Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Ngo-1938, inhloko yeBritish Secret Intelligence yathenga buthule indawo engamahektha angama-24 amakhilomitha angu-80 ukusuka eLondon. Wawutholakala lapho kuhlangana khona ujantshi osuka eLondon uya enyakatho, futhi usuka e-Oxford entshonalanga uya eCambridge empumalanga, futhi wawuyindawo ekahle yenhlangano eyayingeke ibonwe muntu, kodwa yayifinyeleleka kalula kwabaningi. yezikhungo ezibalulekile zolwazi kanye neziphathimandla zaseBrithani. Ifa elaziwa ngokuthi , yaba isikhungo saseBrithani sokuphulwa kwemithetho phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Lena mhlawumbe ukuphela kwendawo emhlabeni eyaziwa ngokubandakanyeka kwayo ekubhalweni kwemfihlo.
i-tanni
Ehlobo lika-1941, umsebenzi wawusuqalile e-Bletchley wokwephula umshini wokubethela odumile we-Enigma owawusetshenziswa amasosha aseJalimane namasosha asemanzini. Uma ubukele ifilimu ekhuluma ngama-codebreakers aseBrithani, akhuluma nge-Enigma, kodwa ngeke sikhulume ngakho lapha - ngoba ngemva nje kokuhlasela kweSoviet Union, uBletchley wathola ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo ngohlobo olusha lokubethela.
Ngokushesha abakwaCryptanalyst bathola uhlobo olujwayelekile lomshini osetshenziswa ukudlulisa imiyalezo, abawuqamba ngokuthi “Tunny.”
Ngokungafani ne-Enigma, imilayezo yayo okwakudingeka ichazwe ngesandla, u-Tunney uxhumeke ngokuqondile kuhlobo lwe-teletype. I-teletype iguqule uhlamvu ngalunye olufakwe opharetha lube uchungechunge lwamachashazi neziphambano (ezifana namachashazi namadeshi wekhodi ye-Morse) ngokwezinga elijwayelekile. enezinhlamvu ezinhlanu ngohlamvu ngalunye. Bekuwumbhalo ongabhaliwe. U-Tunney wasebenzisa amasondo ayishumi nambili ngesikhathi ukuze enze umfudlana wakhe ohambisanayo wamachashazi neziphambano: ukhiye. Ube esengeza ukhiye kumlayezo, ekhiqiza umbhalo obhalwe phansi osakazwa emoyeni. Ukwengeza kwenziwa nge-arithmetic kanambambili, lapho amachashazi ahambisana noziro futhi iziphambano zihambisana nalawa:
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 1 = 0
Omunye u-Tanny ohlangothini lomamukeli onezilungiselelo ezifanayo ukhiqize ukhiye ofanayo futhi wawungeza emyalezweni obethelwe ukuze ukhiqize owangempela, owaphrintwa ephepheni uhlobo locingo lomamukeli. Ake sithi sinomlayezo: "ichashazi kanye nechashazi kanye." Ngezinombolo kuzoba ngu-01001. Ake sengeze ukhiye ongahleliwe: 11010. 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 0, 0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1, ngakho sithola umbhalo we-ciphertext 10011. Ngokungeza ukhiye futhi, ungabuyisela umyalezo wokuqala. Ake sihlole: 1 + 1 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 1 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, sithola 01001.
Umsebenzi we-Parsing Tunney wenziwa waba lula yiqiniso lokuthi ezinyangeni zokuqala zokusetshenziswa kwawo, abathumeli babedlulisela izilungiselelo zesondo ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuthumela umlayezo. Kamuva, amaJalimane akhipha amabhuku ekhodi anezilungiselelo zesondo esethiwe, futhi umthumeli kwakudingeka athumele kuphela ikhodi umamukeli angayisebenzisa ukuze athole isilungiselelo esifanele sesondo encwadini. Bagcina sebeshintsha izincwadi zamakhodi nsuku zonke, okusho ukuthi uBletchley kwakumele agqekeze amasondo ekhodi njalo ekuseni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-cryptanalysts axazulule umsebenzi we-Tunny ngokusekelwe endaweni yeziteshi zokuthumela nokwamukela. Yaxhumanisa izikhungo zemizwa yesikhulu esiphezulu saseJalimane nabakhuzi bebutho lebutho lezempi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zamasosha aseYurophu, kusukela eFrance edlayo kuya emaqeleni aseRussia. Bekuwumsebenzi ohehayo: ukugebenga u-Tunney kuthembise ukufinyelela okuqondile ezinhlosweni namakhono esitha esisezingeni eliphezulu.
Khona-ke, ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yamaphutha opharetha baseJalimane, ukuzimisela okunobuqili nokuzimisela, isazi sezibalo esincane uhambe kakhulu kuneziphetho ezilula mayelana nomsebenzi kaTunney. Ngaphandle kokubona umshini ngokwawo, wanquma ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwawo kwangaphakathi. Wathola ngokunengqondo izindawo ezingenzeka zesondo ngalinye (ngalinye linenombolo yalo eyinhloko), nokuthi ukuma kwamasondo kwakhiqiza kanjani ukhiye. Ehlome ngalolu lwazi, u-Bletchley wakha izifaniso ze-Tunney ezazingase zisetshenziselwe ukuchaza imilayezo—ngokushesha nje lapho amasondo eselungiswe kahle.
Amasondo angukhiye angu-12 omshini we-Lorenz cipher owaziwa ngokuthi u-Tanny
UHeath Robinson
Ekupheleni kuka-1942, uTat waqhubeka nokuhlasela uTanni, esesungule isu elikhethekile lalokhu. Yayisekelwe kumqondo we-delta: isamba se-modulo 2 yesiginali eyodwa kumlayezo (ichashazi noma isiphambano, 0 noma 1) nelandelayo. Wabona ukuthi ngenxa yokunyakaza kwezikhawu zamasondo e-Tunney, kwakukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-ciphertext delta kanye ne-delta yombhalo oyinhloko: kwakudingeka bashintshe ndawonye. Ngakho-ke uma uqhathanisa i-ciphertext nombhalo ongukhiye okhiqizwe kuzilungiselelo ezihlukene zamasondo, ungakwazi ukubala i-delta ngayinye bese ubala inani lokufanayo. Izinga lokufanisa elingaphezu kuka-50% kufanele limake umuntu ongase abe nokhiye womlayezo wangempela. Umbono wawumuhle ngokwethiyori, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukuwusebenzisa ngokusebenza, njengoba wawudinga ukwenza amaphasi angu-2400 kumlayezo ngamunye ukuhlola zonke izilungiselelo okungenzeka.
UTat waletha inkinga kwesinye isazi sezibalo, uMax Newman, owayephethe umnyango eBletchley wonke umuntu ayewubiza ngokuthi “iNewmania.” U-Newman, ekuqaleni wayeyisinqumo esingalindelekile sokuhola inhlangano yezobunhloli yaseBrithani ebucayi, njengoba uyise wayengowaseJalimane. Nokho, kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi abe inhloli kaHitler njengoba umndeni wakhe wawungamaJuda. Wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngentuthuko yokubusa kukaHitler eYurophu kangangokuthi wathuthela umkhaya wakhe endaweni ephephile eNew York ngemva nje kokuwa kweFrance ngo-1940, futhi isikhathi esithile yena ngokwakhe wacabanga ukuthuthela ePrinceton.
UMax Newman
Kwenzeka ukuthi u-Newman abe nombono mayelana nokusebenza ngezibalo ezidingwa indlela ye-Tata - ngokudala umshini. I-Bletchley yayivele isetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlaziya i-cryptanalysis. Waqhekeka kanjena i-Enigma. Kodwa uNewman wakhulelwa umshini othile we-elekthronikhi ozosebenza ku-Tunney cipher. Ngaphambi kwempi, wafundisa eCambridge (omunye wabafundi bakhe kwakungu-Alan Turing), futhi wayazi ngezibalo ze-elekthronikhi ezakhiwe uWynne-Williams ukubala izinhlayiya eCavendish. Umqondo wawulokhu: uma uvumelanisa amafilimu amabili avaliwe ku-loop, eskrola ngesivinini esikhulu, elinye lawo linokhiye, kanti elinye linomyalezo ofihliwe, futhi uphatha isici ngasinye njengeprosesa ebala ama-deltas, khona-ke ikhawunta ye-elekthronikhi ingakwazi. hlanganisa imiphumela. Ngokufunda amaphuzu okugcina ekupheleni kokugijima ngakunye, umuntu anganquma ukuthi lo khiye ungaba khona yini noma cha.
Kwenzeka ukuthi nje iqembu lonjiniyela abanolwazi olufanele libe khona. Phakathi kwabo kwakunoWynne-Williams ngokwakhe. U-Turing uqashe u-Wynne-Williams ovela eMalvern Radar Laboratory ukusiza ukudala i-rotor entsha yomshini we-Enigma, esebenzisa ugesi ukubala amajika. Wasizwa ngalokhu kanye nenye iphrojekthi ye-Enigma ngonjiniyela abathathu basePost Research Station e-Dollis Hill: uWilliam Chandler, uSidney Broadhurst kanye no-Tommy Flowers (ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi i-British Post Office kwakuyinhlangano yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, futhi yayinesibopho kuphela ngeposi lamaphepha, kodwa nangocingo nocingo). Womabili amaphrojekthi awaphumelelanga futhi amadoda asala engenzi lutho. Wawaqoqa uNewman. Waqoka uFlowers ukuthi ahole ithimba elakha “ithuluzi elihlanganisayo” elalizobala ama-deltas futhi lidlulisele umphumela ekhawuntani u-Wynne-Williams ayesebenza kuyo.
U-Newman wathatha onjiniyela ngokwakha imishini kanye noMnyango Wabesifazane weRoyal Navy ngokusebenzisa imishini yakhe yokucubungula imilayezo. Uhulumeni wathembela kuphela amadoda anezikhundla eziphakeme zobuholi, futhi abesifazane benza kahle njengezikhulu zokusebenza ze-Bletchley, bephatha kokubili ukulotshwa komlayezo nokusetha amakhodi. Ngokwemvelo bakwazile ukusuka emsebenzini wobufundisi baye ekunakekeleni imishini eyenza umsebenzi wabo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Baqamba imoto yabo ngamawala"", okulingana neBrithani [bobabili babengabadwebi bamakhathuni ababonisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi ezenza imisebenzi elula kakhulu / cishe. transl.].
Imoto "Old Robinson", efana kakhulu neyandulelayo, imoto "Heath Robinson"
Ngempela, uHeath Robinson, nakuba onokwethenjelwa ngokwemibono, wabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu ekusebenzeni. Into eyinhloko kwakuyisidingo sokuvumelanisa okuphelele kwamafilimu amabili - umbhalo we-cipher nombhalo oyinhloko. Noma yikuphi ukwelula noma ukushelela kwanoma yimaphi amafilimu kwenze yonke le ndima ingasebenziseki. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yamaphutha, umshini wawucubungula izinhlamvu ezingeqile kwezi-2000 XNUMX ngomzuzwana, nakuba amabhande ayengasebenza ngokushesha. Izimbali, ezavumelana ngokunqikaza nomsebenzi wephrojekthi ye-Heath Robinson, zikholelwa ukuthi kwakukhona indlela engcono: umshini owakhiwe cishe ngokuphelele kusuka ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi.
I-Kolose
UThomas Flowers wasebenza njengonjiniyela emnyangweni wocwaningo we-British Post Office kusukela ngo-1930, lapho aqale wasebenza khona ocwaningweni lokuxhumana okungalungile nokwehluleka ekuhwebeni okusha okuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kwamholela ekubeni acabange ukuthi angalenza kanjani inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yesistimu yocingo, futhi ngo-1935 waqala ukukhuthaza ukubuyisela izingxenye zesistimu ye-electromechanical njengama-relay nge-electronics. Lo mgomo wanquma wonke umsebenzi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo.
I-Tommy Flowers, cishe ngo-1940
Onjiniyela abaningi bagxeke izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ngokuthi azinangqondo futhi azithembeki uma zisetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu, kodwa i-Flowers yabonisa ukuthi uma isetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo futhi ngamandla angaphansi kakhulu komklamo wazo, amashubhu e-vacuum empeleni abonisa ubude besikhathi eside ngokumangalisayo. Wafakazela imibono yakhe ngokufaka esikhundleni sazo zonke iziphetho zethoni yokudayela ekushintsheni kolayini we-1000 ngamashubhu; sebebonke babeyizinkulungwane ezi-3-4. Lokhu kufakwa kwethulwa emsebenzini wangempela ngo-1939. Phakathi nenkathi efanayo, wazama ukushintsha amarejista adluliswayo ayegcina izinombolo zocingo nama-electron relay.
UFlowers wayekholelwa ukuthi uHeath Robinson ayeqashelwe ukuba akhe wayenephutha elikhulu, nokuthi wayengayixazulula kangcono inkinga ngokusebenzisa amashubhu amaningi kanye nezingxenye zomshini ezimbalwa. NgoFebhuwari 1943, waletha enye idizayini yomshini ku-Newman. Izimbali zayisusa ngobuhlakani itheyiphu yokhiye, zaqeda inkinga yokuvumelanisa. Umshini wakhe bekufanele ukhiqize umbhalo obalulekile endizeni. Wayelingisa u-Tunney nge-elekthronikhi, adlule kuzo zonke izilungiselelo zesondo futhi aqhathanise ngayinye ne-ciphertext, ukurekhoda okungenzeka kufane. Ulinganise ukuthi le ndlela izodinga ukusetshenziswa kwamashubhu evacuum angaba ngu-1500.
U-Newman kanye nabo bonke abaphathi bakwa-Bletchley bebenokungabaza ngalesi siphakamiso. Njengabantu abaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sikaFlowers, babengabaza ukuthi izinto zikagesi zingenziwa yini ukuba zisebenze ngezinga elinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma wawungenziwa usebenze, babengabaza ukuthi umshini onjalo wawungakhiwa ngesikhathi ukuze ube usizo empini.
Umphathi we-Flowers e-Dollis Hill wamnikeza imvume yokuhlanganisa iqembu ukuze akhe lesi silo se-electronic - UFlowers kungenzeka ukuthi akazange abe qotho ngokuphelele lapho emchazela ukuthi umbono wakhe wawuthandwe kangakanani e-Bletchley (Ngokuka-Andrew Hodges, u-Flowers utshele. umphathi wakhe, uGordon Radley, ukuthi iphrojekthi bekungumsebenzi obalulekile kaBletchley, futhi uRadley wayesezwile kakade kuChurchill ukuthi umsebenzi kaBletchley wawubaluleke kakhulu). Ngaphezu kwe-Flowers, uSidney Broadhurst noWilliam Chandler babambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo, futhi wonke umsebenzi waqasha abantu abacishe babe ngama-50, ingxenye yezinsiza zikaDollis Hill. Ithimba ligqugquzelwe yizibonelo ezisetshenziswa kucingo: amamitha, ukuqonda kwegatsha, okokusebenza komzila nokuhumusha kwesignali, kanye nemishini yokulinganisa ngezikhathi ezithile isimo semishini. UBroadhurst wayeyingcweti yamasekhethi anjalo kagesi, kanti i-Flowers kanye no-Chandler babengochwepheshe be-electronics ababeqonda ukuthi imiqondo idluliswa kanjani isuka emhlabeni wokudluliswa kwemali iye emhlabeni wamavalvu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1944 iqembu lase lethule imodeli yokusebenza kuBletchley. Umshini omkhulu wabizwa ngokuthi "Colossus," futhi wafakazela ngokushesha ukuthi ungadlula u-Heath Robinson ngokucubungula ngokuthembekile izinhlamvu ezingu-5000 ngomzuzwana.
U-Newman nabanye abaphathi e-Bletchley basheshe babona ukuthi benze iphutha ngokunqaba uFlowers. Ngo-February 1944, bayala ezinye ezingu-12 zaseKolose, okwakufanele zisebenze ngoJuni 1 - usuku okwakuhlelwe ngalo ukuhlasela kweFrance, nakuba, yiqiniso, lokhu kwakungaziwa ku-Flowers. UFlowers washo ngokusobala ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka, kodwa ngemizamo yobuqhawe ithimba lakhe likwazile ukuletha imoto yesibili ngoMeyi 31, lapho ilungu elisha leqembu u-Alan Coombs enze khona izinguquko eziningi.
Umklamo obuyekeziwe, owaziwa ngokuthi uMark II, waqhubeka nempumelelo yomshini wokuqala. Ngaphandle kwesistimu yokuhlinzeka ngefilimu, yayinamalambu angu-2400, ama-rotary switch angu-12, ama-relay angu-800 kanye nomshini wokubhala kagesi.
I-Colossus Mark II
Yayingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo futhi ivumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukuze isingathe imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kokufakwa, iqembu ngalinye labesifazane lilungise "i-Colossus" yabo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile. Iphaneli yesichibi, efana nephaneli yomqhubi wocingo, yayidingeka ukuze kumiswe izindandatho zika-elekthronikhi ezilingisa amasondo akwa-Tunney. Iqoqo lokushintsha livumele opharetha ukuthi balungiselele noma iyiphi inombolo yamadivayisi asebenzayo acubungule ukusakazwa kwedatha okubili: ifilimu yangaphandle nesignali yangaphakathi ekhiqizwe izindandatho. Ngokuhlanganisa isethi yezinto ezinengqondo ezihlukene, i-Colossus ingabala imisebenzi ye-Boolean engafanele ngokusekelwe kudatha, okungukuthi, imisebenzi engakhiqiza u-0 noma u-1. Iyunithi ngayinye yandisa isibali se-Colossus. Imishini ehlukile yokulawula yenza izinqumo zegatsha ngokusekelwe esimweni sekhawunta - isibonelo, yima futhi uphrinte okukhiphayo uma inani lekhawunta lingaphezu kuka-1000.
Shintsha iphaneli ukuze ulungiselele "i-Colossus"
Ake sicabange ukuthi i-Colossus kwakuyikhompiyutha evamile ehlelekayo ngomqondo wesimanje. Ingahlanganisa ngokunengqondo ukusakazwa kwedatha okubili—okukodwa ku-tape, noyedwa okhiqizwe izinto zokubala zokukhala—futhi ibale inani loku-XNUMX okuhlangatshezwane nalo, futhi yilokho nje. Okuningi kokuthi "uhlelo" lwe-Colossus lwenzeka ephepheni, o-opharetha abenza isihlahla sesinqumo esilungiselelwe abahlaziyi: bathi, "uma ukukhishwa kwesistimu kungaphansi kuka-X, setha ukucushwa B bese wenza u-Y, kungenjalo yenza u-Z."
Umdwebo webhulokhi wezinga eliphezulu we-Colossus
Noma kunjalo, "i-Colossus" yayikwazi ukuxazulula umsebenzi eyabelwe yona. Ngokungafani nekhompyutha ye-Atanasoff-Berry, i-Colossus yayishesha kakhulu - yayikwazi ukucubungula izinhlamvu ezingu-25000 ngomzuzwana, ngayinye yazo eyayingadinga imisebenzi eminingi ye-Boolean. I-Mark II inyuse isivinini ngokuphindwe kahlanu kuno-Mark I ngokufunda kanye nokucubungula izingxenye ezinhlanu zefilimu. Yenqabile ukuxhuma lonke uhlelo ngemishini ephuma kancane ye-electromechanical input-output, isebenzisa ama-photocell (athathwe ku-anti-aircraft ) ukufunda amateyipu angenayo kanye nerejista yokukhipha umshini wokubhala webhafa. Umholi weqembu elabuyisela iColossus ngeminyaka yawo-1990 wabonisa ukuthi usengadlula kalula ikhompyutha eyayisekelwe ePentium ka-1995 emsebenzini wakhe.
Lo mshini onamandla wokucubungula amagama ube yisikhungo sephrojekthi sokuphula ikhodi ye-Tunney. Kwakhiwa amanye ama-Mark II ayishumi ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi, amaphaneli awo akhishwa ngenani elilodwa ngenyanga ngabasebenzi basefekthri yeposi eBirmingham, ababengazi ukuthi benzani, base babuthana eBletchley. . Esinye isikhulu esicasulwe yi-Ministry of Supply, ngemva kokuthola esinye isicelo samavalvu akhethekile ayinkulungwane, sabuza ukuthi izisebenzi zeposi “zaziwadubula yini amaJalimane.” Ngale ndlela yezimboni, esikhundleni sokuhlanganisa ngesandla iphrojekthi ngayinye, ikhompuyutha elandelayo yayingeke ikhiqizwe kuze kube ngawo-1950. Ngaphansi kweziyalezo ze-Flowers zokuvikela amavalvu, i-Colossus ngayinye yayisebenza imini nobusuku kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi. Bama buthule bekhazimula ebumnyameni, befudumeza ubusika baseBrithani obumanzi futhi belindele iziyalezo ngesineke kwaze kwafika usuku ababengasadingeki ngalo.
Iveyili Yokuthula
Intshiseko yemvelo yedrama ethakazelisayo eyembuleka e-Bletchley yaholela ekwengezeni okukhulu kwempumelelo yenhlangano yezempi. Kuwubuwula kakhulu ukusikisela, njengoba kwenza ifilimu."[Umdlalo Wokulingisa] ukuthi impucuko yaseBrithani izophela ukuba khona uma kungenjalo ngo-Alan Turing. "I-Colossus", ngokusobala, ayizange ibe nomthelela ekuhambeni kwempi eYurophu. Impumelelo yakhe eyamenyezelwa kakhulu yayifakazela ukuthi inkohliso yokufika yaseNormandy yango-1944 yayisebenzile. Imilayezo eyatholwa ngoTanny yaphakamisa ukuthi ama-Allies amkholise ngempumelelo uHitler nomyalo wakhe ukuthi igalelo langempela lalizofika empumalanga, ePas de Calais. Ulwazi olukhuthazayo, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukunciphisa izinga le-cortisol egazini lomyalo ohlangene kusize ukunqoba impi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyethulwa nguColossus yayingenakuphikwa. Kodwa umhlaba ngeke ukwazi lokhu maduze. UChurchill wayala ukuthi bonke “abakwaColossi” ababekhona ngesikhathi sokuphela komdlalo bahlakazwe, futhi imfihlo yomklamo wabo kufanele ithunyelwe kanye nabo endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu. Izimoto ezimbili ngandlela thize zasinda kulesi sigwebo sentambo, futhi zahlala emsebenzini wezobunhloli waseBrithani kwaze kwaba ngawo-1960. Kepha nangaleso sikhathi uhulumeni waseBrithani akazange asuse iveyili yokuthula mayelana nomsebenzi eBletchley. Kungeminyaka yawo-1970 kuphela lapho ubukhona bayo baba nolwazi lomphakathi.
Isinqumo sokuvimba unomphela noma iyiphi ingxoxo yomsebenzi owenziwa eBletchley Park singabizwa ngokuthi isexwayiso esidlulele sikahulumeni waseBrithani. Kodwa kuFlower kwaba inhlekelele yomuntu siqu. Ephucwe lonke udumo nesithunzi sokuba ngumsunguli weColossus, wabhekana nokunganeliseki nokukhungatheka njengoba imizamo yakhe eqhubekayo yokushintsha ukudluliselwa ngogesi ohlelweni lwezingcingo lwaseBrithani yayilokhu ivinjwa. Uma engabonisa impumelelo yakhe ngesibonelo sika "Colossus", angaba nethonya elidingekayo ukuze afeze iphupho lakhe. Kodwa ngesikhathi impumelelo yakhe seyaziwa, uFlowers wayesenesikhathi eside ethathe umhlalaphansi futhi engakwazi ukuthonya lutho.
Abathandi bekhompiyutha abaningana abahlakazeke emhlabeni wonke bahlushwa izinkinga ezifanayo ezihlobene nemfihlo ezungeze i-Colossus kanye nokuntuleka kobufakazi bokusebenza kwale ndlela. I-Electromechanical computing ingase ihlale iyinkosi isikhathi esithile esizayo. Kodwa kwakukhona enye iphrojekthi eyayizovula indlela yokuthi ikhompuyutha kagesi ithathe indawo ephambili. Nakuba futhi kwakuwumphumela wentuthuko yezempi eyimfihlo, ayizange ifihlwe ngemva kwempi, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, yembulwa emhlabeni nge-aplomb enkulu kunazo zonke, ngaphansi kwegama elithi ENIAC.
Ongakufunda:
• UJack Copeland, u-ed. I-Colossus: Izimfihlo zamaKhompiyutha Aphula Ikhodi yaseBletchley Park (2006)
• Thomas H. Flowers, “The Design of Colossus,” Annals of the History of Computing, July 1983
• Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983)
Source: www.habr.com