Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Kuze kube manje, sibheke emuva emzamweni ngamunye kwemithathu yokuqala yokwakha ikhompuyutha yedijithali yedijithali: ikhompuyutha ye-Atanasoff-Berry ABC, eyakhiwe nguJohn Atanasoff; iphrojekthi yeBritish Colossus, eholwa nguTommy Flowers, kanye ne-ENIAC, eyakhiwe eMoore School of the University of Pennsylvania. Wonke la maphrojekthi, empeleni, ayezimele. Nakuba uJohn Mauchly, umfutho oyinhloko wephrojekthi ye-ENIAC, wayewazi umsebenzi ka-Atanasov, umklamo we-ENIAC awuzange ufane ne-ABC nganoma iyiphi indlela. Uma kwakukhona idlozi elivamile ledivaysi ye-electronic computing, kwakuyikhawunta ethobekile ye-Wynne-Williams, idivayisi yokuqala yokusebenzisa amashubhu e-vacuum yokugcina idijithali futhi ibeke i-Atanasoff, Flowers, ne-Mauchly endleleni yokudala amakhompyutha kagesi.
Uwodwa kuphela kule mishini emithathu, nokho, owabamba iqhaza ezenzakalweni ezalandela. I-ABC ayizange ikhiqize noma yimuphi umsebenzi owusizo futhi, ikakhulukazi, abantu abambalwa ababewazi ngayo bawukhohliwe. Imishini emibili yempi yabonakala ikwazi ukwedlula wonke amanye amakhompyutha akhona, kodwa iColossus yahlala iyimfihlo ngisho nangemva kokunqoba iJalimane neJapan. I-ENIAC kuphela eyaziwa kabanzi ngakho-ke yaba umnikazi wezinga le-electronic computing. Futhi manje noma ubani owayefuna ukwakha idivayisi yekhompyutha ngokusekelwe kumashubhu e-vacuum angakhomba impumelelo yesikole sika-Moore ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Ukungabaza okwakugxilile komphakathi wonjiniyela owawubingelele wonke amaphrojekthi anjalo ngaphambi kuka-1945 kwase kunyamalele; abangabazayo bashintsha izingqondo zabo noma bathula.
Umbiko we-EDVAC
Ikhishwe ngo-1945, lo mbhalo, ususelwa kulwazi lokudala nokusebenzisa i-ENIAC, usethe ithoni yokuqondisa kobuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha emhlabeni wangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Yayibizwa ngokuthi "umbiko wokuqala osalungiswa ku-EDVAC" [I-Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer], futhi yanikeza isifanekiso sokwakheka kwamakhompyutha okuqala ayehleleleka ngomqondo wesimanje - okungukuthi, ukwenza iziyalezo ezibuyiswe kumemori yesivinini esikhulu. Futhi nakuba umsuka oqondile wemibono ebhalwe kuyo iseyindaba-mpikiswano, yasayinwa ngegama lesazi sezibalo. (owazalwa uJanos Lajos Neumann). Okujwayelekile kwengqondo yesazi sezibalo, leli phepha liphinde lenza umzamo wokuqala wokukhipha ukwakheka kwekhompyutha emininingwaneni yomshini othile; wazama ukuhlukanisa ingqikithi yesakhiwo sekhompiyutha ezenzweni zayo ezihlukahlukene okungenzeka futhi ezingahleliwe.
UVon Neumann, owazalelwa eHungary, wafika e-ENIAC ngePrinceton (New Jersey) naseLos Alamos (eNew Mexico). Ngo-1929, njengochwepheshe wezibalo osemncane oneqhaza elibalulekile ekusetheni ithiyori, i-quantum mechanics, kanye nethiyori yemidlalo, washiya iYurophu wayothatha isikhundla eNyuvesi yasePrinceton. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, i-Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) eseduze yamnika isikhundla sokulandela umkhondo. Ngenxa yokwanda kobuNazi eYurophu, u-von Neumann wagxumela ngenjabulo ithuba lokuhlala unomphela ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-Atlantic - futhi waba, ngemva kweqiniso, omunye wababaleki bokuqala abangamaJuda abavela eYurophu kaHitler. Ngemva kwempi, wakhononda: “Imizwa yami ngeYurophu iphambene nokulangazelela, njengoba yonke indawo engiyaziyo ingikhumbuza izwe elishabalala namanxiwa angayilethi induduzo,” futhi wakhumbula “ukudumazeka kwami okuphelele ebuntwini babantu ezweni. kusukela ngo-1933 kuya ku-1938.”
Enengekile iYurophu yezizwe eziningi elahlekile yobusha bakhe, u-von Neumann waqondisa konke ukuhlakanipha kwakhe ukusiza umshini wempi owawungeyezwe elalimkhoselile. Eminyakeni emihlanu eyalandela, wadabula izwe lonke, eluleka futhi ebonisana ngamaphrojekthi amaningi ezikhali ezintsha, kuyilapho ngandlela thize ekwazile ukuloba ngokuhlanganyela incwadi egcwele ithiyori yomdlalo. Umsebenzi wakhe oyimfihlo nobalulekile njengomeluleki kwaba isikhundla sakhe ku-Manhattan Project - umzamo wokudala ibhomu le-athomu - ithimba labacwaningi eliseLos Alamos (eNew Mexico). URobert Oppenheimer wamqasha ehlobo lika-1943 ukuze asize ngokumodela ngezibalo zephrojekthi, futhi izibalo zakhe zaqinisekisa lonke iqembu ukuthi liqhubekele ebhomu elidubula ngaphakathi. Ukuqhuma okunjalo, ngenxa yeziqhumane ezihambisa impahla ekwazi ukuqhekeka ngaphakathi, kungavumela ukusabela kweketango elizisekelayo ukuba kuzuzwe. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu lezibalo lalidingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqhuma okuphelele okuyindilinga okuqondiswe ngaphakathi kungcindezi oyifunayo - futhi noma yiliphi iphutha lingaholela ekuphazamisekeni kokusabela kweketango kanye ne-fiasco yebhomu.
UVon Neumann ngenkathi esebenza eLos Alamos
E-Los Alamos, bekuneqembu lezibali zabantu ezingamashumi amabili ezazinezibali zedeskithophu ezitholakala kuzo, kodwa azikwazanga ukumelana nomthwalo wekhompuyutha. Ososayensi babanikeze izinto zokusebenza ezivela ku-IBM ukuze zisebenze ngamakhadi apuntshiwe, kodwa abakwazanga ukuqhubeka. Bafuna imishini ethuthukisiwe kwa-IBM, bayithola ngo-1944, kodwa abakwazanga ukuqhubeka.
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-von Neumann wayesengeze elinye iqoqo lezingosi ohambweni lwakhe oluvamile lokunqamula izwe: wavakashela yonke indawo okungenzeka ibe khona imishini yekhompyutha engase ibe usizo e-Los Alamos. Wabhala incwadi eya kuWarren Weaver, inhloko yophiko lwezibalo olusetshenziswayo lweKomidi Lokucwaninga Ngezokuvikela Likazwelonke (NDRC), futhi wathola imikhondo emihle eminingi. Waya eHarvard ukuyobheka iMark I, kodwa wayesegcwele umsebenzi weNavy. Ukhulume noGeorge Stibitz futhi wacabanga uku-oda ikhompuyutha ye-Bell edluliselwe e-Los Alamos, kodwa wawushiya umqondo ngemva kokufunda ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani. Wavakashela iqembu elivela eNyuvesi yase-Columbia elalihlanganise amakhompyutha amaningi e-IBM ohlelweni olukhudlwana oluzenzakalelayo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Wallace Eckert, kodwa akuzange kube khona ukuthuthuka okubonakalayo ngaphezu kwamakhompyutha e-IBM asevele ese-Los Alamos.
Nokho, u-Weaver akazange afake iphrojekthi eyodwa ohlwini alunikeze u-von Neumann: ENIAC. Ngokuqinisekile wayazi ngakho: esikhundleni sakhe njengomqondisi wezibalo ezisetshenziswayo, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqapha inqubekelaphambili yawo wonke amaphrojekthi wekhompyutha wezwe. U-Weaver kanye ne-NDRC kungenzeka babenokungabaza ngokusebenza kanye nesikhathi se-ENIAC, kodwa kuyamangaza ukuthi akazange akhulume nokuba khona kwayo.
Noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu, umphumela waba ukuthi u-von Neumann wafunda nge-ENIAC kuphela ngomhlangano wamathuba endaweni yesitimela. Le ndaba yatshelwa uHerman Goldstein, umxhumanisi welebhu yokuhlola iMoore School lapho kwakhiwa khona i-ENIAC. UGoldstein wahlangana no-von Neumann esiteshini sikaloliwe i-Aberdeen ngoJuni 1944 - u-von Neumann wayehamba ezokubonisana naye, ayekunikeza njengelungu lekomidi lokweluleka kwesayensi e-Aberdeen Ballistic Research Laboratory. UGoldstein wayazi idumela lika-von Neumann njengendoda enkulu futhi waqala ingxoxo naye. Efuna ukwenza okuhlaba umxhwele, akakwazanga ukuzibalula ngephrojekthi entsha nethokozisayo ethuthuka ePhiladelphia. Indlela kaVon Neumann yashintsha ngaso leso sikhathi isuka kweyozakwabo owayezithele ngabandayo yaya kwesiyisilawuli esiqinile, futhi wabuza uGoldstein ngemibuzo ehlobene nemininingwane yekhompyutha entsha. Uthole umthombo omusha othakazelisayo wamandla ekhompiyutha angaba khona we-Los Alamos.
UVon Neumann wavakashela okokuqala u-Presper Eckert, uJohn Mauchly namanye amalungu eqembu le-ENIAC ngo-September 1944. Wawuthanda ngokushesha lo msebenzi futhi wengeza enye into ohlwini lwakhe olude lwezinhlangano ayezobonisana nazo. Zombili izinhlangothi zazuza kulokhu. Kulula ukubona ukuthi kungani u-von Neumann akhangwe amandla ekhompyutha ye-elekthronikhi enesivinini esikhulu. I-ENIAC, noma umshini ofana nawo, wawunamandla okunqoba yonke imikhawulo yekhompiyutha eyayikhinyabeze inqubekelaphambili ye-Manhattan Project kanye neminye imiklamo eminingi ekhona noma engase ibe khona (nokho, i-Say's Law, esasebenza nanamuhla, yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukufika amakhono ekhompuyutha maduze azodala isidingo esilinganayo kuwo) . Esikoleni sakwaMoore, ukubusiswa kukachwepheshe owaziwa njengo-von Neumann kwasho ukuphela kokungabaza kubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kubhekwa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe okujulile nolwazi oluningi ezweni lonke, ububanzi nokujula kolwazi lwakhe emkhakheni we-automatic computing kwakungenakuqhathaniswa.
Lena yindlela u-von Neumann azibandakanya ngayo ohlelweni luka-Eckert noMauchly lokudala ozongena esikhundleni se-ENIAC. Bekanye noHerman Goldstein kanye nesinye isazi sezibalo se-ENIAC, u-Arthur Burks, baqala ukudweba imingcele yesizukulwane sesibili sekhompiyutha kagesi, futhi kwakuyimibono yaleli qembu u-von Neumann ayifingqa embikweni "wokuhlaka lokuqala". Umshini omusha bekufanele ube namandla kakhulu, ube nemigqa eshelelayo, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, unqobe umgoqo omkhulu wokusebenzisa i-ENIAC - amahora amaningi okusetha umsebenzi ngamunye omusha, lapho le khompyutha enamandla nebiza kakhulu ivele yahlala ingenzi lutho. Abaklami besizukulwane sakamuva semishini kagesi, iHarvard Mark I kanye neBell Relay Computer, bakugwema lokhu ngokufaka iziyalezo kukhompyutha besebenzisa itheyiphu yephepha enezimbobo ezimbozwe kuyo ukuze umqhubi akwazi ukulungisa iphepha kuyilapho umshini wenza eminye imisebenzi. . Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kwedatha okunjalo kuzophikisana nenzuzo yesivinini se-electronics; alikho iphepha elinganikeza imininingwane ngokushesha njengoba i-ENIAC ingayithola. (I-“Colossus” isebenze nephepha isebenzisa izinzwa ze-photoelectric futhi imojuli yayo ngayinye yamamojula amahlanu ekhompuyutha yamunca idatha ngesivinini sezinhlamvu ezingu-5000 ngomzuzwana, kodwa lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuskrolwa ngokushesha kwetheyiphu yephepha. Ukuya endaweni engaqondakali itheyiphu idinga ukubambezeleka okungu-0,5. 5000 s kuyo yonke imigqa engu-XNUMX).
Isixazululo senkinga, esichazwe "okusalungiswa kokuqala", kwakuwukuhambisa ukugcinwa kweziyalezo ukusuka "kwindawo yokuqopha yangaphandle" kuya "kwinkumbulo" - leli gama lasetshenziswa okokuqala ngqa ngokuphathelene nokugcinwa kwedatha yekhompyutha (von Neumann wasebenzisa lokhu kanye namanye amagama ezinto eziphilayo emsebenzini - wayenesithakazelo kakhulu emsebenzini wobuchopho kanye nezinqubo ezenzeka kuma-neurons). Lo mbono kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi "isitoreji sohlelo." Nokho, ngokushesha lokhu kwaholela kwenye inkinga - okwamdida ngisho u-Atanasov - izindleko eziphakeme ngokweqile zamashubhu kagesi. "Uhlaka lokuqala" lulinganisela ukuthi ikhompuyutha ekwazi ukwenza uhla olubanzi lwemisebenzi yekhompyutha ingadinga inkumbulo yezinombolo kanambambili ezingu-250 ukuze igcine imiyalelo nedatha yesikhashana. Inkumbulo yeshubhu yalowo sayizi ingabiza izigidi zamaRandi futhi ingathembeki ngokuphelele.
Isixazululo sale nkinga sahlongozwa u-Eckert, owayesebenza ocwaningweni lwe-radar ekuqaleni kwawo-1940 ngaphansi kwenkontileka phakathi kweMoore School kanye neRad Lab yaseMIT, isikhungo sokucwaninga esimaphakathi sobuchwepheshe be-radar e-United States. Ngokukhethekile, u-Eckert wayesebenza ohlelweni lwe-radar olubizwa ngokuthi “Moving Target Indicator” (MTI), olwaxazulula inkinga “yokuvuleka komhlaba”: noma yimuphi umsindo esibukweni se-radar esidalwe izakhiwo, amagquma nezinye izinto ezimile ezenza kube nzima opharetha ukuze ahlukanise ulwazi olubalulekile - usayizi, indawo kanye nesivinini sezindiza ezihambayo.
I-MTI ixazulule inkinga ye-flare isebenzisa idivayisi ebizwa . Yaguqula amagagasi kagesi e-radar yaba amaza omsindo, yase ithumela lawo maza phansi ngeshubhu le-mercury ukuze umsindo ufike ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi uguqulwe ubuyele ekubeni ukushaya kukagesi njengoba irada ithwebula kabusha indawo efanayo esibhakabhakeni (imigqa yokulibaziseka). ekusakazeni Umsindo ungasetshenziswa neminye imithombo yezindaba: ezinye izinto eziwuketshezi, amakristalu aqinile ngisho nomoya (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, umbono wabo wasungulwa isazi sefiziksi saseBell Labs uWilliam Shockley, okwathi kamuva ngaye). Noma yisiphi isignali esifika sisuka ku-radar ngesikhathi esifanayo nesiginali phezu kweshubhu sasibhekwa njengesignali esivela entweni emile futhi sasuswa.
U-Eckert waqaphela ukuthi ama-pulses omsindo emgqeni wokulibaziseka angabhekwa njengezinombolo kanambambili - u-1 ubonisa ukuba khona komsindo, u-0 ubonisa ukungabi khona kwawo. Ishubhu elilodwa le-mercury lingaqukatha amakhulu alawa madijithi, ngalinye lidlula kulayini izikhathi ezimbalwa njalo nge-millisecond, okusho ukuthi ikhompuyutha kuzodingeka ilinde amasekhondi ambalwa ambalwa ukuze ifinyelele idijithi. Kulokhu, ukufinyelela kumadijithi alandelanayo ku-handset kuzoba ngokushesha, ngoba amadijithi ahlukaniswe ama-microsecond ambalwa kuphela.
Imigqa yokulibaziseka ye-Mercury kukhompyutha ye-EDSAC yaseBrithani
Ngemva kokuxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu ngomklamo wekhompiyutha, u-von Neumann wahlanganisa imibono yeqembu lonke embikweni “wokuhlaka lokuqala” onamakhasi angu-101 entwasahlobo ka-1945 futhi wawusabalalisa kubantu ababalulekile kuphrojekthi ye-EDVAC yesizukulwane sesibili. Ngokushesha nje wabe esengena kweminye imibuthano. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezibalo u-Leslie Comrie, sathatha ikhophi saya ekhaya eBrithani ngemva kokuvakashela isikole sikaMoore ngo-1946 futhi sabelana ngaso nozakwabo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalo mbiko kuthukuthelise u-Eckert noMauchly ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: okokuqala, kunikeze udumo olukhulu kumbhali wohlaka, u-von Neumann. Okwesibili, yonke imibono eyinhloko equkethwe ohlelweni, empeleni, yanyatheliswa ngokombono wehhovisi le-patent, eliphazamisa izinhlelo zabo zokuthengisa ikhompuyutha kagesi.
Sona kanye isisekelo sokucasuka kuka-Eckert noMauchly sabangela, ngokufanayo, ukucasuka kwezazi zezibalo: u-von Neumann, uGoldstein noBurks. Ngokombono wabo, umbiko wawuwulwazi olusha olubalulekile olwaludinga ukusabalalisa kabanzi ngangokunokwenzeka emoyeni wenqubekelaphambili yesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lonke leli bhizinisi lalixhaswe nguhulumeni, ngakho-ke ngezindleko zabakhokhi bentela baseMelika. Bacasulwa umzamo ka-Eckert noMauchly wokuzuza imali empini. UVon Neumann wabhala: “Ngangingeke ngisamukele isikhundla sokubonisana enyuvesi ngazi ukuthi ngeluleka iqembu lezentengiselwano.”
Amaqembu ahlukana ngo-1946: U-Eckert no-Mauchly bavula inkampani yabo ngokusekelwe kulungelo lobunikazi elibonakala liphephile elisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-ENIAC. Baqale baqamba inkampani yabo i-Electronic Control Company, kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo bayiqamba kabusha i-Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. UVon Neumann ubuyele ku-IAS ukuze akhe ikhompuyutha esekelwe ku-EDVAC, futhi wajoyinwa u-Goldstein no-Burks. Ukuvimbela ukuphindaphinda kwesimo sika-Eckert no-Mauchly, baqinisekisa ukuthi yonke impahla yengqondo yephrojekthi entsha iba indawo yomphakathi.
UVon Neumann phambi kwekhompyutha ye-IAS, eyakhiwa ngo-1951.
Indawo yokuhlala enikezelwe ku-Alan Turing
Phakathi kwabantu ababone umbiko we-EDVAC ngendlela ezungezayo kwakukhona isazi sezibalo saseBrithani u-Alan Turing. U-Turing wayengekho phakathi kososayensi bokuqala ukudala noma ukucabanga ikhompyutha ezenzakalelayo, i-elekthronikhi noma ngenye indlela, futhi abanye ababhali baye bayihaba kakhulu indima yakhe emlandweni we-computing. Nokho, kumelwe simnikeze udumo ngokuba ngowokuqala ukubona ukuthi amakhompyutha angenza okungaphezu nje “kokubala” okuthile ngokumane acubungule ukulandelana okukhulu kwezinombolo. Umqondo wakhe oyinhloko wawuwukuthi ukwaziswa okucutshungulwa ingqondo yomuntu kungamelwa ngendlela yezinombolo, ngakho noma iyiphi inqubo yengqondo ingaguqulwa ibe isibalo.
U-Alan Turing ngo-1951
Ekupheleni kuka-1945, u-Turing washicilela umbiko wakhe, owawukhuluma ngo-von Neumann, onesihloko esithi "Isiphakamiso Se-Electronic Calculator", futhi wawuhloselwe iBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Akazange ajule kangaka emininingwaneni ethile yomklamo wekhompiyutha kagesi ehlongozwayo. Umdwebo wakhe wawubonisa ingqondo yomuntu onengqondo. Kwakungahloselwe ukuthi kube nezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ezikhethekile zemisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu, njengoba zingaqanjwa kusukela kumabanga aphansi; kungaba ukukhula okubi ku-symmetry enhle yemoto. I-Turing futhi ayizange inikeze noma iyiphi inkumbulo yomugqa ohlelweni lwekhompyutha - idatha nemiyalo ingaba khona ndawonye enkumbulweni njengoba bekuyizinombolo nje. Umyalelo waba ngumyalelo kuphela lapho uhunyushwa kanjalo (iphepha lika-Turing lango-1936 elithi "ezinambeni ezihlangene" lase lihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwedatha emile kanye nemiyalelo eguquguqukayo. Wachaza lokho kamuva okwabizwa ngokuthi "umshini weTuring" futhi wabonisa ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani. ingaguqulwa ibe yinombolo futhi inikezwe njengokufakwayo emshinini we-Turing wendawo yonke okwazi ukuhumusha nokusebenzisa noma yimuphi omunye umshini we-Turing). Ngenxa yokuthi uTuring wayazi ukuthi izinombolo zingamelela noma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi olucaciswe kahle, wafaka ohlwini lwezinkinga okufanele zixazululwe kule khompyutha hhayi kuphela ukwakhiwa kwamatafula ezikhali kanye nesixazululo sezinhlelo zezibalo eziqondile, kodwa futhi nesixazululo se-puzzle kanye nesixazululo se- izifundo ze-chess.
I-Automatic Turing Engine (ACE) ayizange yakhiwe ngendlela yayo yoqobo. Bekunensa kakhulu futhi kwadingeka kuqhudelane namaphrojekthi ekhompuyutha aseBrithani azimisele kakhulu ukuthola ithalente elingcono kakhulu. Le phrojekthi yamiswa iminyaka eminingana, futhi uTuring walahlekelwa isithakazelo kuyo. Ngo-1950, i-NPL yenza i-Pilot ACE, umshini omncane onomklamo ohluke kancane, kanye neminye imiklamo eminingana yamakhompyutha yathatha ugqozi ekwakhiweni kwe-ACE ekuqaleni kwawo-1950. Kodwa wehluleka ukwandisa ithonya lakhe, futhi ngokushesha washabalala.
Kodwa konke lokhu akukunciphisi ukufaneleka kukaTuring, kuyasiza nje ukumbeka esimweni esifanele. Ukubaluleka kwethonya lakhe emlandweni wamakhompiyutha akusekelwe emiklamweni yamakhompiyutha yama-1950, kodwa ngesisekelo sethiyori ahlinzekela isayensi yekhompyutha eyavela ngawo-1960. Imisebenzi yakhe yakuqala ku-logic yezibalo, ehlola imingcele yekhompiyutha nokungenakuqhathaniswa, yaba imibhalo eyisisekelo yesiyalo esisha.
Ukuguquka kancane kancane
Njengoba izindaba ze-ENIAC kanye nombiko we-EDVAC zisabalala, isikole sikaMoore saba indawo yokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele. Izivakashi eziningi zafika zizofunda ezinyaweni zamakhosi, ikakhulukazi avela e-USA naseBritain. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwabafake izicelo, umfundisi wesikole ngo-1946 kwadingeka ahlele isikole sasehlobo ngemishini yekhompyutha ezenzakalelayo, esebenza ngesimemo. Izinkulumo zanikezwa izinkanyisi ezinjengo-Eckert, uMauchly, u-von Neumann, uBurks, uGoldstein, noHoward Aiken (umthuthukisi we-computer ye-electromechanical yaseHarvard Mark I).
Manje cishe wonke umuntu wayefuna ukwakha imishini ngokuvumelana neziyalezo ezivela embikweni we-EDVAC (okuxakayo ukuthi umshini wokuqala wokusebenzisa uhlelo olugcinwe enkumbulweni kwakungu-ENIAC uqobo, okwathi ngo-1948 yaguqulwa ukuze isebenzise iziqondiso ezigcinwe enkumbulweni. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho yaqala khona isebenze ngempumelelo ekhaya layo elisha, i-Aberdeen Proving Ground). Ngisho namagama emiklamo emisha yamakhompiyutha adalwe ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kanye nama-50s athonywa i-ENIAC ne-EDVAC. Ngisho noma ungacabangi i-UNIVAC ne-BINAC (edalwe enkampanini entsha ye-Eckert ne-Mauchly) kanye ne-EDVAC ngokwayo (eqedile e-Moore School ngemva kokuba abasunguli bayo beyishiyile), kusekhona i-AVIDAC, CSIRAC, EDSAC, FLAC, I-ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, ORDVAC , SEAC, SILLIAC, SWAC kanye ne-WEIZAC. Abaningi babo bakopishe ngokuqondile idizayini ye-IAS eshicilelwe ngokukhululekile (nezinguquko ezincane), besebenzisa inqubomgomo yokuvuleleka ka-von Neumann mayelana nempahla yengqondo.
Kodwa-ke, inguquko ye-elekthronikhi yathuthuka kancane kancane, yashintsha ukuhleleka okukhona isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Umshini wokuqala wesitayela se-EDVAC awuzange uvele kwaze kwaba ngu-1948, futhi bekuyiphrojekthi encane yobufakazi, "ingane" yaseManchester eklanyelwe ukufakazela ukusebenza kwenkumbulo ku. (amakhompyutha amaningi ashintsha esuka kumashubhu e-mercury aya kolunye uhlobo lwenkumbulo, nayo esukela kubuchwepheshe be-radar. Esikhundleni samashubhu kuphela, yasebenzisa isikrini se-CRT. Unjiniyela waseBrithani uFrederick Williams waba ngowokuqala ukuthola indlela yokuxazulula inkinga nge ukuzinza kwale nkumbulo, ngenxa yalokho abashayeli bathola igama lakhe). Ngo-1949, kwasungulwa eminye imishini emine: iManchester Mark I egcwele usayizi, i-EDSAC eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, iCSIRAC eSydney (Australia) kanye ne-American BINAC - nakuba eyakamuva ingakaze isebenze. Incane kodwa izinzile kwaqhubeka iminyaka emihlanu eyalandela.
Abanye ababhali baye bachaza i-ENIAC njengokungathi idwebe ikhethini esikhathini esidlule futhi yasiletha ngokushesha enkathini ye-electronic computing. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubufakazi bangempela bahlanekezelwa kakhulu. “Ukufika kwe-ENIAC esebenza ngogesi cishe ngokushesha kwenza i-Mark I yaphelelwa yisikhathi (nakuba yaqhubeka isebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva),” kubhala uKatherine Davis Fishman, The Computer Establishment (1982). Lesi sitatimende kusobala ukuthi siyaziphikisa kangangokuthi umuntu angacabanga ukuthi isandla sokunxele sikaMiss Fishman sasingazi ukuthi isandla sakhe sokudla senzani. Yebo, ungafaka lokhu kumanothi wentatheli elula. Nokho, sithola izazi-mlando ezimbalwa zangempela ziphinda futhi zikhetha uMark I njengomfana wazo oshaywe ngesiswebhu, zibhala: “I-Harvard Mark I yayingeyona nje isiphetho esiyingozi, ayenzanga lutho oluwusizo nhlobo phakathi neminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yokusebenza kwayo. Yayisetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi weNavy, lapho umshini waba usizo ngokwanele ukuze iNavy i-ode imishini eminingi yekhompiyutha yelebhu ka-Aiken." [Aspray kanye noCampbell-Kelly]. Nakulokhu, ukuphikisana okucacile.
Eqinisweni, amakhompiyutha adluliswayo abe nezinzuzo zawo futhi aqhubeka esebenza kanye nabazala bawo be-elekthronikhi. Amakhompiyutha amaningana amasha e-electromechanical adalwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, futhi ngisho nasekuqaleni kwawo-1950 eJapane. Imishini edluliswayo kwakulula ukuyiklama, ukwakha, nokunakekela, futhi yayingadingi ugesi ongaka kanye nesipholile somoya (ukuze kuqedwe inani elikhulu lokushisa elikhishwa izinkulungwane zamashubhu e-vacuum). I-ENIAC isebenzise ugesi ongu-150 kW, angu-20 awo asetshenziselwa ukuwupholisa.
Amasosha ase-US aqhubekile nokuba ngumthengi oyinhloko wamandla e-computing futhi awazange adebeselele amamodeli e-electromechanical "aphelelwe yisikhathi". Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, iButho lalinamakhompiyutha amane adluliswayo futhi iNavy yayinamahlanu. I-Ballistics Research Laboratory e-Aberdeen ibinamandla amakhulu ekhompiyutha emhlabeni wonke, nge-ENIAC, izibali ezidluliswayo ezivela ku-Bell ne-IBM, kanye nesihlaziyi esidala esihlukile. Embikweni kaSeptember 1949, ngayinye yanikezwa indawo yayo: I-ENIAC yasebenza kahle kakhulu ngezibalo ezinde, ezilula; I-Bell's Model V calculator ibingcono ekucubunguleni izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yobude baso obunganqunyelwe beteyipu yokufundisa kanye nekhono lamaphuzu antantayo, futhi i-IBM yayikwazi ukucubungula inani elikhulu kakhulu lolwazi olugcinwe emakhadini abhontshiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi ethile, njengokuthatha i-cube roots, bekuselula ukwenza ngesandla (usebenzisa inhlanganisela yamaspredishithi nezibali zedeskithophu) nokulondoloza isikhathi somshini.
Umaka ongcono kakhulu wokuphela kwenguquko yekhompyutha ye-elekthronikhi bekungeke kube ngu-1945, lapho i-ENIAC izalwa, kodwa ngo-1954, lapho kuvela amakhompyutha we-IBM 650 no-704. Lawa kwakungewona amakhompyutha e-electronics athengiswa kuqala, kodwa ayengawokuqala, akhiqizwa ngo. amakhulu, futhi yanquma ukubusa kwe-IBM embonini yamakhompiyutha, eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ngamagama , amakhompiyutha e-elekthronikhi ayengaseyona i-anomaly eyinqaba yama-1940, ekhona kuphela emaphusheni abaxoshwa njengo-Atanasov no-Mauchly; sebeyisayensi evamile.
Enye yamakhompyutha amaningi e-IBM 650—kulokhu, isibonelo sase-Texas A&M University. Inkumbulo yesigubhu kazibuthe (phansi) iyenze yahamba kancane, kodwa futhi yangabizi kakhulu.
Ukushiya isidleke
Maphakathi nawo-1950s, ukujikeleza kanye nokuklanywa kwemishini yekhompiyutha yedijithali kwase kukhululiwe kusukela kumsuka wayo ekushintsheni kwe-analog nezikhulisi. Imiklamo yekhompyutha yawo-1930s kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-'40s yayithembele kakhulu emibonweni evela kulabhorethri ye-physics ne-radar, futhi ikakhulukazi imibono evela konjiniyela bezokuxhumana kanye neminyango yocwaningo. Manje ama-computer ayesezihlelele owawo umkhakha, futhi ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha base bezakhela eyabo imibono, ulwazimagama namathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga zabo.
Ikhompiyutha ivele ngomqondo wayo wesimanje, ngakho-ke wethu ifika ekupheleni. Kodwa-ke, umhlaba wezokuxhumana wawunenye into ethokozisayo emkhonweni wawo. Ishubhu levacuum lidlule i-relay ngokungabi nezingxenye ezihambayo. Futhi ukudluliselwa kokugcina emlandweni wethu kube nenzuzo yokungabikho okuphelele kwanoma yiziphi izingxenye zangaphakathi. Isigaxa sezinto esibukeka simsulwa esinezintambo ezimbalwa eziphuma kuso sivele ngenxa yegatsha elisha lezinto zikagesi elaziwa ngokuthi "isimo esiqinile."
Nakuba amashubhu e-vacuum ayeshesha, ayesabiza, emakhulu, eshisa, futhi engathembekile ngokukhethekile. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza, ake sithi, i-laptop nabo. UVon Neumann wabhala ngo-1948 ukuthi "akunakwenzeka ukuthi sizokwazi ukudlula inani lokushintshwa kwe-10 (noma mhlawumbe amashumi ezinkulungwane ezimbalwa) inqobo nje uma siphoqeleka ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamanje nefilosofi)." I-solid state relay inikeze amakhompyutha amandla okucindezela le mikhawulo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ephula ngokuphindaphindiwe; ziqala ukusetshenziswa emabhizinisini amancane, ezikoleni, ezindlini, ezimpahleni zasendlini futhi zingene emaphaketheni; ukwakha umhlaba wedijithali omlingo ogcwele ubukhona bethu namuhla. Futhi ukuze sithole umsuka walo, sidinga ukuhlehlisa iwashi eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, futhi sibuyele emuva ezinsukwini zakuqala ezithakazelisayo zobuchwepheshe obungenawaya.
Okunye ongakufunda:
- UDavid Anderson, "Ingabe Ingane YaseManchester yakhulelwa eBletchley Park?", I-British Computer Society (Juni 4, 2004)
- UWilliam Aspray, uJohn von Neumann kanye ne-Origins of Modern Computing (1990)
- UMartin Campbell-Kelly noWilliam Aspray, Ikhompyutha: Umlando Womshini Wolwazi (1996)
- Thomas Haigh, et. al., Eniac in Action (2016)
- UJohn von Neumann, "Uhlaka Lokuqala Lombiko nge-EDVAC" (1945)
- U-Alan Turing, "Isibali Se-elekthronikhi esihlongozwayo" (1945)
Source: www.habr.com