Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Njengoba sibonile ku , onjiniyela bomsakazo nezingcingo ababefuna izikhulisa-zwi ezinamandla bathola umkhakha omusha wezobuchwepheshe owabizwa ngokushesha ngokuthi i-electronics. I-amplifier kagesi ingashintshwa kalula ibe iswishi yedijithali, esebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu kunomzala wayo we-electromechanical, i-relay yocingo. Ngenxa yokuthi bezingekho izingxenye eziwumshini, ishubhu ye-vacuum ibingavulwa futhi ivalwe nge-microsecond noma ngaphansi, kunama-millisecond ayishumi noma ngaphezulu adingwa i-relay.
Kusukela ngo-1939 kuya ku-1945, kwadalwa amakhompyutha amathathu kusetshenziswa lezi zingxenye ezintsha ze-elekthronikhi. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi izinsuku zokwakhiwa kwazo ziqondane nesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Le ngxabano - engenakuqhathaniswa emlandweni ngendlela eyabophela ngayo abantu enqoleni yempi - yashintsha unomphela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe naphakathi kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, futhi yaletha inani elikhulu lamadivayisi amasha emhlabeni.
Izindaba zamakhompiyutha amathathu okuqala e-elekthronikhi zihlangene nempi. Eyokuqala yayizinikele ekuchazeni imilayezo yesiJalimane, futhi yahlala ngaphansi kwesembozo semfihlo kwaze kwaba ngawo-1970, lapho yayingasenandaba nalutho ngaphandle komlando. Owesibili abafundi abaningi okufanele ngabe bezwe ngawo kwakuyi-ENIAC, umshini wokubala wezempi owaqedwa sekwephuzile kakhulu ukusiza empini. Kodwa lapha sibheka owokuqala kule mishini emithathu, i-brainchild of .
U-Atanasov
Ngo-1930, u-Atanasov, indodana yokuzalwa eMelika evela kwelinye izwe , ekugcineni wafeza iphupho lakhe lobusha futhi waba isazi sesayensi yemvelo. Kodwa, njengeningi lezifiso ezinjalo, iqiniso lalingekona lokho ayekulindele. Ikakhulukazi, njengabafundi abaningi bobunjiniyela kanye nesayensi yemvelo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX, u-Atanasov kwadingeka abhekane nemithwalo ebuhlungu yokubala njalo. Uhlaka lwakhe eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-helium lwaludinga amasonto ayisishiyagalombili okubala okukhathazayo esebenzisa umshini wokubala wedeski.
UJohn Atanasov ebusheni bakhe
Ngo-1935, ngemva kokuthola isikhundla sokuba uprofesa eNyuvesi yase-Iowa, u-Atanasov wanquma ukwenza okuthile ngalo mthwalo. Waqala ukucabanga ngezindlela ezingenzeka zokwakha ikhompyutha entsha, enamandla kakhulu. Enqaba izindlela ze-analog (njenge-MIT differential analyzer) ngenxa yezizathu zomkhawulo nokunganembile, wanquma ukwakha umshini wedijithali osebenza ngezinombolo njengamavelu ahlukene esikhundleni sokulinganisa okuqhubekayo. Kusukela ebusheni bakhe, wayejwayelene nesistimu yezinombolo kanambambili futhi eqonda ukuthi ingena kangcono kakhulu esakhiweni sokuvula/ukuvala sokushintsha kwedijithali kunezinombolo zedesimali ezivamile. Ngakho wanquma ukwenza umshini kanambambili. Futhi ekugcineni, wanquma ukuthi ukuze kube okushesha kakhulu futhi okuguquguqukayo kakhulu, kufanele kube nge-elekthronikhi, futhi asebenzise amashubhu e-vacuum ekubaleni.
U-Atanasov naye wayedinga ukunquma isikhala senkinga - hlobo luni lwezibalo okufanele ikhompuyutha yakhe ifaneleke? Ngenxa yalokho, wanquma ukuthi uzobhekana nezinhlelo zokuxazulula izilinganiso ze-linear equations, azinciphise zibe ukuguquguquka okukodwa (esebenzisa )—izibalo ezifanayo ezazibusa encwadini yakhe. Izosekela izibalo ezifika kwamashumi amathathu, neziguquguqukayo ezifika kwamashumi amathathu ngayinye. Ikhompyutha enjalo ingaxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile kososayensi nonjiniyela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngeke ibonakale iyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ucezu lobuciko
Maphakathi nawo-1930, ubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi base buhluke kakhulu emsuka wabo eminyakeni engama-25 ngaphambili. Intuthuko emibili yayifaneleka kakhulu iphrojekthi ka-Atanasov: i-trigger relay kanye nemitha ye-electronic.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-1918, onjiniyela bezingcingo nocingo bebenomshini osetshenziswayo obizwa ngokuthi iswishi. Iswishi iwukudluliswa kwe-bistable esebenzisa omazibuthe abangunaphakade ukuyibamba esimweni oyishiye ikuso—ivuliwe noma ivaliwe—kuze kube yilapho ithola isignali kagesi ukuze ishintshe izifunda. Kodwa amashubhu e-vacuum awakwazanga ukwenza lokhu. Zazingenayo ingxenye yomshini futhi zazingase "zivuleke" noma "zivaliwe" ngenkathi ugesi ugeleza noma ungagelezi kusekethe. Ngo-1, izazi zefiziksi ezimbili zaseBrithani, uWilliam Eccles noFrank Jordan, zaxhuma izibani ezimbili ngezintambo ukuze zenze “i-trigger relay” - i-electronic relay ehlala ivuliwe ngemva kokukhanyisa umfutho wokuqala. U-Eccles no-Jordan bakha uhlelo lwabo lwezinjongo zokuxhumana ngocingo lwe-British Admiralty ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kodwa isifunda sase-Eccles-Jordan, kamuva esaziwa ngokuthi i-trigger [yesiNgisi. flip-flop] ingase futhi ibhekwe njengethuluzi lokugcina idijithi kanambambili - 0 uma isignali idluliswa, kanye no-XNUMX ngenye indlela. Ngale ndlela, ngokusebenzisa ama-n flip-flops kwakungenzeka ukumela inombolo kanambambili yamabhithi n.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kwe-trigger, ukuphumelela kwesibili okukhulu kwe-electronics kwenzeka, kushayisana nomhlaba wekhompiyutha: amamitha kagesi. Futhi, njengoba kaningi kwenzeka emlandweni wokuqala wekhompyutha, isithukuthezi saba ngumama wokuqanjwa. Izazi zefiziksi ezifunda ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic bekufanele zilalele ukuchofoza noma zichithe amahora zifunda amarekhodi ezithombe, zibala inani lokutholwa ukuze zilinganise izinga lokukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Amamitha emishini noma kagesi abe yinketho ehehayo yokwenza lezi zenzo zibe lula, kodwa ahamba kancane kakhulu: awakwazanga ukubhalisa izehlakalo eziningi ezenzeke phakathi kwama-milliseconds enye nenye.
Isibalo esibalulekile ekuxazululeni le nkinga kwaba , owayesebenza ngaphansi kuka-Ernest Rutherford eCavendish Laboratory eCambridge. UWynne-Williams wayenekhono lezinto zikagesi, futhi wayesewasebenzisile kakade amashubhu (noma amavalvu, njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo eBrithani) ukuze akhe izikhulisamazwi ezazikwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzwa ukuthi kwenzekani ezinhlayiyeni. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1930, waqaphela ukuthi amavalvu ayengase asetshenziswe ukwakha ikhawunta, ayibiza ngokuthi “ikhawunta yesilinganiso kanambambili”—okungukuthi, ikhawunta kanambambili. Empeleni, kwakuyisethi yama-flip-flops ayekwazi ukudlulisa amaswishi phezulu kweketango (empeleni, yayisetshenziswa. , izinhlobo zezibani ezingenayo i-vacuum, kodwa igesi, engahlala endaweni ngemuva kwe-ionization ephelele yegesi).
Ikhawunta ye-Wynne-Williams ngokushesha yaba enye yemishini yaselabhorethri edingekayo kunoma ubani ohileleke ku-particle physics. Izazi zefiziksi zakha izinto zokubala ezincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile eziqukethe amadijithi amathathu (okungukuthi, ezikwazi ukubala zize zifike kweziyisikhombisa). ngemitha yomshini enensayo, kanye nokuqopha izehlakalo ezenzeka ngokushesha kunemitha enezingxenye zemishini ezihamba kancane ezingarekhoda.
Kodwa ngokombono, izinto zokubala ezinjalo zinganwetshwa zibe izinombolo zosayizi noma ukunemba. Lokhu, uma sikhuluma nje, bekuyimishini yokubala yedijithali yokuqala.
Ikhompyutha ye-Atanasov-Berry
U-Atanasov wayejwayelene nale ndaba, okwamenza waqiniseka ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakha ikhompyutha ye-elekthronikhi. Kodwa akazange asebenzise ngokuqondile izinto zokubala kanambambili noma ama-flip-flops. Ekuqaleni, ngesisekelo sohlelo lokubala, wazama ukusebenzisa izinto zokubala eziguquliwe kancane - phela, kuyini ukuhlanganisa uma kungabalwa ngokuphindaphindiwe? Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile wayengakwazi ukwenza izifunda zokubala zithembeke ngokwanele, futhi kwadingeka azenzele eyakhe imijikelezo yokuhlanganisa nokuphindaphinda. Akakwazanga ukusebenzisa ama-flip-flops ukuze agcine izinombolo kanambambili okwesikhashana ngenxa yokuthi ubenesabelomali esilinganiselwe kanye nomgomo wokufisa ukugcina ama-coefficient angamashumi amathathu ngesikhathi. Njengoba sizobona maduze, lesi simo saba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ngo-1939, u-Atanasov wayeseqedile ukuklama ikhompyutha yakhe. Manje wayesedinga umuntu onolwazi olufanele ukuze akhe. Wathola umuntu onjalo e-Iowa State Institute eneziqu zobunjiniyela okuthiwa uClifford Berry. Ekupheleni konyaka, u-Atanasov noBerry base bakhe i-prototype encane. Ngonyaka olandelayo baphothula inguqulo ephelele yekhompyutha enama-coefficient angamashumi amathathu. Ngawo-1960, umbhali owamba umlando wabo wawubiza ngokuthi i-Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), futhi igama lahlala. Nokho, wonke amaphutha awakwazanga ukuqedwa. Ikakhulukazi, i-ABC ibe nephutha cishe ledijithi kanambambili eyodwa kwezi-10000, okungaba yingozi kunoma yisiphi isibalo esikhulu.
UClifford Berry no-ABC ngo-1942
Nokho, e-Atanasov kanye ne-ABC yakhe umuntu angathola izimpande nomthombo wawo wonke amakhompyutha anamuhla. Akazange yini adale (ngosizo olunamandla lukaBerry) ikhompuyutha yokuqala yedijithali ye-elekthronikhi kanambambili? Ingabe lezi akuzona izici eziyisisekelo zezigidigidi zamadivayisi akha futhi aqhube umnotho, imiphakathi, namasiko emhlabeni jikelele?
Kodwa ake sibuyele emuva. Izichasiso zedijithali kanye nekanambambili akuzona isizinda se-ABC. Isibonelo, i-Bell Complex Number Computer (CNC), eyakhiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, yayiyikhompyutha yedijithali, kanambambili, esebenza ngogesi ekwazi ukwenza ikhompuyutha endizeni eyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi, i-ABC ne-CNC zazifana ngokuthi zixazulule izinkinga endaweni elinganiselwe, futhi azikwazanga, ngokungafani namakhompyutha anamuhla, ukwamukela ukulandelana kwemiyalelo okungahleliwe.
Okusele "ku-electronic". Kodwa nakuba ama-innards ezibalo akwa-ABC ayesebenza ngogesi, ayesebenza ngesivinini se-electromechanical. Njengoba u-Atanasov noBerry bengakwazi ngokwezimali ukusebenzisa amashubhu e-vacuum ukuze bagcine izinkulungwane zamadijithi kanambambili, basebenzisa izakhi ze-electromechanical ukwenza kanjalo. Ama-triodes angamakhulu amaningana, enza izibalo eziyisisekelo zezibalo, azungezwe izigubhu ezijikelezayo kanye nemishini yokubhoboza evunguzayo, lapho amanani amaphakathi azo zonke izinyathelo zokubala agcinwa khona.
U-Atanasov no-Berry benze umsebenzi wobuqhawe wokufunda nokubhala idatha emakhadini ashaywayo ngesivinini esikhulu ngokuwashisa ngogesi esikhundleni sokuwashaya ngomshini. Kodwa lokhu kwaholela ezinkingeni zayo: kwakuyimishini evuthayo eyayinesibopho sephutha elilodwa ngezinombolo ezingu-1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangcono kakhulu, umshini awukwazanga "ukushaya" ngokushesha kunomugqa owodwa ngomzuzwana, ngakho-ke i-ABC yayikwazi ukwenza ukubala okukodwa ngomzuzwana ngeyunithi ngayinye yezibalo zayo ezingamashumi amathathu. Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi, amashubhu evacuum ayehlala engenzi lutho, ngokuphelelwa yisineke “eshaya iminwe phezu kwetafula” kuyilapho yonke le mishini izungeza kancane kancane iwazungezile. U-Atanasov noBerry bagibelela ihhashi elifuywayo enqoleni yotshani. (Umholi wephrojekthi yokudala kabusha i-ABC ngeminyaka yawo-10000 walinganisela isivinini esikhulu somshini, ecabangela sonke isikhathi esichithiwe, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi womsebenzisi ekucaciseni umsebenzi, ngokwengeza noma ukususa okuhlanu ngomzuzwana. Lokhu, kunjalo, liyashesha kunekhompyutha yomuntu, kodwa alifani nesivinini , esilihlobanisa namakhompyutha kagesi.)
Umdwebo we-ABC. Izigubhu zigcina okokufaka nokukhishwayo kwesikhashana kuma-capacitor. Isekhethi yokubhoboza ikhadi le-thyratron kanye nesifundi sekhadi sarekhoda futhi safunda imiphumela yesinyathelo sonke se-algorithm (isusa okukodwa kokuguquguqukayo ohlelweni lwezibalo).
Umsebenzi ku-ABC wema maphakathi no-1942 lapho u-Atanasoff noBerry bebhalisela umshini wempi wase-US okhula ngokushesha, owawudinga ubuchopho kanye nemizimba. U-Atanasov wabizelwa eNaval Ordnance Laboratory eWashington ukuze ahole ithimba elithuthukisa izimayini ze-acoustic. UBerry washada nonobhala ka-Atanasov futhi wathola umsebenzi enkampanini yenkontileka yezempi eCalifornia ukuze agweme ukubuthelwa empini. U-Atanasov wazama isikhathi esithile ukugunyaza indalo yakhe esifundazweni sase-Iowa, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngemva kwempi, wadlulela kwezinye izinto futhi wayengasahileleki kangako kuma-computer. Ikhompyutha ngokwayo yathunyelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu ngo-1948 ukuze kuvuleke indawo ehhovisi yomfundi omusha othweswe iziqu kulesi sikhungo.
Mhlawumbe u-Atanasov uvele waqala ukusebenza kusenesikhathi. Wayethembele emalini eyisibonelelo sikahulumeni yasenyuvesi futhi wayekwazi ukusebenzisa izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamadola ukudala i-ABC, ngakho umnotho wadlula zonke ezinye izinto ezazimkhathaza emsebenzini wakhe. Ukube wayelinde kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1940, wayengase athole uxhaso lukahulumeni lomshini ogcwele wogesi. Futhi kulesi sifundazwe - kunqunyelwe ukusetshenziswa, kunzima ukulawula, akuthembekile, akusheshi kakhulu - i-ABC yayingesona isikhangiso esithembisayo sezinzuzo zekhompuyutha kagesi. Umshini wempi waseMelika, naphezu kwakho konke ukulamba kwawo kwekhompyutha, washiya i-ABC yagqwala edolobheni lase-Ames, e-Iowa.
Imishini yekhompyutha yempi
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yakha futhi yethula uhlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, futhi yalulungiselela iMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Eminyakeni embalwa nje, umkhuba wempi emhlabeni nasolwandle washintsha wasebenzisa amagesi anobuthi, izimayini kazibuthe, ukuhlola ngezindiza nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, nokunye. Akekho umholi wezombangazwe noma wezempi ongahluleka ukubona izinguquko ezisheshayo kangaka. Ayeshesha kangangokuthi ukucwaninga kwaqala kusenesikhathi ngokwanele ukukhomba isikali kwelinye icala noma kwelinye.
I-United States yayinezinto eziningi kanye nobuchopho (iningi labo elalibalekele iJalimane likaHitler) futhi lalikude nezimpi ezisheshayo zokusinda nokubusa okuthinta amanye amazwe. Lokhu kwavumela izwe ukuthi lifunde lesi sifundo ngokucacile ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kwabonakaliswa eqinisweni lokuthi izinsiza eziningi zezimboni nezongqondongqondo zanikelwa ekwakhiweni kwesikhali sokuqala se-athomu. Utshalomali olwaziwayo kancane, kodwa olubaluleke ngokulinganayo noma oluncane bekuwutshalomali kubuchwepheshe be-radar obugxile ku-MIT's Rad Lab.
Ngakho-ke umkhakha osafufusa wekhompiyutha ozenzakalelayo wathola isabelo sawo soxhaso lwezempi, nakuba ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Sesivele saphawula izinhlobonhlobo zamaphrojekthi wekhompyutha we-electromechanical akhiqizwa yimpi. Amandla amakhompiyutha asekelwe ku-relay, uma kuqhathaniswa, ayaziwa, njengoba ukushintshana ngocingo nezinkulungwane zama-relays kwase kusebenza iminyaka eminingi ngaleso sikhathi. Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi azikafakazeli ukusebenza kwazo esikalini esinjalo. Ochwepheshe abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ikhompuyutha ye-elekthronikhi ngokuqinisekile ngeke ithembeke (i-ABC yayiyisibonelo) noma izothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukwakha. Naphezu kokungena kungazelelwe kwezimali zikahulumeni, amaphrojekthi wekhompiyutha wezempi ayembalwa futhi ephakathi. Zintathu kuphela ezethulwe, futhi ezimbili kuphela zazo ezidale imishini yokusebenza.
EJalimane, unjiniyela wezokuxhumana u-Helmut Schreyer wafakazela kumngane wakhe u-Konrad Zuse ukubaluleka komshini we-elekthronikhi phezu kwe-electromechanical "V3" uZuse ayeyakhela imboni yezindiza (kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Z3). UZuse wagcina evumile ukusebenza kuphrojekthi yesibili noSchreyer, futhi i-Aeronautical Research Institute yanikela ngezimali ze-100-tube prototype ngasekupheleni kuka-1941. Kodwa la madoda amabili aqale athatha umsebenzi wempi owawubaluleke kakhulu futhi umsebenzi wawo wehliswa kakhulu ngokulimala kwamabhomu, okubashiya bengakwazi ukwenza umshini wabo usebenze ngokuthembekile.
UZuse (kwesokudla) noSchreyer (kwesokunxele) basebenza kukhompyutha esebenza ngogesi efulethini laseBerlin labazali bakaZuse
Futhi ikhompuyutha yokuqala ye-elekthronikhi eyenza umsebenzi owusizo yadalwa endaweni yokucwaninga eyimfihlo eBrithani, lapho unjiniyela wezokuxhumana ehlongoza indlela entsha eqinile yokuhlaziywa kwe-cryptanalysis esekelwe kuma-valve. Le ndaba sizoyidalula ngokuzayo.
Okunye ongakufunda:
• U-Alice R. Burks no-Arthur W. Burks, Ikhompyutha Yokuqala Ye-Electronic: Indaba ye-Atansoff (1988)
• UDavid Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers (1986)
• U-Jane Smiley, Indoda Eyasungula Ikhompyutha (2010)
Source: www.habr.com