Umdwebo wenethiwekhi yekhompyutha ye-ARPA ngoJuni 1967. Indingilizi engenalutho yikhompyutha enokufinyelela okwabiwe, indilinga enomugqa iyitheminali yomsebenzisi oyedwa.
Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Ekupheleni kuka-1966 ngemali ye-ARPA, wethula iphrojekthi yokuxhuma amakhompyutha amaningi ohlelweni olulodwa, egqugquzelwe umbono “» .
U-Taylor wedlulisele umthwalo wemfanelo wokwenziwa komsebenzi ezandleni ezinekhono . Ngonyaka owalandela, u-Roberts wenza izinqumo ezimbalwa ezibucayi ezazizobuyekezwa kuzo zonke izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe kanye nesiko le-ARPANET nabalandela ngemva kwayo, kwezinye izimo amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Isinqumo sokuqala esibalulekile, nakuba singekho ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, kwaba ukunqunywa kwendlela yokudlulisa imilayezo isuka kwenye ikhompyutha iye kwenye.
Inkinga
Uma ikhompuyutha A ifuna ukuthumela umlayezo kukhompyutha B, lowo mlayezo ungayithola kanjani indlela yawo usuka komunye uye komunye? Ngokombono, ungavumela yonke i-node kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana ukuthi ixhumane nayo yonke enye i-node ngokuxhuma i-node ngayinye kuwo wonke ama-node anezintambo ezibonakalayo. Ukuze uxhumane no-B, ikhompuyutha A izovele ithumele umlayezo ngekhebuli ephumayo eyixhuma ku-B. Inethiwekhi enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi ye-mesh. Kodwa-ke, kunoma yimuphi usayizi wenethiwekhi obalulekile, le ndlela isheshe ingasebenzi njengoba inani lokuxhuma likhula njengoba isikwele senani lamanodi (njengoba (n2 - n)/2 ukunemba).
Ngakho-ke, indlela ethile yokwakha umzila womlayezo iyadingeka, okuthi, lapho umlayezo ufika endaweni ephakathi nendawo, uwuthumele phambili kulokho okuhlosiwe. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, kwakunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuxazulula le nkinga. Eyokuqala yindlela yesitolo-nokudlulisela phambili yokushintsha umlayezo. Le ndlela yasetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-telegraph. Lapho umlayezo ufika endaweni ephakathi nendawo, wawugcinwa lapho okwesikhashana (imvamisa usesimweni setheyiphu yephepha) uze udluliselwe phambili kulokho okuhlosiwe, noma kwesinye isikhungo esimaphakathi esiseduze nokuhlosiwe.
Kwabe sekufika ucingo kwadingeka indlela entsha. Ukubambezeleka kwemizuzu embalwa ngemva kwenkulumo ngayinye ocingweni, okwakudingeka ihunyushwe futhi idluliselwe lapho yayiya khona, kwakuyonikeza umuzwa wengxoxo nomuntu oxoxa naye ose-Mars. Esikhundleni salokho, ifoni yasebenzisa ukushintsha kwesekethe. Oshaya ucingo wayeluqala ucingo ngalunye ngokuthumela umlayezo okhethekile obonisa ukuthi ufuna ukumshayela bani. Okokuqala bakwenza lokhu ngokukhuluma no-opharetha, bese bedayela inombolo, eyayicutshungulwa ngomshini ozenzakalelayo ebhodini lokushintsha. Umsebenzisi noma okokusebenza kusungule uxhumano lukagesi oluzinikele phakathi komshayi ucingo nalowo obiziwe. Esimeni samakholi amabanga amade, lokhu kungase kudinge iziphindaphindo ezimbalwa ukuxhuma ucingo ngokushintsha okuningi. Lapho uxhumano selusungulwe, ingxoxo ngokwayo ingaqala, futhi uxhumano luhlala kuze kube yilapho omunye wabathintekayo eyiphazamisa ngokuvala ucingo.
Ukuxhumana kwedijithali, okwanqunywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ku-ARPANET ukuxhuma amakhompyutha asebenza ngokuvumelana nohlelo , izici ezisetshenziswe kukho kokubili ucingo nocingo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imilayezo yedatha yayidluliswa ngamaphakethe ahlukene, njengaku-telegraph, kunokuba kube izingxoxo eziqhubekayo ocingweni. Nokho, le milayezo ingaba yosayizi abahlukene ngezinjongo ezihlukene, kusukela emiyalweni yekhonsoli enezinhlamvu ezimbalwa ngobude, kuye kumafayela edatha amakhulu adluliswa isuka kwenye ikhompuyutha iye kwenye. Uma amafayela ebebambezelekile ekuhambeni, akekho okhala ngakho. Kodwa ukusebenzisana okukude kudinga impendulo esheshayo, njengocingo.
Umehluko owodwa obalulekile phakathi kwamanethiwekhi edatha yekhompiyutha ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nefoni ne-telegraph ngakolunye, kwaba ukuzwela kwamaphutha kudatha ecutshungulwa yimishini. Ushintsho noma ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa komlingiswa oyedwa kuthelegramu, noma ukunyamalala kwengxenye yegama engxoxweni yocingo ngeke kuphazamise kakhulu ukuxhumana kwabantu ababili. Kodwa uma umsindo kulayini ushintsha kancane kancane usuka ku-0 uye ku-1 emyalweni othunyelwe kukhompuyutha ekude, ungase uyiguqule ngokuphelele incazelo yomyalo. Ngakho-ke, umlayezo ngamunye bekufanele uhlolwe amaphutha futhi uthunyelwe kabusha uma ekhona. Ukudlala kabusha okunjalo kungabiza kakhulu emilayezweni emikhulu futhi kungenzeka kubangele amaphutha ngoba kuthathe isikhathi eside ukudlulisa.
Isixazululo sale nkinga savela ezenzakalweni ezimbili ezizimele ezenzeka ngo-1960, kodwa leyo eyafika kamuva yaqashelwa kuqala nguLarry Roberts kanye ne-ARPA.
Umhlangano
Ekwindla ka-1967, u-Roberts wafika e-Gatlinburg, e-Tennessee, evela ngaphesheya kweziqongo ezinamahlathi e-Great Smoky Mountains, ezoletha idokhumenti echaza izinhlelo zenethiwekhi ye-ARPA. Wayesesebenze eHhovisi Lobuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Ulwazi (i-IPTO) cishe unyaka, kodwa imininingwane eminingi yephrojekthi yenethiwekhi yayisangacacile kakhulu, kuhlanganise nesixazululo senkinga yomzila. Ngaphandle kwezinkomba ezingacacile ezimayelana namabhulokhi nosayizi bawo, okuwukuphela kokubhekisela kukho emsebenzini kaRoberts kwaba ukuphawula okufushane nagwemayo ekugcineni: “Kubonakala kudingekile ukugcina ulayini wokuxhumana osetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze uthole izimpendulo engxenyeni eyodwa kweshumi kuya kokukodwa. okwesibili okudingekayo ekusebenzeni okusebenzisanayo. Lokhu kubiza kakhulu ngokwezinsiza zenethiwekhi, futhi ngaphandle kokuthi sikwazi ukushaya izingcingo ngokushesha, ukushintsha imiyalezo nokugxilisa ingqondo kuzoba kubaluleke kakhulu kubahlanganyeli benethiwekhi.” Ngokusobala, ngaleso sikhathi, uRoberts wayengakanqumi ukuthi uzoyiyeka yini indlela ayeyisebenzise noTom Marrill ngo-1965, okungukuthi, ukuxhuma amakhompyutha ngenethiwekhi yocingo eshintshiwe esebenzisa i-autodial.
Kwaqondana nje, omunye umuntu wayekhona ku-symposium efanayo onombono ongcono kakhulu wokuxazulula inkinga yomzila kumanethiwekhi wedatha. URoger Scantlebury wawela i-Atlantic, efika evela eBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL) enombiko. U-Scantlebury wabikela u-Roberts eceleni ngemuva kombiko wakhe wamtshela ngombono wakhe. . Lobu buchwepheshe bathuthukiswa umphathi wakhe e-NPL, uDonald Davis. E-United States, impumelelo ka-Davis nomlando akwaziwa kabi, nakuba ekwindla ka-1967 iqembu lika-Davis e-NPL lalingaphambi konyaka okungenani kune-ARPA nemibono yalo.
UDavis, njengamaphayona amaningi okuqala e-electronic computing, wayeyisazi se-physics ngokuqeqeshwa. Uthole iziqu e-Imperial College London ngo-1943 eneminyaka engu-19 futhi ngokushesha wabuthelwa ohlelweni oluyimfihlo lwezikhali zenuzi oluqanjwe ngegama. . Lapho waqondisa ithimba lezibali ezingabantu ezazisebenzisa izibali zokubala eziwumshini nezikagesi ukuze zikhiqize ngokushesha izixazululo zezinombolo ezinkingeni ezihlobene nokuhlangana kwezikhali zenuzi (umphathi wakhe , isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane esasivela kwamanye amazwe okwathi ngaleso sikhathi sase siqale ukudlulisa izimfihlo zezikhali zenuzi e-USSR). Ngemva kwempi, wezwa ngesazi sezibalo uJohn Womersley mayelana nephrojekthi ayeyihola e-NPL - kwakuwukwakhiwa kwekhompyutha ye-elekthronikhi okwakufanele yenze izibalo ezifanayo ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu. ebizwa nge-ACE, "injini yekhompyutha ezenzakalelayo".
UDavis wagxumela kulo mbono futhi wasayina ne-NPL ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemva kokunikela ekwakhiweni okunemininingwane nokwakhiwa kwekhompuyutha ye-ACE, wahlala ebambe iqhaza ngokujulile emkhakheni wekhompyutha njengomholi wocwaningo e-NPL. Ngo-1965 kwenzeka ukuthi wayese-US emhlanganweni wochwepheshe ohlobene nomsebenzi wakhe futhi wasebenzisa leli thuba ukuvakashela izingosi zekhompiyutha eziningana ezihlanganyela isikhathi ukuze abone ukuthi yonke le ngxabano yayimayelana nani. Esimeni sekhompyutha saseBrithani, ukwabelana kwesikhathi ngomqondo waseMelika wokwabelana ngokuhlanganyela kwekhompuyutha ngabasebenzisi abaningi kwakungaziwa. Esikhundleni salokho, ukwabelana kwesikhathi kwakusho ukusabalalisa umthwalo wokusebenza wekhompuyutha phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbalwa zokucubungula iqoqo (ukuze, isibonelo, uhlelo olulodwa lusebenze ngenkathi olunye lumatasa lokufunda itheyiphu). Khona-ke le nketho izobizwa ngokuthi i-multiprogramming.
Ukuzulazula kukaDavis kwamholela ku-Project MAC e-MIT, i-JOSS Project e-RAND Corporation e-California, kanye ne-Dartmouth Time Sharing System eNew Hampshire. Endleleni egodukayo, omunye wozakwabo waphakamisa ukubamba umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi mayelana nokwabelana ukuze kufundiswe umphakathi waseBrithani ngobuchwepheshe obusha ababebufunde e-US. U-Davis wavuma, futhi wabamba izibalo eziningi ezihamba phambili emkhakheni we-computing waseMelika, kuhlanganise (umdali "we-Interoperable Time Sharing System" e-MIT) kanye no-Larry Roberts ngokwakhe.
Phakathi nesemina (noma mhlawumbe ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho), u-Davis wahlatshwa umqondo wokuthi ifilosofi yokwabelana ngesikhathi ingasetshenziswa emigqeni yokuxhumana yamakhompiyutha, hhayi nje kumakhompyutha ngokwawo. Amakhompuyutha abelana ngesikhathi anikeza umsebenzisi ngamunye isiqephu esincane sesikhathi se-CPU abese eshintshela komunye, enikeza umsebenzisi ngamunye inkohliso yokuba nekhompyutha yakhe esebenzisanayo. Ngokufanayo, ngokusika umlayezo ngamunye ube izingcezu ezilingana nesilinganiso, u-Davis azibiza ngokuthi “amaphakethe,” umzila owodwa wokuxhumana ungabiwa phakathi kwamakhompyutha amaningi noma abasebenzisi bekhompiyutha eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izoxazulula zonke izici zokudluliswa kwedatha lapho amaswishi ocingo kanye ne-telegraph ayengafaneleki kahle. Umsebenzisi osebenzisa itheminali esebenzisanayo othumela imiyalo emifushane futhi athole izimpendulo ezimfushane ngeke avinjwe ukudluliselwa kwefayela elikhulu ngoba ukudluliselwa kuzohlukaniswa kube amaphakethe amaningi. Noma iyiphi inkohlakalo emilayezweni emikhulu kangaka izothinta iphakethe elilodwa, elingadluliswa kalula ukuze kuqedelwe umlayezo.
U-Davis uchaze imibono yakhe ephepheni elingashicilelwe le-1966, "Isiphakamiso Senethiwekhi Yezokuxhumana Yedijithali." Ngaleso sikhathi, amanethiwekhi ocingo athuthuke kakhulu ayesezoshintsha ama-computer, futhi u-Davis wahlongoza ukushumeka iphakethe ukushintshela kunethiwekhi yocingo yesizukulwane esilandelayo, kwakha inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ye-broadband eyodwa ekwazi ukunikeza izicelo ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezicingweni ezilula ukuya ezikude. ukufinyelela kumakhompyutha. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Davis wayesekhushulelwe esikhundleni sokuba umphathi we-NPL futhi usesungule iqembu lezokuxhumana ngedijithali ngaphansi kwe-Scantlebury ukuze aqalise iphrojekthi yakhe futhi akhe idemo esebenzayo.
Ngonyaka owandulela ingqungquthela yase-Gatlinburg, ithimba le-Scantlebury lisebenze yonke imininingwane yokwakha inethiwekhi eshintshwa ngamaphakethe. Ukwehluleka kwenodi eyodwa kungase kusinde ngomgudu oguquguqukayo ongaphatha izindlela eziningi eziya endaweni okuyiwa kuyo, futhi ukwehluleka kwephakethe elilodwa kungase kusingathwe ngokulithumela kabusha. Ukulingisa nokuhlaziya kusho ukuthi usayizi wephakethe olungile uzoba ngamabhayithi ayi-1000 - uma ulenza libe lincane kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa wemigqa yemethadatha kunhlokweni kuzoba kuningi, kakhulu - futhi isikhathi sokuphendula sabasebenzisi abasebenzisanayo sizokhula. kaningi ngenxa yemiyalezo emikhulu .
Umsebenzi we-Scantlebury wawuhlanganisa imininingwane efana nefomethi yephakheji...
...kanye nokuhlaziywa komthelela wamasayizi wephakethe ekubambeni kwenethiwekhi.
Khonamanjalo, uphenyo lukaDavis noScantlebury lwaholela ekutholakaleni kwamaphepha ocwaningo anemininingwane enziwe ngomunye waseMelika owaqhamuka nombono ofanayo eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwawo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo , unjiniyela kagesi e-RAND Corporation, akazange acabange nhlobo ngezidingo zabasebenzisi bamakhompiyutha abahlanganyela isikhathi. I-RAND yayiyithangi lokucabanga elixhaswe ngezimali nguMnyango Wezokuvikela e-Santa Monica, eCalifornia, eyakhiwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze inikeze ukuhlela kwesikhathi eside nokuhlaziywa kwezinkinga zamasu zezempi. Umgomo ka-Baran kwakuwukubambezela impi yenuzi ngokwakha inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana yezempi enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ekwazi ukusinda ngisho nokuhlasela kwezikhali zenuzi ezinkulu. Inethiwekhi enjalo ingenza isiteleka sangaphambi kwesikhathi se-USSR singakhangi kangako, njengoba kungaba nzima kakhulu ukucekela phansi ikhono lase-US lokushaya amaphuzu amaningi abucayi ekuphenduleni. Ukuze enze lokhu, u-Baran uhlongoze isistimu ephule imilayezo ibe yilokho akubiza ngokuthi amabhulokhi emiyalezo engasakazwa ngokuzimela kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yamanodi angasasebenzi bese ihlanganiswa ndawonye ekugcineni.
I-ARPA ikwazile ukufinyelela imibiko egqamile ka-Baran ye-RAND, kodwa njengoba yayingahlobene namakhompyutha asebenzisanayo, ukubaluleka kwayo ku-ARPANET kwakungabonakali. URoberts noTaylor, ngokusobala, abazange babaqaphele. Esikhundleni salokho, ngenxa yomhlangano owodwa owathola ithuba, iScantlebury yanikeza uRoberts yonke into ngoqwembe lwesiliva: indlela yokushintsha eklanywe kahle, ukusebenza enkingeni yokudala amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha asebenzisanayo, izinto eziyisethenjwa ezivela ku-RAND, ngisho negama elithi “iphakheji.” Umsebenzi we-NPL uphinde waqinisekisa u-Roberts ukuthi isivinini esiphezulu sizodingeka ukuze unikeze umthamo omuhle, ngakho-ke wathuthukisa izinhlelo zakhe zaba yizixhumanisi ezingu-50 Kbps. Ukudala i-ARPANET, ingxenye ebalulekile yenkinga yomzila yaxazululwa.
Yiqiniso, kukhona enye inguqulo yemvelaphi yomqondo wokushintsha iphakethe. Kamuva u-Roberts wathi wayesenemicabango efanayo ekhanda lakhe, ngenxa yomsebenzi kazakwabo, u-Len Kleinrock, okuthiwa wawuchaza lo mqondo emuva ngo-1962, encwadini yakhe yobudokotela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Nokho, kunzima ngendlela emangalisayo ukukhipha umbono onjalo kulo msebenzi, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, angikwazanga ukuthola obunye ubufakazi bale nguqulo.
Amanethiwekhi angakaze abe khona
Njengoba sibona, amaqembu amabili abengaphambi kwe-ARPA ekuthuthukiseni ukushintshwa kwephakethe, ubuchwepheshe obuye bafakazela ukuthi busebenza kakhulu kangangokuthi manje busekela cishe konke ukuxhumana. Kungani i-ARPANET bekuyinethiwekhi yokuqala ebalulekile ukuyisebenzisa?
Konke kumayelana nobuqili benhlangano. I-ARPA yayingenayo imvume esemthethweni yokwakha inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana, kodwa kwakunenani elikhulu lezikhungo zocwaningo ezikhona ezinamakhompiyutha azo, isiko lokuziphatha "lamahhala" elalingagadiwe, kanye nezintaba zemali. Isicelo sika-Taylor sasekuqaleni sika-1966 semali yokwakha i-ARPANET sasibiza u-$1 million, futhi u-Roberts waqhubeka nokuchitha leyo mali njalo ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1969 kuya phambili ukuze enze inethiwekhi isebenze. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ku-ARPA, imali enjalo yayiyinguquko encane, ngakho akekho noyedwa wabaphathi bakhe owayekhathazekile ngalokho uRoberts akwenzayo ngayo, inqobo nje uma ngandlela-thile ingahlanganiswa nezidingo zokuvikela izwe.
U-Baran e-RAND wayengenawo amandla noma igunya lokwenza noma yini. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuwukuhlola nokuhlaziya kuphela, futhi wawungasetshenziswa ekuzivikeleni uma ethanda. Ngo-1965, i-RAND empeleni yancoma uhlelo lwakhe ku-Air Force, eyavuma ukuthi iphrojekthi iyasebenza. Kodwa ukuqaliswa kwayo kwawela emahlombe e-Defence Communications Agency, futhi abazange baqonde ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana kwedijithali. U-Baran waqinisekisa abaphathi bakhe kwa-RAND ukuthi kungaba ngcono ukuhoxisa lesi siphakamiso kunokusivumela ukuthi sisetshenziswe noma kanjani futhi sonakalise isithunzi sezokuxhumana ezidijithali ezisabalalisiwe.
U-Davis, njengenhloko ye-NPL, wayenamandla amakhulu kuno-Baran, kodwa isabelomali esiqinile kune-ARPA, futhi wayengenayo inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezobuchwepheshe eyenziwe ngomumo yamakhompyutha ocwaningo. Ukwazile ukwenza isibonelo senethiwekhi yendawo eshintshwayo yephakethe (kwakukhona indawo eyodwa kuphela, kodwa amatheminali amaningi) e-NPL ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, ngesabelomali esilinganiselwe sika-£120 phakathi neminyaka emithathu. I-ARPANET yachitha cishe uhhafu waleyo mali minyaka yonke ekusebenzeni nasekulungiseni izindawo eziningi zenethiwekhi, ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha nesofthiwe. Inhlangano ekwazi ukwakha inethiwekhi enkulu yokushintsha amaphakethe yaseBrithani kwakuyi-British Post Office, eyayiphethe amanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana ezweni, ngaphandle kwenkonzo yeposi ngokwayo. U-Davis ukwazile ukuthakasela izikhulu ezimbalwa ezinethonya ngemibono yakhe yenethiwekhi yedijithali enobunye esikalini sikazwelonke, kodwa akakwazanga ukuguqula indlela yohlelo olukhulu kangaka.
U-Licklider, ngenhlanganisela yenhlanhla nokuhlela, uthole indawo ebamba ukushisa ekahle lapho inethiwekhi yakhe ye-intergalactic ingachuma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akunakushiwo ukuthi yonke into ngaphandle kokushintsha iphakethe yehla yaba yimali. Ukwenziwa komqondo nakho kwaba nendima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile ezimbalwa zedizayini zakha umoya we-ARPANET. Ngakho-ke, ngokulandelayo sizobheka ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wasakazwa kanjani phakathi kwamakhompyutha athumela futhi athola imilayezo, kanye nenethiwekhi abathumele kuyo le miyalezo.
Yini enye ongayifunda
- UJanet Abbate, Usungula i-Intanethi (1999)
- U-Katie Hafner no-Matthew Lyon, Lapho Abathakathi Bahlala Khona Kamuva (1996)
- U-Leonard Kleinrock, “Umlando Wakuqala We-inthanethi,” I-IEEE Communications Magazine (August 2010)
- U-Arthur Norberg noJulie O'Neill, Ukuguqula Ubuchwepheshe Bekhompyutha: Ukucubungula Ulwazi lwePentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider kanye neRevolution That Made Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com