi wabiza lo msebenzi ngokuthi: “Hhayi imvelo.”
Mathematics (izibalo - isifundo) - izifundo
Ubuchwepheshe (i-tehne - craft) eGreece - abadwebi nabaqophi, njengabakhiqizi bezimbiza zobumba, babengochwepheshe kanye nezingcweti. Ngakho-ke "ubuciko bomculi"
Ikhorasi iyadansa ekuqaleni. (ngakho-ke i-choreography). Kuthe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi selokhu kudansa kwaculwa abaningi, ikhwaya ibicula izingoma eziningi.
Isiteji (skena) - itende lokushintsha izingubo zabaculi. Wama maphakathi nenkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi.
Isiginci - kusukela esiGrekini sasendulo "kithara", insimbi yomculo enezintambo.
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Ngizwakalisa ukubonga kwami ukuhlela lo mbhalo.
Source: www.habr.com