I-Turkmenistan ingelinye lamazwe avaliwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Hhayi njengoba kuvalwe, yithi, eNyakatho Korea, kodwa kuvaliwe. Umehluko obalulekile yi-inthanethi yomphakathi, isakhamuzi sezwe esingaxhuma kuyo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngesimo semboni ye-inthanethi ezweni, ukutholakala kwenethiwekhi, izindleko zokuxhuma kanye nemikhawulo ebekwe yizikhulu.
Yavela nini i-inthanethi eTurkmenistan?
Ngaphansi kukaSaparmurat Niyazov, i-Intanethi yayingavamile. Kwakukhona izindawo eziningana zokuxhuma kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke esebenza ezweni ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa yizikhulu eziphezulu kuphela nezikhulu zezokuphepha ezazikwazi ukufinyelela, futhi kwakungavamile ukuba abasebenzisi abavamile. Kwakukhona abahlinzeki be-inthanethi abambalwa abancane. Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, ezinye izinkampani zavalwa, ezinye zahlanganiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela u-monopolist wombuso - umhlinzeki wesevisi u-Turkmentelecom. Kukhona nezinkampani ezincane zabahlinzeki, kodwa zonke, empeleni, ziyizinkampani ezingaphansi kwe-Turkmentelecom futhi zingaphansi kwayo ngokuphelele.
Ngemva kokubusa kukaMongameli uBerdimuhamedov, kwavela amathofi e-inthanethi eTurkmenistan futhi ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yaqala ukuthuthuka. Amakhefi okuqala esimanje e-inthanethi avele ngo-2007. I-Turkmenistan futhi inenethiwekhi yamaselula yesizukulwane sesithathu nesesine. Noma yimuphi umhlali wezwe angaxhuma kuwo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ku-inthanethi. Udinga nje ukuthenga i-SIM khadi bese ulifaka kudivayisi.
Ibiza malini i-inthanethi futhi yini oyidingayo ukuze uyixhume?
Yonke into, njengamanye amazwe amaningi, umhlinzeki udinga ukunikeza isicelo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, obhalisile omusha uxhunyiwe. Inqubomgomo yentengo yimbi kancane. Ngokwezibalo zochwepheshe abavela eBhange Lomhlaba, i-Intanethi eTurkmenistan ibiza kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe e-USSR yangaphambili. I-gigabyte eyodwa lapha ibiza izikhathi ezingu-3,5 ngaphezu kwe-Russian Federation. Izindleko zokuxhuma zivela ku-2500 kuya ku-6200 ngokulingana nama-ruble ngenyanga. Uma kuqhathaniswa, esikhungweni sikahulumeni enhloko-dolobha iholo lingaba ngama-ruble angu-18 (ama-manats angu-113), kuyilapho abameleli beminye imisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni, banemiholo ephansi kakhulu.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, enye inketho yokuxhuma kwi-inthanethi ukuxhumana kweselula, amanethiwekhi e-4G. Ngemuva kokuvela kokuqala kwengqalasizinda ye-4G, ijubane lalifike ku-70 Mbit/s nangaphandle kwedolobha. Manje, lapho inani lababhalisile likhule kakhulu, ijubane liye lehla izikhathi ezingu-10 - kuya ku-7 Mbit / s ngaphakathi kwedolobha. Futhi lena yi-4G; mayelana ne-3G, akukho ngisho no-500 Kbps.
Ngokusho kwesikhungo saseMelika i-Akamai Technologies, ukutholakala kwe-inthanethi kubantu ezweni kungama-20%. Omunye wabahlinzeki enhloko-dolobha yaseTurkmenistan unabasebenzisi abangu-15 kuphela, naphezu kokuthi inani labantu bedolobha lidlula abantu abayizigidi ezingu-000.
Isivinini esimaphakathi sokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi kubasebenzisi ezweni lonke singaphansi kuka-0,5 Mbit/s.
Ngokuqondene nedolobha ngokwalo, uMnyango Wezokuxhumana cishe unyaka nesigamu owedlule ukuthi ku-Ashgabat isivinini sokudlulisa idatha phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha ngokwesilinganiso sifinyelela ku-20 Gbit/sec.
Ingqalasizinda engomahambanendlwana ithuthukiswe kahle - ngisho nezindawo zokuhlala ezincane zihlanganiswa yinethiwekhi. Uma udlulela ngale kwalezi zigodi, kuzoba nokuxhumana - ukufakwa akukubi. Kodwa lokhu kusebenza ekuxhumekeni kwefoni ngokwayo, kodwa isivinini kanye nekhwalithi ye-Inthanethi yeselula ayinhle kakhulu.
Ingabe zonke izinsiza ziyatholakala noma zikhona ezivinjiwe?
E-Turkmenistan, izingosi nezinsizakalo eziningi ezaziwayo zivinjelwe, kufaka phakathi i-YouTube, i-Facebook, i-Twitter, i-VKontakte, i-LiveJournal, i-Lenta.ru. I-Messenger WhatsApp, Wechat, Viber nazo azitholakali. Amanye amasayithi nawo avinjelwe, ezimweni eziningi lawo ashicilela ukugxeka kweziphathimandla. Yiqiniso, ngesizathu esithile iwebhusayithi ye-MTS Turkmenistan, umagazini wabesifazane i-Women.ru, ezinye izingosi zokupheka, njll.
Ngo-Okthoba 2019, ukufinyelela ifu le-Google kwavalwa, ngakho abasebenzisi balahlekelwa ukufinyelela kumasevisi enkampani afana ne-Google Drayivu, i-Google Amadokhumenti nezinye. Cishe, inkinga ukuthi isibuko sewebhusayithi ephikisayo sithunyelwe kule sevisi ehlobo.
Iziphathimandla zilwa kakhulu namathuluzi e-block bypass, okuhlanganisa abantu abangaziwa kanye nama-VPN. Ngaphambilini, izitolo ezithengisa omakhalekhukhwini nezikhungo zesevisi zazinikeza abasebenzisi ukuthi bafake izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-VPN. Iziphathimandla zathatha isinyathelo futhi zaqala ukuhlawulisa osomabhizinisi njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhungo zesevisi zisuse le sevisi. Futhi, uhulumeni ulandelela amawebhusayithi abasebenzisi abawavakashelayo. Ukuvakashela isisetshenziswa esinqatshelwe kungase kubangele amasamanisi kwabasemagunyeni kanye nokubhalwa kwenothi lencazelo. Kwezinye izimo, izikhulu zezomthetho zingafika zodwa.
Ukuze kube nobulungisa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezifufula kwasuswa eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Iziphathimandla zizivimba kanjani izinsiza ezingafunwa futhi ziqaphe imizamo yokudlula ukuvinjwa?
Lesi yisikhathi esithakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokwazi kwethu, imishini kanye nesoftware yokulandela umkhondo ihlinzekwa yizinkampani zaseNtshonalanga. Umnyango Wezokuphepha wezwe unesibopho sokuqapha inethiwekhi kazwelonke kanye nokuphatha isisekelo sobuchwepheshe.
Inkonzo ibambisana ngenkuthalo nenkampani yaseJalimane iRohde & Schwarz. Izinkampani ezivela e-UK ziphinde zidayisele izwe imishini nesoftware. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, iphalamende labo lavumela ukuphakelwa eTurkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Brunei, Turkey naseBahrain.
I-Turkmenistan idinga ochwepheshe ukuze igcine ukuhlunga kwe-inthanethi. Abenele ongoti bakuleli, futhi uhulumeni usebenzisa usizo lwakwamanye amazwe.
Ngu I-Turkmenistan ithenga izinhlobo ezimbili zemishini yokuqapha inethiwekhi - i-R&S INTRA ne-R&S Unified Firewalls, kanye nesoftware ye-R&S PACE 2.
Ukuqapha akwenziwa wuMnyango uqobo, kodwa kwenziwa izinkampani ezimbili ezizimele zezokuxhumana ezihambisana nawo. Umnikazi wenye yezinkampani ungowokuzalwa ezikhungweni zokuphepha zikahulumeni zaseTurkmenistan. Lezi zinkampani ezifanayo zithola izinkontileka zikahulumeni zokuthuthukiswa kwewebhusayithi, isofthiwe, nokugcinwa kwemishini yenethiwekhi.
Isofthiwe ehlinzekwa evela e-Europe ihlaziya inkulumo futhi isebenzisa izihlungi ukubona amagama, imisho kanye nemisho yonke. Umphumela wokuhlaziya uhlolwa ngokumelene βnohlu olumnyamaβ. Uma kwenzeka kube nenhlanhla, izikhungo zomthetho ziyabandakanyeka. Baphinde baqaphe ama-SMS kanye nezithunywa ezisheshayo.
Isibonelo sokuhlola usebenzisa i-BlockCheck v0.0.9.8:
Ukulwa ne-VPN
Iziphathimandla zaseTurkmenistan zilwa nama-VPN anamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo ngenxa yokuduma kobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-inthanethi abangabekezeleli ukuvinjwa kwamasayithi amakhulu angaphandle. Uhulumeni usebenzisa imishini efanayo evela enkampanini yaseJalimane ukuhlunga izimoto.
Ukwengeza, kwenziwa imizamo yokuvimba izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-VPN yeselula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sibonile ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lwe-VPN yeselula alutholakali kwabanye abasebenzisi. Okuwukuphela kwento esiza umsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi wokusebenza ne-API ngommeleli.
Sinabasebenzisi abambalwa esibathintayo abavela e-Turkmenistan, futhi babika ngezikhathi ezithile izinkinga ezithile zokuxhumana. Omunye wabo usanda kunginika umqondo wokudala lesi sihloko. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nangemva kokungena ngempumelelo kuhlelo lokusebenza, akuwona wonke amaseva axhunyiwe. Kubukeka sengathi uhlobo oluthile lwezihlungi zokuqashelwa kwethrafikhi ye-VPN ezizenzakalelayo ziyasebenza. Ngokusho kwabasebenzisi abafanayo, kungcono ukuxhuma kumaseva amasha angezwe kamuva.
NgoJanuwari odlule uhulumeni waqhubeka nakakhulu futhi ukufinyelela ku-Google Play Isitolo.
... izakhamizi zase-Turkmenistan zilahlekelwe ukufinyelela ku-Google Play Isitolo, lapho abasebenzisi balande khona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibavumele ukuthi badlule ukuvinjwa.
Zonke lezi zenzo zandisa kuphela ukuthandwa kobuchwepheshe be-block bypass. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lokusesha elihlobene ne-VPN .
Ngokuzayo, iziphathimandla zaseTurkmen zithembisa ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi, ukwandisa isivinini sokuxhuma futhi andise ukufakwa kwe-3G ne-4G. Kodwa akucaci kahle ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka nini nokuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo ngokuvinjwa.
Source: www.habr.com