Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Ukusebenzisa i-ARPANET uRobert Taylor noLarry Roberts izikhungo eziningi ezahlukene zocwaningo, ngasinye sazo sinekhompyutha yaso, yesoftware kanye nehardware eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo ogcwele kukho. Kodwa-ke, isofthiwe ne-hardware yenethiwekhi ngokwayo yayitholakala endaweni ephakathi nenkungu, futhi yayingeyona eyanoma iyiphi yalezi zindawo. Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1967 kuya ku-1968, uRoberts, inhloko yephrojekthi yenethiwekhi ye-Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), kwadingeka anqume ukuthi ubani okufanele akhe futhi alondoloze inethiwekhi, nokuthi imingcele phakathi kwenethiwekhi nezikhungo kufanele ilale kuphi.
Abangabazayo
Inkinga yokuhlela inethiwekhi okungenani yayinepolitiki njengoba kwakuwubuchwepheshe. Abaqondisi bocwaningo be-ARPA ngokuvamile abawumukeli umbono we-ARPANET. Abanye bakhombise ngokusobala ukuthi abanasifiso sokujoyina inethiwekhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi; abambalwa kubo babenomdlandla. Isikhungo ngasinye kuzodingeka senze umzamo oqotho wokuvumela abanye ukuthi basebenzise ikhompuyutha yabo ebiza kakhulu neyivelakancane. Lokhu kunikezwa kokufinyelela kubonise ukungalungi okucacile (ukulahlekelwa yinsiza ebalulekile), kuyilapho izinzuzo zayo ezingaba khona zahlala zingacacile futhi zingacacile.
Ukungabaza okufanayo mayelana nokufinyelela okwabiwe ezinsizeni kwacwilisa iphrojekthi yenethiwekhi ye-UCLA eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kodwa-ke, kulesi simo, i-ARPA yayinamandla amakhulu kakhulu, njengoba ikhokhele ngokuqondile zonke lezi zinsiza zekhompyutha ezibalulekile, futhi yaqhubeka nokuba nesandla kukho konke ukuhamba kwemali yezinhlelo zocwaningo ezihambisanayo. Futhi nakuba zingekho izinsongo eziqondile ezenziwe, akukho βnoma-keβ okwashiwo, isimo sasicace ngokwedlulele - ngandlela thize, i-ARPA yayizokwakha inethiwekhi yayo ukuze ihlanganise imishini, empeleni, eyayisengeyayo.
Lesi sikhathi safika emhlanganweni wabaqondisi besayensi e-Att Arbor, eMichigan, entwasahlobo ka-1967. URoberts wethula uhlelo lwakhe lokudala inethiwekhi exhuma amakhompyutha ahlukahlukene kusikhungo ngasinye. Umemezele ukuthi isikhulu ngasinye sizohlinzeka ikhompuyutha yangakubo nge-software ekhethekile yokuxhumana, ezoyisebenzisa ukushayela amanye amakhompyutha ngocingo (lokhu kwakungaphambi kokuba uRoberts azi ngalo mbono. ). Impendulo yaba ukuphikisana nokwesaba. Phakathi kokuncane okuthambekele ekusebenziseni lo mbono kwakuyizikhungo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezazivele zisebenza kumaphrojekthi amakhulu axhaswe yi-IPTO, i-MIT eyayiyinhloko yazo. Abacwaningi be-MIT, abagcwele imali ohlelweni lwabo lokwabelana ngesikhathi lwe-Project MAC kanye nelebhu yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ababonanga nzuzo ngokwabelana ngezinsiza zabo abazisebenze kanzima ne-Western riffraff.
Futhi, kungakhathaliseki isimo saso, isikhungo ngasinye sayazisa imibono yaso. Ngamunye wayenesofthiwe nemishini ehlukile, futhi kwakunzima ukuqonda ukuthi bangasungula kanjani ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo nomunye nomunye, ingasaphathwa eyokusebenza ndawonye. Ukubhala nje nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zenethiwekhi zomshini wabo kuzothatha inani elikhulu lesikhathi sabo kanye nezinsiza zekhompyutha.
Kwakuyindida kodwa futhi kufaneleka ngokumangalisayo ukuthi isixazululo sika-Roberts salezi zinkinga zomphakathi nezobuchwepheshe savela ku-Wes Clark, indoda eyayingathandi kokubili ukwabelana kwesikhathi namanethiwekhi. U-Clark, umgqugquzeli wombono oyindida wokunikeza wonke umuntu ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu, wayengenanhloso yokwabelana ngezinsiza zekhompyutha nanoma ubani, futhi wagcina eyakhe ikhampasi, iYunivesithi yaseWashington eSt. Louis, kude ne-ARPANET iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi nguye owasungula umklamo wenethiwekhi, ongafaki umthwalo obalulekile kuzinsiza zekhompyutha zesikhungo ngasinye, futhi akudingi ukuthi ngamunye wabo asebenzise umzamo ekudaleni isofthiwe ekhethekile.
UClark uphakamise ukuthi kubekwe ikhompuyutha encane kusikhungo ngasinye ukuze isingathe yonke imisebenzi ehlobene ngokuqondile nenethiwekhi. Isikhungo ngasinye bekufanele sithole ukuthi singaxhumeka kanjani kumsizi waso wasendaweni (okuyinto kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi ama-interface message processors, noma ), ebese ithumela umlayezo ngomzila olungile ukuze ufinyelele ku-IMP efanele endaweni eyamukelayo. Empeleni, uphakamise ukuthi i-ARPA isabalalise amanye amakhompyutha mahhala esikhungweni ngasinye, azothatha izinsiza eziningi zenethiwekhi. Ngesikhathi lapho amakhompiyutha ayengavamile futhi ebiza kakhulu, lesi siphakamiso sasinesibindi. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, amakhompiyutha amancane aqala ukuvela abiza amashumi ambalwa ezinkulungwane zamaRandi, esikhundleni samakhulu ambalwa, futhi ekugcineni isiphakamiso sabonakala singenzeka ngokusemthethweni (i-IMP ngayinye yagcina ibiza u-$ 45, noma cishe u-$ 000 imali yanamuhla).
Indlela ye-IMP, ngenkathi inciphisa ukukhathazeka kwabaholi besayensi mayelana nomthwalo wenethiwekhi emandleni abo okwenza ikhompuyutha, iphinde yabhekana nenye, inkinga yezombusazwe ye-ARPA. Ngokungafani namanye amaphrojekthi e-ejensi ngaleso sikhathi, inethiwekhi yayingagcini nje esikhungweni esisodwa socwaningo, lapho yayizoqhutshwa khona umphathi oyedwa. Futhi i-ARPA ngokwayo yayingenawo amandla okwenza ngokuzimela ngokuqondile nokuphatha iphrojekthi enkulu yobuchwepheshe. Kuzodingeka aqashe izinkampani zangaphandle ukwenza lokhu. Ukuba khona kwe-IMP kwadala ukwehlukana okucacile kwesibopho phakathi kwenethiwekhi ephethwe i-ejenti yangaphandle kanye nekhompyutha elawulwa endaweni. Usonkontileka uzolawula ama-IMP nakho konke okuphakathi, futhi izikhungo zizohlala zinesibopho sezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nesofthiwe kumakhompyutha azo.
I-IMP
URoberts wabe esedinga ukukhetha lowo sonkontileka. Indlela eyisidala ka-Licklider yokunxenxa isiphakamiso kumcwaningi amthandayo ngokuqondile ayizange isebenze kuleli cala. Lo msebenzi bekumele ufakwe endalini yomphakathi njengazo zonke ezinye izinkontileka zikahulumeni.
Kwaze kwafika ngoJulayi 1968 lapho uRoberts ekwazile ukukhipha imininingwane yokugcina yebhidi. Sekudlule cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ucezu lokugcina lwephazili lwaqala ukusebenza ngesikhathi kumenyezelwa uhlelo lokushintsha amaphakethe engqungqutheleni ebiseGatlinburg. Abakhiqizi ababili abakhulu bamakhompiyutha, i-Control Data Corporation (CDC) kanye ne-International Business Machines (IBM), benqabe ngokushesha ukuhlanganyela ngenxa yokuthi babengenawo amakhompyutha amancane angabizi afanele indima ye-IMP.
I-Honeywell DDP-516
Phakathi kwabasele abahlanganyeli, iningi lakhetha ikhompuyutha entsha kwaHoneywell, nakuba abanye babethambekele ekuthandeni . Inketho ka-Honeywell ibithandeka kakhulu ngoba ibinokusebenzelana kwe-I/O okuklanyelwe ngokukhethekile amasistimu esikhathi sangempela wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokulawulwa kwezimboni. Ukuxhumana, vele, bekudinga ukunemba okufanele - uma ikhompuyutha iphuthelwe umlayezo ongenayo ngenkathi imatasa ngomunye umsebenzi, belingekho ithuba lesibili lokuyibamba.
Ekupheleni konyaka, ngemva kokucabangisisa uRaytheon, uRoberts wabela umsebenzi enkampanini ekhulayo yaseCambridge eyasungulwa nguBolt, Beranek noNewman. Isihlahla somndeni sekhompuyutha esebenzisanayo ngalesi sikhathi sase sigxile kakhulu, futhi uRoberts wayengasolwa kalula ngokukhetha i-BBN. U-Licklider ulethe ukusebenzisana kwekhompuyutha ku-BBN ngaphambi kokuba umqondisi wokuqala we-IPTO, ehlwanyela imbewu yenethiwekhi yakhe ye-intergalactic kanye nokuqondisa abantu abafana no-Roberts. Ngaphandle kwethonya likaLeake, i-ARPA ne-BBN bezingeke zibe nentshisekelo noma zikwazi ukusebenzela iphrojekthi ye-ARPANET. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ebalulekile yethimba elihlanganiswe yi-BBN ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi esekelwe ku-IMP yavela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ivela ku-Lincoln Labs: U-Frank Hart (umholi weqembu), u-Dave Walden, kanye neNorth Ornstein. Kwakusezindlini zokucwaninga lapho uRoberts ngokwakhe afunda khona esikoleni, futhi kulapho ithuba lokuhlangana kukaLeake no-Wes Clark kwavusa isithakazelo sakhe kumakhompyutha asebenzisanayo.
Kodwa nakuba isimo sasingase sibukeke njengokungqubuzana, empeleni ithimba le-BBN laliwufanelekele umsebenzi wesikhathi sangempela njenge-Honeywell 516. E-Lincoln, babesebenza kumakhompyutha axhunywe kumasistimu e-radar - esinye isibonelo sohlelo lokusebenza lapho idatha ngeke ilinde kuze kube yilapho ikhompuyutha isilungile. UHart, isibonelo, wasebenza kukhompyutha yeWhirlwind njengomfundi ngeminyaka yawo-1950, wajoyina iphrojekthi ye-SAGE, futhi wachitha iminyaka eyi-15 e-Lincoln Laboratories. U-Ornstein usebenze ku-cross-protocol ye-SAGE, edlulisa idatha yokulandela i-radar isuka kwenye ikhompyutha iye kwenye, futhi kamuva ne-LINC ka-Wes Clark, ikhompuyutha eklanyelwe ukusiza ososayensi basebenze ngokuqondile elebhu ngedatha eku-inthanethi. I-Crowther, manje eyaziwa kakhulu njengombhali wegeyimu yombhalo , yachitha iminyaka eyishumi yakha amasistimu esikhathi sangempela, okuhlanganisa i-Lincoln Terminal Experiment, isiteshi sokuxhumana sesathelayithi ephathwayo esinekhompyutha encane elawula uthi futhi icubungule amasignali angenayo.
Ithimba le-IMP e-BBN. UFrank Hart uyindoda esikhungweni esiphezulu. U-Ornstein umi onqenqemeni olungakwesokudla, eduze kuka-Crowther.
I-IMP yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqonda nokuphatha umzila nokulethwa kwemilayezo isuka kwenye ikhompyutha iye kwenye. Ikhompyutha ingathumela amabhayithi afika kwangu-8000 ngesikhathi ku-IMP yendawo, kanye nekheli okuyiwa kulo. I-IMP yabe isisika umlayezo emaphaketheni amancane adluliswa ngokuzimele ku-IMP eqondiwe ngemigqa engu-50-kbps eqashwe ku-AT&T. I-IMP eyamukelayo ihlanganise umlayezo futhi yawuletha kukhompuyutha yayo. I-IMP ngayinye yayigcina itafula eligcina umkhondo wokuthi yimuphi komakhelwane bayo abanomzila oshesha kakhulu wokufinyelela noma yimuphi umgomo ongakhona. Ibuyekezwe ngokushintshashintshayo ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholwe kulaba makhelwane, okuhlanganisa ulwazi lokuthi umakhelwane ubengafinyeleleki (lapho ukubambezeleka kokuthumela kuleyo ndawo kuthathwe njengokungapheli). Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesivinini sika-Roberts nezimfuneko zokuphuma kukho konke lokhu kucubungula, ithimba lika-Hart lidale ikhodi yezinga lobuciko. Lonke uhlelo lokucubungula lwe-IMP luthathe amabhayithi ayi-12 kuphela; ingxenye eyayiphathelene namatafula omzila ithathe angu-000 kuphela.
Ithimba liphinde lathatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezimbalwa, ngenxa yokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukunikeza ithimba elisekelayo ku-IMP ngayinye ensimini.
Okokuqala, bahlomisa ikhompuyutha ngayinye imishini yokuqapha nokulawula kude. Ngokungeziwe ekuqaliseni kabusha okuzenzakalelayo okuqale ngemva kokunqamuka ngakunye kukagesi, ama-IMP ahlelwa ukuthi akwazi ukuqalisa kabusha omakhelwane ngokubathumelela izinguqulo ezintsha zesofthiwe yokusebenza. Ukusiza ngokulungisa iphutha nokuhlaziya, i-IMP, ngomyalo, ingase iqale ukuthatha izifinyezo zesimo sayo samanje ngezikhathi ezithile. Futhi, iphakethe ngalinye le-IMP linamathisele ingxenye yokulilandelela, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubhala amalogi anemininingwane eminingi yomsebenzi. Ngawo wonke lawa makhono, izinkinga eziningi zingaxazululwa ngokuqondile ehhovisi le-BBN, elisebenza njengesikhungo sokulawula lapho isimo senethiwekhi yonke sasibonakala khona.
Okwesibili, bacele inguqulo yezempi ye-516 evela kwa-Honeywell, efakwe ikesi eliwugqinsi ukuyivikela ekudlidlizeni nakwezinye izinsongo. I-BBN ngokuyisisekelo ibifuna ukuthi kube uphawu "lokungahlali" kubafundi abaneziqu ezinelukuluku, kodwa akukho okucacisa umngcele phakathi kwamakhompyutha endawo kanye ne-subnet eqhutshwa yi-BBN njengaleli gobolondo elihlomile.
Amakhabethe okuqala aqinisiwe, acishe alingane nesiqandisi, afika esizeni eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA) ngo-August 30, 1969, ezinyangeni eziyi-8 nje ngemva kokuba i-BBN ithole inkontileka yayo.
Ababungazi
U-Roberts wanquma ukuqala inethiwekhi nabasingathi abane-ngaphezu kwe-UCLA, i-IMP izofakwa ogwini nje e-University of California, e-Santa Barbara (UCSB), enye e-Stanford Research Institute (SRI) enyakatho yeCalifornia, futhi owokugcina e-University of Utah. Zonke lezi kwakuyizikhungo ezisezingeni lesibili ezivela oGwini oluseNtshonalanga, ezizama ukuzibonakalisa ngandlela thize emkhakheni wekhompyutha yesayensi. Ubudlelwano bomndeni buqhubekile nokusebenza njengabaphathi besayensi ababili, kusuka e-UCLA kanye baseNyuvesi yase-Utah, nabo babengozakwabo abadala bakaRoberts eLincoln Laboratories.
U-Roberts unikeze abasingathi ababili imisebenzi eyengeziwe ehlobene nenethiwekhi. Emuva ngo-1967, u-Doug Englebart ovela ku-SRI wavolontiya ukusungula isikhungo solwazi lwenethiwekhi emhlanganweni wobuholi. Esebenzisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubuyiswa kolwazi lwe-SRI, uzimisele ukwakha uhla lwemibhalo lwe-ARPANET: iqoqo elihlelekile lolwazi kuzo zonke izinsiza ezitholakala kuma-node ahlukahlukene, futhi alenze litholakale kuwo wonke umuntu kunethiwekhi. Njengoba kunikezwe ulwazi luka-Kleinrock ekuhlaziyeni ukugcwala kwenethiwekhi, u-Roberts uqoke i-UCLA njengesikhungo sokulinganisa inethiwekhi (NMC). Ku-Kleinrock kanye ne-UCLA, i-ARPANET yayihloselwe ukuba ingabi ithuluzi elisebenzayo kuphela, kodwa futhi isivivinyo lapho idatha ingakhishwa futhi ihlanganiswe ukuze ulwazi oluzuziwe lusetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa umklamo wenethiwekhi kanye nabalandelayo.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-ARPANET kunalokhu kuqokwa okubili kwakuwumphakathi ongakahleleki futhi oxegayo wabafundi abaneziqu ezibizwa ngokuthi I-Network Working Group (NWG). I-subnet evela ku-IMP ivumele noma yimuphi umsingathi kunethiwekhi ukuthi alethe umlayezo ngokuthembekile kunoma yimuphi omunye; Inhloso ye-NWG bekuwukuthuthukisa ulimi olujwayelekile noma iqoqo lezilimi ezingase zisetshenziswe abasingathi ukuze baxhumane. Bazibiza ngokuthi "amaphrothokholi abamba." Igama elithi βprotocol,β elibolekwe kumanxusa, laqala ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi ngo-1965 nguRoberts noTom Marill ukuchaza kokubili ifomethi yedatha nezinyathelo ze-algorithmic ezinquma ukuthi amakhompyutha amabili axhumana kanjani.
I-NWG, ngaphansi kobuholi obungakahleleki kodwa obusebenzayo buka-Steve Crocker we-UCLA, yaqala ukuhlangana njalo entwasahlobo ka-1969, cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kwe-IMP yokuqala. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela endaweni yase-Los Angeles, uCrocker wafunda eVan Nuys High School futhi wayeneminyaka efanayo nababili ababezobambisene nabo beqembu le-NWG bakusasa, uVint Cerf noJon Postel. Ukuze urekhode umphumela weminye yemihlangano yeqembu, uCrocker uthuthukise enye yezisekelo zesiko le-ARPANET (kanye ne-inthanethi yesikhathi esizayo), isicelo sokuphawula [isiphakamiso sokusebenza] (). I-RFC 1 yakhe, eyanyatheliswa ngo-April 7, 1969, futhi yasatshalaliswa kuwo wonke ama-node e-ARPANET esikhathi esizayo nge-imeyili yakudala, iqoqe izingxoxo zakuqala zeqembu mayelana nesakhiwo sesofthiwe yephrothokholi yomsingathi. Ku-RFC 3, u-Crocker uqhubeke nencazelo, echaza ngokucacile inqubo yokuklama yawo wonke ama-RFC azayo:
Kungcono ukuthumela amazwana ngesikhathi kunokuwenza aphelele. Imibono yefilosofi ngaphandle kwezibonelo noma okunye okucacisiwe, iziphakamiso ezithile noma ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwencazelo yesethulo noma izincazelo zesimo, imibuzo ethile ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuyiphendula yamukelwa. Ubude obuncane benothi elivela ku-NWG umusho owodwa. Sithemba ukwenza lula ukushintshana nezingxoxo ngemibono engakahleleki.
Njengesicelo sekhotheshini (RFQ), indlela ejwayelekile yokucela amabhidi ezinkontilekeni zikahulumeni, i-RFC yamukele impendulo, kodwa ngokungafani ne-RFQ, iphinde yamema inkhulumomphendvulwano. Noma ubani emphakathini osabalalisiwe we-NWG angathumela i-RFC, futhi asebenzise leli thuba ukuze aphikise, abuze imibuzo, noma agxeke isiphakamiso sangaphambilini. Yiqiniso, njengakunoma yimuphi umphakathi, eminye imibono yaziswa ngaphezu kweminye, futhi ezinsukwini zangaphambili imibono kaCrocker neqembu lakhe eliyinhloko labangane lalinegunya elikhulu kakhulu. NgoJulayi 1971, uCrocker washiya i-UCLA ngenkathi esengumfundi oneziqu ukuze athathe isikhundla somphathi wohlelo e-IPTO. Ngezibonelelo ezibalulekile zocwaningo ezivela ku-ARPA ayenazo, yena, ebona noma engazi, waba nomthelela ongenakuphikwa.
UJon Postel, uSteve Crocker kanye noVint Cerf bafunda nabo ekilasini kanye nozakwabo e-NWG; eminyakeni yakamuva
Uhlelo lwangempela lwe-NWG lubize izivumelwano ezimbili. Ukungena ngemvume okukude (i-telnet) kuvumele ikhompuyutha eyodwa ukuthi isebenze njengetheminali exhunywe kusistimu yokusebenza yenye, inweba indawo yokusebenzisana yanoma iyiphi isistimu exhunywe yi-ARPANET ngesikhathi sokwabelana ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha kunoma yimuphi umsebenzisi kunethiwekhi. Iphrothokholi yokudlulisa ifayela ye-FTP ivumele ikhompuyutha eyodwa ukuthi idlulise ifayela, njengohlelo oluwusizo noma isethi yedatha, iye noma isuke endaweni yokugcinwa kwenye isistimu. Kodwa-ke, ngokugcizelela kukaRoberts, i-NWG yengeza iphrothokholi yesithathu eyisisekelo ukuze isekele lezi zinto ezimbili, isungula ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwabasingathi ababili. Yayibizwa ngokuthi Uhlelo Lokulawula Inethiwekhi (NCP). Inethiwekhi manje isinezigaba ezintathu zokungafinyeleli - i-subnet yephakethe ephethwe yi-IMP phansi impela, ukuxhumana komsingathi kuya kosokhaya okunikezwa yi-NCP phakathi, kanye nezivumelwano zohlelo lokusebenza (i-FTP ne-telnet) phezulu.
Ukwehluleka?
Kwaze kwafika ngo-August 1971 lapho i-NCP yachazwa ngokugcwele futhi yasetshenziswa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamanodi ayishumi nanhlanu. Ukuqaliswa kwe-protocol ye-telnet kwalandela ngokushesha, futhi incazelo yokuqala ezinzile ye-FTP yavela ngonyaka olandelayo, ehlobo lika-1972. Uma sihlola isimo se-ARPANET ngaleso sikhathi, eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokwethulwa kokuqala, kungase kube kubhekwe ukwehluleka uma kuqhathaniswa nephupho lokuhlukanisa izinsiza uLicklider ayezibone ngeso lengqondo futhi wasebenzisa umsizi wakhe, uRobert Taylor.
Okokuqala, bekunzima ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza ezikhona ku-inthanethi esingazisebenzisa. Isikhungo solwazi senethiwekhi sasebenzisa imodeli yokubamba iqhaza ngokuzithandela - indawo ngayinye kwakufanele inikeze ulwazi olusha mayelana nokutholakala kwedatha nezinhlelo. Nakuba wonke umuntu ebezozuza esenzweni esinjalo, besingekho isikhuthazo sanoma iyiphi indawo yokukhangisa noma ukunikeza ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zayo, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlinzeka ngemibhalo yakamuva noma izeluleko. Ngakho-ke, i-NIC yehlulekile ukuba uhla lwemibhalo oluku-inthanethi. Mhlawumbe umsebenzi wayo obaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala kwakuwukunikeza ukusingathwa nge-elektroniki kwesethi ekhulayo yama-RFC.
Noma ngabe, yithi, u-Alice ovela e-UCLA wayazi ngobukhona bensiza ewusizo e-MIT, kwavela isithiyo esibi kakhulu. I-Telnet ivumele u-Alice ukuthi afike esikrinini sokungena ngemvume se-MIT, kodwa hhayi okunye. Ukuze u-Alice akwazi ukufinyelela ohlelweni e-MIT, kuzofanele aqale axoxisane ne-MIT engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ukuze bamenzele i-akhawunti ekhompyutheni yabo, okwakudingeka ukuthi agcwalise amafomu ephepha kuzo zombili izikhungo kanye nesivumelwano soxhaso sokuyikhokhela. ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zekhompyutha ze-MIT. Futhi ngenxa yokungahambisani phakathi kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nesistimu yesofthiwe phakathi kwamanodi, ukudlulisa amafayela ngokuvamile akuzange kube nengqondo njengoba ungakwazanga ukuqalisa izinhlelo ezisuka kumakhompyutha akude kwewakho.
Okuxakayo ukuthi impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yokwabelana ngezisetshenziswa ayikho endaweni yokwabelana ngezikhathi okusebenzisanayo okwadalelwa yona i-ARPANET, kodwa endaweni yokucutshungulwa kwedatha yakudala okungasebenzisani. I-UCLA yengeze umshini wayo ongasebenzi we-IBM 360/91 wokucubungula inqwaba kunethiwekhi futhi yanikeza ukubonisana ngocingo ukuze kusekelwe abasebenzisi abakude, okwenza imali enkulu yesikhungo samakhompyutha. I-supercomputer ye-ILLIAC IV exhaswe yi-ARPA yaseNyuvesi yase-Illinois kanye ne-Datacomputer ku-Computer Corporation of America e-Cambridge iphinde yathola amaklayenti akude nge-ARPANET.
Kodwa wonke la maphrojekthi awasondelanga ekusebenziseni ngokugcwele inethiwekhi. Ekwindla ka-1971, enabasingathi abangu-15 ku-inthanethi, inethiwekhi iyonke yayidlulisa isilinganiso samabhithi ayizigidi ezingu-45 endaweni ngayinye, noma ama-bps angu-520 ngenethiwekhi yama-bps angu-50 emigqa eqashisiwe evela ku-AT&T. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lale thrafikhi bekuyithrafikhi yokuhlola, ekhiqizwe isikhungo sokulinganisa inethiwekhi e-UCLA. Ngaphandle kwesasasa labanye abasebenzisi bokuqala (njengoSteve Cara, umsebenzisi wansuku zonke we-PDP-000 eNyuvesi yase-Utah e-Palo Alto), kuncane okwenzekile ku-ARPANET. Ngokombono wesimanje, mhlawumbe intuthuko ethakazelisa kakhulu kwaba ukwethulwa komtapo wolwazi wedijithali we-Project Guttenberg ngoDisemba 10, owawuhlelwe nguMichael Hart, umfundi waseNyuvesi yase-Illinois.
Kodwa maduzane i-ARPANET yasindiswa ekumangaleleni ukubola yi-protocol yesicelo sesithathu - into encane ebizwa nge-imeyili.
Yini enye ongayifunda
β’ UJanet Abbate, Ukusungula I-inthanethi (1999)
β’ U-Katie Hafner no-Matthew Lyon, Lapho Abathakathi Bahlala Khona Kamuva: Umsuka We-inthanethi (1996)
Source: www.habr.com