Wonke umuntu uyazi ngezingxoxo zakamuva ku-State Duma mayelana ne-Runet ezimele. Abaningi bezwile ngakho, kodwa ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kuhlobene kanjani nakho - abazange bacabange. Kulesi sihloko, ngizame ukuchaza ukuthi kungani lokhu kudingekile nokuthi kuzobathinta kanjani abasebenzisi baseRussia benethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
Ngokujwayelekile, isu lokusebenza kumthethosivivinywa lichazwa kanje:
“...umthethosivivinywa wokulawulwa kombuso phezu kokudlula kwethrafikhi ye-inthanethi endaweni yase-Russia. Ikakhulukazi, ihlinzekela ukwakhiwa kwerejista yamakheli e-IP we-Runet kanye "nokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokukhuluma emhlabeni jikelele nezihlonzi ze-inthanethi zomhlaba wonke (amakheli e-DNS namakheli e-IP)", kanye nokusungulwa kokulawulwa kombuso eziteshini zokuxhumana zamazwe ngamazwe kanye amaphuzu okushintshaniswa kwe-traffic ... "
Ngingathanda ukudonsa ukunaka kwakho okukhethekile "ukulawulwa kombuso phezu kwesiteshi sokuxhumana samazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindawo zokushintshana kwethrafikhi" - leli "ibhuloho lokudonsa" elifanayo phakathi kwamaseva / iziteshi zokushintshana kolwazi ngaphakathi kwezwe nezindlela ezifanayo / abasebenzisi be-inthanethi emhlabeni jikelele. Noma, ukukubeka kalula, i-breaker. Funda ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini ngempela.
Kunjalo, osopolitiki abaningi FOR, udinga ukuzivikela ezitheni, baseduze futhi nganoma isiphi isikhathi anganqamula ukufinyelela amakati nezinja ofunda nabo. Kodwa lokhu kuyingxabano ekude, njengoba i-World Wide Web ihlanjululwe kangangokuthi abantu baseMelika, ngisho noma babefuna, abakwazanga ukuphazamisa umsebenzi we-Runet yonke, njengoba i-GLOBAL.
Okuwukuphela kwezingxabano (ngombono wami) "ekucimeni" i-Runet kungaba yimibono emi-2
1. Ngokusebenzisa ICANN yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe engenzi-nzuzo ebhaliswe e-United States, futhi isabalalisa amagama wesizinda. Osopolitiki baseRussia bathi le nhlangano ilawulwa yiziphathimandla zaseMelika futhi, ngemiyalo yazo, ingathatha izizinda ezisezingeni eliphezulu ru no-rf. Kodwa lokhu akukaze kwenzeke ngaphambili emlandweni, ngisho nabadlali abanonya nabancane (amazwe) aphikisana neWashington. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2015, uMnyango Wezohwebo wase-US, i-ICANN okwakufanele ixhumane nawo ngezinqumo zamasu, walahlekelwa yile misebenzi.
2. Ngokusebenzisa umbhalisi we-inthanethi wesifunda wamakheli e-IP I-RIPE NCC iyinhlangano ezimele yamaDashi egcizelele kaningi ukuthi ayibandakanyeki kwezombangazwe, kodwa imane igcine irekhodi lamakheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma bethatha isinqumo sokuthatha amabhlogo wamakheli e-IP avela eRussia, lokhu kuzophazamisa i-inthanethi nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuyixazulula ngani, kanjani futhi ngani, ngombono wami, udinga ukuqala ngomlando omncane wokubunjwa kweRunet.
Umlando omfushane we-Runet
Umlando we-Intanethi yaseRussia ungaqalwa ngokuphepha ngo-1990, lapho ngoJanuwari, ngoxhaso lwe-American Association for Progressive Communications evela eSan Francisco, inhlangano yomphakathi i-Glasnet yadalwa. Le nhlangano yomphakathi yayiklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezixhumanisi kothisha, izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu, izazi zemvelo kanye nabanye abaqinisekisi bomphakathi ovulekile.
1991 - 1995, ukuxhumana kokuqala ku-World Wide Web kubonakala, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezikhungo zocwaningo, ngokuhambisana, abahlinzeki bokuqala bayavela futhi baxhume abasebenzisi abambalwa. Ukubhaliswa kwesizinda se-RU ku-Kurchatov Institute, okwenza ingqalasizinda yomgogodla yokuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi enyuvesi i-RUNNet (Inethiwekhi Yamanyuvesi YaseRussia). Ukubonakala kweseva yokuqala.
1996 - I-Open Society Institute (i-Soros Foundation) yethula uhlelo lwe-University Internet Centers iminyaka emihlanu, kuze kube ngu-2001. Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa ngokubambisana noHulumeni waseRussian Federation. Ukutholwa kwemishini nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezikhungo ze-inthanethi zeNyuvesi ngenani lezigidi ezingama- $ 100 kwenziwa yiSoros Foundation. Lokhu kwasebenza njengomfutho owengeziwe wezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-inthanethi eRussia.
Inombolo yabasebenzisi 384 izinkulungwane
1997 - ukuvela kwenjini yokusesha ye-Yandex.ru yokusesha engxenyeni ekhuluma isiRashiya.
I-28 Juni ingabhekwa njengesenzo sokuqala esaziwayo emlandweni ukuthethelela i-Inthanethi - njenge Indawo engenalutho. Khona-ke iwebhusayithi ye-Moscow Libertarium yavula isigaba esinikezelwe I-SORM-2(uhlelo lwezinyathelo zokusesha zokusebenza), okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi izikhulu ze-FSB zikwazi ukweqa ngokuphumelelayo izidingo zoMthethosisekelo kanye nomthetho wamanje ngokwesimo esibophezelayo sesinqumo senkantolo sokukhawulela ukuba yimfihlo kwezincwadi, kumanethiwekhi amakhompyutha.
Ukushicilelwa kwezindaba, izifundo, ukuphawula, kanye nezenzo ezahlukahlukene ngokumelene ne-SORM-2, kuholele ekutheni ulwazi mayelana nephrojekthi ye-SORM-2, evumela ukubhekwa kwezakhamizi, sekuyilwazi lomphakathi
Inani labasebenzisi lifinyelele ezigidini eziyi-1,2.
1998 - 2000 Inani labasebenzisi lifinyelela ezigidini ezi-2. Izincwadi zokuqala zezindaba eziku-inthanethi ziyavela, abahlinzeki be-inthanethi abangaphezu kuka-300 basebenza ezweni, ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi kukhula ngesivinini esikhulu, amanethiwekhi okukhangisa okuqala avela, ukuphulwa kokuqala kwempahla yengqondo, njll.
Ngokuvamile, ama-90s angabhekwa njengesisekelo sokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwe-intanethi eRussia, eyadalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zenkululeko nokuntuleka kokulawula ngumbuso futhi, ngokuvamile, ngezindleko zezinhlangano zezohwebo nezokupha. Lokhu kubonakala ku-topology yayo yangaphakathi ehlukaniselwe amanethiwekhi namaseva angaboshelwe ezindaweni ezithile futhi angaweli ngaphansi kwegunya lezwe elithile. Kamuva, konke lokhu kwavumela ingxenye yesiRashiya ukuthi ikhule ibe usayizi ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
Umlando Wemizamo Yokulawula Umbuso
Usongo lokulawulwa kombuso phezu kwe-Runet lwavela ngo-1999, ngaleso sikhathi uNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana Leonid Reiman kanye nongqongqoshe wezindaba Mikhail Lesin okuhlongozwayo ukususa igunya lokuphatha indawo yesizinda se-RU enhlanganweni yomphakathi eyakhiwe ku-Kurchatov Institute (RosNIIROS), etshale imizamo kanye nezimali zokudala amanethiwekhi okuqala. Ngemuva komhlangano wongqongqoshe oholwa uNdunankulu (uPutin) kanye nezibalo ze-inthanethi (ngomzabalazo osebenzayo wakamuva), ukulawula indawo yesizinda se-RU nokho kwasuswa enhlanganweni yomphakathi engalawulwa.
Kusuka encwadini ethi Red Web - mayelana nomlando wokulawulwa kwezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zasekhaya nge-telecom:
Inhloko Yesikhwama Senqubomgomo Esisebenzayo (FEP) Gleb Pavlovsky waqala umhlangano wezibalo ze-inthanethi noVladimir Putin, owayenguNdunankulu ngaleso sikhathi. U-Pavlovsky uyi-strategist yezombangazwe, ngaleso sikhathi owayeseduze noMongameli Wokuphatha. I-FEP yakhe yabe isidala amaphrojekthi amaningi e-inthanethi adumile - Gazeta.ru, Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, njll.
Emhlanganweni, uPutin utshele izibalo ze-inthanethi mayelana neziphakamiso zikaReiman noLesin. Soldatov (inhloko Relcom, inothi umbhali), okwathi ngaleso sikhathi Rykov (umeluleki kahulumeni kubuchwepheshe bolwazi, inothi lombhali) usevele unolwazi mayelana nalezi ziphakamiso, waba phikisa ngamandla. baphikiswa futhi U-Anton Nosik ("Ubaba kaRunet," njengoba abezindaba bembiza kanjalo, wayengumlobi wezindaba owama emsuka wokubunjwa kweRunet, ngaleso sikhathi wayeyilungu lomkhandlu we-FEP futhi eqondisa amaphrojekthi afana neVesti.ru, Lenta. ru, inothi lombhali). Kwabamele imboni ye-inthanethi, umklami kuphela Artemy Lebedev ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwe-RosNIIROS, isola inhlangano ngokugcina amanani aphezulu ezizindeni.
"Uma kwamukelwa umthetho eRussia olawula imisebenzi ku-inthanethi, lokhu kuzosho ukwabiwa kabusha kwempahla emakethe ye-inthanethi ukuze kuzuze labo bantu aba-oda lo mthetho." - Anton Borisovich Nosik
Ngo-2000, uPutin wasayina imfundiso yokuphepha kolwazi, equkethe izinsongo ezifana "nenhloso yamazwe amaningi ukubusa nokuphula izithakazelo zaseRussia endaweni yolwazi." Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwale mfundiso, umsebenzi waqala ekulungiseni nasekuthuthukiseni iqoqo lezinyathelo: ukucinga nokudalwa kwabasebenzi, ukwandiswa nokuvulwa kweminyango eyisipesheli ngaphakathi kweminyango nezinkonzo ezifanele, njll.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-2000, iziphathimandla zase-Russia ziqinise umsebenzi wokuphuca inkampani yaseMelika i-ICANN, engaphansi kokulawulwa okusemthethweni kweziphathimandla zase-US, igunya lokusabalalisa izindawo zesizinda somhlaba namakheli e-IP. Kodwa-ke, abameleli base-United States bahlangana nalo mbono omuhle kakhulu.
Khona-ke amaRussia ashintsha amaqhinga futhi azama ukuthatha igunya ku-ICANN ngokusebenzisa i-International Telecommunication Union (ITU), elawula ezokuxhumana zendabuko futhi eholwa ngu-Maltese Hamadoun Tur, othweswe iziqu eLeningrad Institute of Communications. Ngo-2011, owayenguNdunankulu u-Vladimir Putin wahlangana ne-Tour e-Geneva futhi wamtshela ngesidingo sokudlulisa igunya lokusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza ze-inthanethi ukusuka ku-ICANN kuya ku-ITU. I-Russia yalungiselela uhlaka lwesinqumo se-ITU futhi yaqala ukuqoqa ukwesekwa okuvela eChina nasemazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi.
Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuZibandlela wezi-2012, inhloko yethimba lase-US, u-Terry Kramer, wabiza lezi ziphakamiso ngomzamo wokuhlola i-inthanethi. Ngokubona ukuthi lesi siphakamiso ngeke sidlule, ngoDisemba 10, iTour yancenga uhlangothi lwaseRussia ukuthi luyihoxise.
Empeleni, kuleli qophelo, imizamo yaseRussia yokudala indawo yokuqala futhi ithole umthelela wokulawula i-inthanethi emhlabeni jikelele yabhidlika. Futhi amandla aseRussia ashintshwa ngokuphelele engxenyeni yasekhaya.
Umzabalazo we-Yandex
Ekwindla ka-2008, inkampani ye-Yandex yaqala ukuzizwa inkathazo emva kwenye: isikhungo sayo esisha sedatha asikwazanga ukuqaliswa ngenxa yezinkinga ze-bureaucratic, kwavulwa icala lobugebengu, lapho kwavela khona inhloko yenkampani. Arkady Volozh, futhi usomabhizinisi wabonisa isithakazelo ekuthengeni inkampani Alisher Usmanov. I-Yandex yesaba ukuthathwa okunonya.
Izizathu zokunganeliseki kweziphathimandla no-Arkady Volozh zachazwa ngendlela yezithombe-skrini eziboniswe ekhasini eliyinhloko le-Yandex.News aggregator, eyenziwe phakathi nempi yaseRussia-Georgia. Ukucacisa lesi simo, ongqongqoshe ababili (UVladislav Surkov и Konstantin Kostin) uvakashele ihhovisi le-Yandex, lapho bezama ukuchazela izikhulu ukuthi kwakungebona abantu abathintekayo ekukhethweni kwezindaba kule nkonzo, irobhothiukusebenza i-algorithm ekhethekile.
Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zikaGershenzon, inhloko ye-YandexNews, u-Surkov uphazamise inkulumo yakhe futhi wakhomba isihloko senkululeko ku-Yandex.News. "Izitha zethu lezi, asikudingi lokhu," kusho iphini lenhloko yophiko lwezokuPhathwa kukaMengameli. U-Konstantin Kostin ufune ukuthi izikhulu zivunyelwe ukufinyelela ku-interface yesevisi.
I-Yandex yashaqeka ngemiphumela yezingxoxo neziphathimandla. Kodwa ekugcineni, ukulwa nezikhulu kwaphela ngokunikezwa kwesimo somlingani onophawu "omele umenzi wezindaba onentshisekelo" futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wangena ebhodini labaqondisi "Yandex" Alexander Voloshin, owayeyinhloko yokuphatha kukaMongameli u-Boris Yeltsin kanye no-Vladimir Putin.
Cishe isimo esifanayo, kodwa ngamazinga ahlukene okuba yinkimbinkimbi, singabonakala ezimeni zokuwohloka kancane kweKaspersky Lab () kanye ne-Vkontakte (). Futhi lezi yizimo ezizwakalayo kuphela ezaziwa umlobi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umshini wokuvinjelwa nokulawulwa kwe-Runet wawusuvele uthola umfutho futhi wathola izici zesimanje. Imithetho eyisipesheli yalungiselelwa ngokuqukethwe okungacacile ukuze ingabhekwa njengokuvinjelwa, ngaphansi kwesisekelo sezokuphepha noma ukulwa nokweqisa. Ukuvimbela okuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni, ngokunwetshwa kwamandla e-Roskomnadzor, sekuvele kwanda. Amandla okubanjelwa “izingxoxo” nabadlali abakhulu kule ngxenye. Nokho, njengomphumela walesi sigaba, amacala okuphatha angempela aseqalile kakade ngezinhlawulo nokushushiswa kobugebengu kwabasebenzisi abavamile, abagxilwe emqondweni womphakathi njengokuthi "Okuthandwayo nokuthunyelwe kabusha".
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ekugcineni ulawule inethiwekhi, amandla akhona anento eyodwa kuphela esele - ukwamukela isipiliyoni saseChina (babecabanga ngakho ngisho nangaphambili) futhi baqale umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa i-Runet. Kochwepheshe abaningi, lokhu kubonakala sengathi "injabulo" enzima futhi ebizayo, njengoba i-China yakha inethiwekhi yayo ngokushesha ngokufika kwe-intanethi esifundeni, futhi eRussia, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, yakhiwe ngokwayo. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuqala, ngoba sekuvele kunesivumelwano namaShayina kanye nesipiliyoni, okushoyo, sigeleza njengomfudlana ovela eMbusweni Ophakathi.
Kukhona umbono izikhulu ukuthi lo mthethosivivinywa uhloselwe kuphela ukuvikela ibhizinisi laseRussia (eduze-nesifunda, kunjalo) kanye nezinsizakalo zikahulumeni kusuka ezinkingeni zamaMelika. Kuyasolakala ukuthi, udinga ukuwavikela ekunqanyulweni futhi ulondoloze idatha yawo. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi zonke sezivele zisebenza ngesizathu esithile izikhulu azikhulumi kumaseva angaphakathi (wonke amawebhusayithi kahulumeni, amabhizinisi aseduze nesifunda, amabhizinisi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngaphakathi kwenkimbinkimbi yezempi-yezimboni, njll.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokukhokha lwakamuva "MIR" lwethulwa ngokuphathelene nokwenzeka kwabaseMelika ukuvimba izinhlelo zokukhokha ezivele zikhona. Ngithembe, zivikeleke ngangokunokwenzeka futhi izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyisipesheli ezinokuvikelwa ezinsongweni ze-inthanethi kade zaba khona.
Kungani lokhu kuwugibe?
Umthethosivivinywa ku-inthanethi ebusayo uzovumela umsebenzi ukuthi uqale ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yangaphakathi, lapho wonke ama-traffic kumaseva angaphandle kuqala edlula "ngamasango" alawulwa uhulumeni.
- Abahlinzeki be-inthanethi bazofaka amathuluzi akhethekile okuhloswe ngawo ukulwa nezinsongo ze-inthanethi (nakuba sebevele benza lokhu njengengxenye Yephakheji Yase-Yarovaya).
- Ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwayo yonke ithrafikhi yabasebenzisi baseRussia.
- Ukudalwa kwerejista yamaphoyinti okushintshana kwethrafikhi, i-DNS namakheli e-IP.
- Ukuqoqwa kwedatha ezinkampanini ezihlela umsebenzi weNethiwekhi.
Futhi ngenkathi "izinkulumo-mpikiswano" ziqhubeka, uMnyango Wezokuxhumana usuvele ulungiselele isinqumo esihlinzekela ukuvinjelwa komzila wethrafikhi yaseRussia ngaphandle kwe-Runet ukuze sisivikele, izakhamuzi, "ekubambeni ngocingo" kwamazwe angenabungane. Umthetho omusha uzokhulula izandla zabo futhi ubanike izindlela zokwenza lokho. Isinqumo siphinde sithi: "... ngo-2020, isabelo sethrafikhi yangaphakathi yengxenye yaseRussia ye-Intanethi, ehamba ngamaseva angaphandle, kufanele yehle ifike ku-5% ...", Ingabe lokhu akukukhumbuzi nge-Iron Curtain, kodwa kuze kube manje kuphela endaweni ebonakalayo?
Futhi ingabe ucabanga ngempela ukuthi ngemva kokuqaliswa kokulawulwa kwethrafikhi yangaphandle kanye nezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ukugcina idatha kumaseva e-Runet, bazoshiya konke njengoba kunjalo?
Imiphumela
Zonke lezi zinyathelo zizothinta bonke abantu baseRussia abasebenzayo kanye nabasebenzisi be-inthanethi baseRussia abangazange babhekane nesiphithiphithi sokushisekela izwe.
Impela futhi ngaphandle kwezingathekiso, umbuso uzokhipha imali ephaketheni lakho ukuze unciphise ukuthola kwakho ulwazi.
Ukusabela kweketango ezenzweni ezinjalo, ngaphandle kokweqisa, kukhulu.
Sisebenzisa izinsiza namagajethi cishe wonke athuthukiswe yizinkampani zakwamanye amazwe, akuzona zonke lezi zinkampani ezizofuna ukuphinda imininingwane kumaseva aseRussia, ngenkathi zikhokhela isitoreji sazo, ngaleyo ndlela zithinte ukuphuma emakethe yalezi zinsizakalo (okuyinto ukulahleka kwayo). Abasebenzisi baseRussia ababalulekile), Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke umuntu ozoshiya, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukuncintisana, okuzogcina kuthinte inqubomgomo yentengo. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi bazophahlazeka njalo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukuxhumana namaseva abo phesheya.
Akwaziwa ukuthi zizobe sezilungile yini.
I-Facebook/Instagram/Reddit/Twitter/YouTube/Vimeo/Vine/WhatsApp/Viber nezinye izinsiza ezidumile zama-Internet giants njenge-Amazon/Google/Microsoft nezinye.dlulisa ulwazi kumaseva endaweni yaseRussia, leli nani ledatha futhi usebenze ukuwadlulisela , ngokubona kwami, akunakuqhathaniswa nemali engenayo emakethe yethu manje, futhi nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo.
Amathoyizi amaningi azoyeka ukusebenza noma awe njalo emizuzwini eyi-10 yokudlala ku-inthanethi, izilandeleli zamahhala zezifufula ngeke zitholakale ngisho nangamaseva wommeleli. Ngeke usabuka amafilimu akho owathandayo “ngaphandle kokubhaliswa kanye ne-SMS”, ngokuthuthumela ukuthola ukuthi izinjini zokusesha azisatholi i-Marvel ne-DC, ngoba ukufinyelela kulezi zinsiza kwamanye amazwe kuzovinjelwa.
Futhi enye, ngokubona kwami, into ebaluleke kakhulu abasebenzisi abajwayelekile abangase bangayicabangi yizinkinga zokuxhumana ezizobhekana nazo. ososayensi nabacwaningi. Njengoba lokhu kuncike kakhulu, ekuvulekeni kokuthola ulwazi, umphakathi. Phela, ngeke kube yimfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ososayensi abakhulu kunawo wonke kanye nemininingwane yocwaningo itholakala phesheya.
Ngemva kokuhlukanisa i-Inthanethi emhlabeni wonke futhi yasabalalisa kabusha ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ngaphakathi kwe-Runet, iziphathimandla zizokwazi ukuqhubekela esigabeni esilandelayo (noma ngokufana) - lokhu kuyindalo (ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho okuyigugu koMbuso WaseZulwini. ) yesoftware kanye nehardware yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuvinjwa kokuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni. Futhi lokhu sekuvele kuyi-analogue ye-firewall enkulu yamaShayina (ngezansi isixhumanisi sokubuyekezwa)
Futhi konke kungenxa yemali yethu
Yebo, lokhu okungenhla kudinga isikhathi nemali eningi, ubuchwepheshe nolwazi. Kuzoba nezinkinga ezanele nalokhu kwakamuva, futhi kusazothenjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi isibikezelo sezulu esidabukisayo. Ngokuqondene nemali, akunandaba, kunezinketho eziningi - bazokwethula intela eyengeziwe kubahlinzeki be-inthanethi futhi ungamangali lapho uthola ukwenyuka kwentela yakho ngama-ruble ayi-100-200.
Iziphetho esihlokweni ziwumbono wombhali kuphela. Uma ungabaza ngobufakazi obunikeziwe, usenayo i-Google - google izehlakalo ezichazwe esihlokweni, funda futhi ungene emanzini ngokuqhubekayo kulo mgodi onogwaja.
Funda ngalesi sihloko
Iminithi lokunakekelwa kusuka ku-UFO
Lokhu okuqukethwe kungenzeka kubangele imizwa engqubuzanayo, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokubhala amazwana, hlaziya okuthile okubalulekile:
Ungabhala kanjani amazwana futhi usinde
- Ungabhali imibono ecasulayo, ungazitholi okomuntu siqu.
- Gwema ulimi olunenhlamba nokuziphatha okunobuthi (ngisho nangendlela emboziwe).
- Ukuze ubike amazwana aphula imithetho yesayithi, sebenzisa inkinobho ethi "Bika" (uma ikhona) noma .
Okufanele ukwenze, uma: |
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Source: www.habr.com